The storage, handling, and use of flammable and
combustible liquids, including waste liquids, as herein defined
and classified, shall comply with this chapter; NFPA 30, and
Sections 60.1 through 60.4 of this Code.
* Any liquid that has a melting point of 100°F (37.8°C) or greater
* Any liquid that does not meet the criteria for fluidity given in the definition of liquid in Chapter 3 of NFPA 30 and in the provisions of Chapter 4 of NFPA 30
Liquids in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles, aircraft, boats, or portable or stationary engines
Liquids that have no fire point when tested in accordance with ASTM D92, Flash and, Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester, up to the boiling point of the liquid or up to a temperature at which the liquid shows an obvious physical change
Liquids with a flash point greater than 95°F (35°C) in a water-miscible solution or water-miscible dispersion with a water and noncombustible solids content of more than 80 percent by weight, and which does not sustain combustion when tested in accordance with "Method of Testing for Sustained Combustibility," in accordance with 49 CFR 173, Appendix H, or the UN publication, Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
For this chapter, a building or
portion of a building within which liquids are allowed to be
stored, dispensed, and used or handled in quantities that do
not exceed the maximum allowable quantity (MAQ). [30,2021]
Contents that
present a deflagration hazard or a hazard from accelerated
burning, which, for this chapter, includes Class I, Class II, or
Class IIIA liquids [FP < 200°F (93°C) ] that are used or stored in
normally open containers or systems, or in closed containers or
systems at gauge pressures 15 psi (103 kPa) or greater.
[30,2021]
Contents that readily support combustion or that present a physical hazard,
which, for this chapter, includes Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA
liquids [FP < 200°F (93°C) ] that are used or stored in normally
closed containers or in closed systems at gauge pressures of less
than 15 psi (103 kPa). [30,2021]
For the purposes of this chapter, a storage tank designed to withstand an internal pressure
above a gauge pressure of 1.0 psi (6.9 kPa) but not more than a
gauge pressure of 15 psi (103 kPa) measured at the top of the
tank. [30,2021]
A liquid with a closed-cup flash point below 100°F (37.8°C) shall be designated as a Class I liquid (i.e., flammable liquid), as determined by the test procedures and apparatus set forth in 66.4.3 and a Reid vapor pressure that does not exceed an absolute pressure of 40 psi (276 kPa) at 100°F (37.8°C), as determined by ASTM D323, Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method). [30:4.2.1.1]
A liquid with a closed-cup flash
point at or above 100°F (37.8°C) but below 140°F (60°C) shall
be designated as a Class II liquid (i.e., combustible liquid), as
determined by the test procedures and apparatus set forth in
66.4.3. [30:4.2.2]
A liquid with a closed-cup flash point at or above
140°F (60°C) shall be designated as a Class III liquid (i.e.,
combustible liquid), as determined by the test procedures and
apparatus set forth in 66.4.3. [30:4.2.3.1]
For mixtures that do not have a constant boiling point, the 20 percent evaporated point of a distillation performed in accordance with ASTM D86, Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure, shall be considered to be the boiling point. [30:4.3.2]
Except as specified in 66.4.3.1.1, the flash point of a liquid having a viscosity below 5.5 centiStokes at 104°F (40°C) or below 9.5 centiStokes at 77°F (25°C) shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D56, Standard Test Method for Rash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester. [30:4.4.1]
Cut-back asphalts, liquids that tend to form a
surface film, and liquids that contain suspended solids shall not
be tested in accordance with ASTM D56, Standard Test Method
for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester, even if they otherwise
meet the viscosity criteria. [30:4.4.1.1]
The flash point of a liquid having a viscosity of 5.5 centiStokes or more at 104°F (40°C) or 9.5 centiStokes or more at 77°F (25°C) or a flash point of 200°F (93.4°C) or higher shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D93, Standard Test Methods for Flush Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester. [30:4.4.2]
As an alternative, ASTM D3278, Standard Test Methods for Rash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed Cup Apparatus, shall be permitted to be used for paints, enamels, lacquers, varnishes, and related products and their components that have flash points between 32°F (0°C) and 230°F (110°C) and viscosities below 150 centiStokes at 77°F (25°C). [30:4.4.3]
As an alternative, ASTM D3828, Standard Test Methods
for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester, shall be permitted
to be used for materials other than those for which ASTM
D3278 is specifically required. [30:4.4.4]
This subsection shall apply to the hazards associated with storage processing, handling, and use of ignitible
(flammable or combustible) liquids. This subsection shall also
apply when specifically referenced by another section. [30:6.1]
This
subsection shall apply to the management methodology used
to identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the
processing and handling of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids. These hazards include, but are not limited to,
preparation, separation, purification, and change of state,
energy content, or composition. [30:6.3]
Operations involving ignitible (flammable
or combustible) liquids shall be reviewed to ensure that fire
and explosion hazards are addressed by fire prevention, fire
control, and emergency action plans, except as provided in
66.6.4.1.1. [30:6.4.1]
The requirement in 66.6.4.1 shall not apply to the following:
Operations where liquids are used solely for on-site consumption as fuels.
Operations where Class II or Class III liquids [FP ≥ 100°F
(37.8°C)] are stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred
at temperatures below their flash points.
The extent of fire prevention and control that is
provided shall be determined in consultation with the AHJ or
by means of an engineering evaluation of the operation and
application of sound fire protection and process engineering
principles. [30:6.4.1.2.1]
Analysis of emergency relief from process vessels, taking
into consideration the properties of the materials used
and the fire protection and control measures taken
Analysis of applicable facility design requirements in
Chapters 17, 18, 19, 28, and 29 of NFPA 30
Analysis of applicable requirements for liquidhandling,
transfer, and use, as covered in Chapters 17, 18, 19, 28,
and 29 of NFPA 30
Analysis of local conditions, such as exposure to and from
adjacent properties and exposure to floods, earthquakes,
and windstorms
Storage, processing, handling, and use of Class II
and Class III liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] heated at or above their flash point shall follow the requirements for Class I
liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)], unless an engineering evaluation
conducted in accordance with Section 66.6 justifies following
the requirements for some other liquid class. [30:6.4.1.3]
The hazards analysis shall be repeated whenever the hazards leading to a fire or explosion change significantly. Conditions that might require repeating a review shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
Welding, cutting, and similar spark-producing operations shall not be permitted in areas containing Class I liquids
[FP < 100°F (37.8°C)] until a written permit authorizing such
work has been issued. [30:6.5.3.1]
The permit shall be issued by a person in authority
following inspection of the area to ensure that permit requirements have been implemented and will be followed until the
job is completed. [30:6.5.3.2]
All metallic equipment such as tanks, machinery,
and piping where the potential exists for an ignitible mixture
to be present shall be bonded and grounded. [30:6.5.4.2]
Any electrically isolated section of metallic piping
or equipment shall be bonded and grounded to prevent
hazardous accumulation of static electricity. [30:6.5.4.4]
All nonmetallic equipment and piping where the potential exists for an ignitible mixture to be present shall be designed and operated to prevent electrostatic ignition. [30:6.5.4.5]
An approved means shall be provided for prompt
notification of fire or other emergency to those identified in
the emergency action plan in accordance with Section 66.6.8.
[30:6.6.1]
Those areas, including buildings, where a potential exists for a Class I liquid [flash point < 100°F (37.8°C)] spill shall be monitored as appropriate. The following methods shall be permitted to be used:
This section identifies recognized fire protection
and fire suppression systems and methods used to prevent or
minimize the loss from fire or explosion in ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquid-processing facilities. The application
of one or a combination of these systems and methods as well
as the use of fire-resistive materials shall be determined in
accordance with Sections 66.6.3 and 66.6.4. [30:6.7.1]
A reliable water supply or other suitable fire control agent shall be available in pressure and quantity to meet the fire demands indicated by the specific hazards of liquids-processing operations, storage, or exposure. [30:6.7.2]
Permanent connections between the fire water
system and any process system shall be prohibited, to prevent
contamination of fire water with process fluids. [30:6.7.3]
Where required by this section, hydrants, with or
without fixed monitor nozzles, shall be provided in accordance
with this Code and NFPA 24. The number and placement shall
depend on the hazards of the facility. [30:6.7.4]
Where the need is indicated by the hazards of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquid processing, storage, or
exposure as determined by 66.6.4, fixed protection shall be
provided. [30:6.7.5]
Where required by this section, standpipe and hose
systems shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.2 and
NFPA 14 or hose connections from sprinkler systems using
combination spray and straight stream nozzles shall be installed
in accordance with NFPA 13. [30:6.7.7]
Where required by this section, listed portable fire
extinguishers shall be provided in such quantities, sizes, and
types as are needed for the specific hazards of operation and
storage. [30:6.7.8]
A written emergency action plan that is consistent with available equipment and personnel shall be established to respond to fires and related emergencies. This plan shall include the following:
Procedures to be followed in case of fire or release of liquids or vapors, such as sounding the alarm, notifying the fire department, evacuating personnel, and controlling and extinguishing the fire
Procedures and schedules for conducting drills of these
procedures
Appointment and training of personnel to carry out
assigned duties, including review at the time of initial
assignment, as responsibilities or response actions
change, and whenever anticipated duties change
Procedures for maintenance and operation of (a) fire
protection equipment and systems, (b) drainage and
containment systems, and (c) dispersion and ventilation
equipment and systems
Procedures for shutting down or isolating equipment to
reduce, mitigate, or stop the release of liquid or vapors,
including assigning personnel responsible for maintaining critical plant functions or shutdown of plant processes
and safe start-up following isolation or shutdown
Personnel responsible for the use and operation of
fire protection equipment shall be trained in the use of that
equipment. Refresher training shall be conducted at least
annually. [30:6.8.2]
Procedures shall be established to provide for safe shutdown of operations under emergency conditions and for safe start-up following cessation of emergencies. Provisions shall be made for training of personnel in shutdown and start-up procedures, and in activation, use, and deactivation of associated alarms, interlocks, and controls. Procedures shall also be established and provisions shall also be made for inspection and testing of associated alarms, interlocks, and controls. [30:6.8.4]
The emergency procedures shall be kept readily available in the operating areas and shall be updated when conditions change, as identified in 66.6.4.2. [30:6.8.5]
Where premises are likely to be unattended for
considerable periods of time, a summary of the emergency
plan shall be posted or located in a strategic and accessible
location. [30:6.8.5.1]
All fire protection equipment shall be properly maintained, and periodic inspections and tests shall be done in
accordance with both standard practice and the equipment
manufacturers recommendations. Water-based fire protection
systems shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with this Code and NFPA 25. [30:6.9.1]
Maintenance and operating practices shall be established and implemented to prevent and control leakage and
spillage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids.
[30:6.9.2]
Combustible wastematerial and residues in operating
areas shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal
containers, and disposed of daily. [30:6.9.3]
Ground areas around facilities where liquids are
stored, handled, or used shall be kept free of weeds, trash, or
other unnecessary combustiblematerials. [30:6.9.4]
Aisles established for movement of personnel shall be
kept clear of obstructions to permit orderly evacuation and
ready access for manual fire-fighting activities. [30:6.9.5]
This section shall apply to the management methodology used to identify, evaluate, and control the security
hazards involved in the processing, storage, and handling of
ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids. [30:6.10.1.1]
The methodology used shall incorporate a risk-based approach to site security and shall have the following objectives:
Identification and evaluation of security risks
Evaluation of the security performance of the facility
Evaluation of protection for employees, the facility itself, the surrounding communities, and the environment. (See Annex G of NFPA 30 for more detailed information.)
Operations involving ignitible (flammable or
combustible) liquids shall be reviewed to ensure that security
vulnerabilities identified during the security vulnerability
assessment (SVA) are addressed in a facility security program,
with corresponding fire prevention and emergency action
plans and drills. [30:6.10.3.1]
The balance of physical, electronic, and personnel techniques used to respond to the SVA shall be determined by means of an engineering evaluation of the operation and application of sound security principles. This evaluation shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
A written emergency action plan that is consistent with available equipment and personnel shall be established to respond to fires, security, and related emergencies. This plan shall include the following:
Procedures to be followed such as initiating alarms, notifying appropriate agencies, evacuating personnel, and controlling and extinguishing the fire
Procedures and schedules for conducting drills of these
procedures
Appointment and training of personnel to carry out
assigned duties
Maintenance of fire protection and response equipment
Procedures for shutting down or isolating equipment to
reduce the release of liquid
Specific duties of personnel shall be reviewed at
the time of initial assignment, as responsibilities or response
actions change, and whenever anticipated duties change.
[30:6.10.3.4]
This section shall apply to areas where Class I
liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)] are stored, handled, or used and
to areas where Class II or Class III liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)]
are stored, handled, or used at or above their flash points.
[30:7.1]
Electrical utilization equipment and wiring shall not
constitute a source of ignition for any ignitible vapor that
might be present under normal operation or because of a spill.
Compliance with 66.7.3.2 through 66.7.3.7.1 shall be deemed
as meeting the requirements of this section. [30:7.3.1]
Table 66.7.3.3 shall be used to delineate and classify areas for installation of electrical utilization equipment and wiring under normal operating conditions. [30:7.3.3]
Table 66.7.3.3 Electrical Area Classifications
Location
NEC Class I
Extent of Classified Area
Division
Zone
Indoor equipment installed in accordance with 66.7.3 where flammable vapor-air mixtures can exist under normal operation
1
0
The entire area associated with such equipment where flammable gases or vapors are present continuously or for long periods of time
1
1
Area within 5 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 5 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions; also, space up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 5 ft to 25 ft horizontally from any edge of such equipment*
Outdoor equipment of the type covered in 66.7.3 where flammable vapor-air mixtures can exist under normal operation
1
0
The entire area associated with such equipment where flammable gases or vapors are present continuously or for long periods of time
1
1
Area within 3 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions; also, space up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 3 ft to 10 ft horizontally from any edge of such equipment
Any pit, box, or space below grade level, if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
2
2
Up to 18 in. above grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from a loose fill connection and within a horizontal radius of 5 ft from a tight fill connection
Vent — discharging upward
1
0
Area inside of vent piping or opening
1
1
Within 3 ft of open end of vent, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 5 ft of open end of vent, extending in all directions
Within 3 ft of vent and fill openings, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 5 ft from vent or fill opening, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above floor or grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from vent or fill opening
Pumps, bleeders, withdrawal fittings
Indoor
2
2
Within 5 ft of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions; also, up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 25 ft horizontally from any edge of such devices
Outdoor
2
2
Within 3 ft of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade level within 10 ft horizontally from any edge of such devices
Pits and sumps
Without mechanical ventilation
1
1
Entire area within a pit or sump if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
With adequate mechanical ventilation
2
2
Entire area within a pit or sump if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
Containing valves, fittings, or piping, and not within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
2
2
Entire pit or sump
Drainage ditches, separators, impounding basins
Outdoor
2
2
Area up to 18 in. above ditch, separator, or basin; also, area up to 18 in. above grade within 15 ft horizontally from any edge
Within 3 ft of point of venting to atmosphere, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from point of venting to atmosphere, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from point of loading connection
Loading through closed dome with atmospheric venting
1
1
Within 3 ft of open end of vent, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from open end of vent, extending in all directions; also, within 3 ft of edge of dome, extending in all directions
Loading through closed dome with vapor control
2
2
Within 3 ft of point of connection of both fill and vapor lines, extending in all directions
Bottom loading with vapor control or any bottom unloading
2
2
Within 3 ft of point of connections, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from point of connections
If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an outdoor classified location, the entire room shall be classified the same as the area classification at the point of the opening
Inside rooms or storage lockers used for the storage of Class I liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)]
2
2
Entire room or locker
Indoor warehousing where there is no Class I liquid [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)] transfer
Ordinary
If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified location, the classified location shall extend through the opening to the same extent as if the wall, curb, or partition did not exist
Office and rest rooms
Ordinary
If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified location, the room shall be classified the same as if the wall, curb, or partition did not exist
For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m. *The release of Class I liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)] can generate vapors to the extent that the entire building, and possibly an area surrounding it, should be considered a Class I, Division 2, or Zone 2 location. †When classifying extent of area, consideration should be given to the fact that tank cars or tank vehicles can be spotted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities of the loading or unloading positions should be used. [30: Table 7.3.3]
The area classifications listed in Table 66.7.3.3 are
based on the premise that all applicable requirements of this
Code have been met, if this is not the case, the AHJ shall have
the authority to classify the extent of the area. [30:7.3.6]
Where the provisions of 66.7.3.1 through 66.7.3.6
require the installation of electrical equipment suitable for
Class I, Division 1 or 2, or Zone 1 or 2 locations, ordinary electrical equipment, including switchgear, shall be permitted to be
used if installed in a room or enclosure that is maintained
under positive pressure with respect to the classified area.
[30:7.3.7]
Area classification shall be used to assure that fixed electrical utilization equipment, electrical fixtures, and wiring are installed within Class I, Division 1; Zone 1; Class I, Division 2; or Zone 2designated areas, as defined by Article 500 of NFPA 70. [30:7.4]
This section shall also apply to overpack drums when
used for temporary containment of containers that do not
exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity. Such overpack containers shall
be treated as containers as defined in 66.3.3.10. [30:9.1.3]
Liquids in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles, aircraft, boats, or portable or stationary engines
Beverages, medicines, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other products that do not contain more than 20 percent by volume of water-miscible ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids, with the remainder of the product consisting of components that do not burn
Liquids that have no fire point when tested in accordance with ASTM D92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester, up to the boiling point of the liquid or up to a temperature at which the liquid shows an obvious physical change
Liquids with a flash point greater than 95°F (35°C) in a water-miscible solution or water-miscible dispersion with a water and noncombustible solids content of more than 80 percent by weight, and which does not sustain combustion when tested in accordance with "Method of Testing for Sustained Combustibility," in accordance with 49 CFR 173, Appendix H, or the UN publication, Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Distilled spirits and wines in wooden barrels or casks
The general requirements of this section shall be applicable to the storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids in liquidstorage areas as covered in Chapters 10 through 14 of NFPA 30, regardless of the quantities being stored.
Exception: Where more stringent requirements are set forth in Chapters 10 through 14 of NFPA 30, those requirements shall take precedence. [30:9.3.1]
For the purposes of Sections 66.9 through 66.16, unstable liquids shall be treated as Class IA liquids [FP < 73°F (22.8°C) and BP < 100°F (37.8°C)]. [30:9.3.2]
Wood of at least 1 in. (25 mm) nominal thickness
shall be permitted to be used for shelving, racks, dunnage,
scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations. [30:9.3.4]
Class II and Class IIIA liquids [100°F (37.8°C) ≤ FP <
200°F (93°C)] shall be permitted to be stored in basements as
defined in 3.3.22, provided the basement is protected in
accordance with Section 66.16. [30:9.3.6]
Power-operated industrial trucks used to move
Class I liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)] shall be selected, operated, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 505.
[30:9.3.8.3]
Liquids used for building maintenance, painting, or
other similar infrequent maintenance purposes shall be permitted to be stored in closed containers outside of storage cabinets
or inside liquid storage areas, if limited to an amount that does
not exceed a 10-day supply at anticipated rates of use.
[30:9.3.10]
Storage, handling, and use of Class II and Class III liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] heated at or above their FP shall follow the requirements for Class I liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)], unless an engineering evaluation conducted in accordance with Section 66.6 justifies following the requirements for some other liquid class. (See 66.6.4.1.3 and A.66.6.4.1.3.)[30:9.3.11]
Metal containers, metal intermediate bulk containers, and metal portable tanks meeting the requirements of, and containing products authorized by, the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Plastic or metal consumer-use containers meeting the requirements of, and used within the scope of, ASTM F852, Standard Specification for Portable Gasoline, Kerosene and Diesel Containers for Consumer Use
ASTM F976, Standard Specification for Portable Kerosene and Diesel Containers for Consumer Use
Nonmetallic or metallic commercial/industrial safety cans meeting the requirements of, and used within the scope of, one or more of the following specifications:
UL 1313, Nonmetallic Safety Cans for Petroleum Products
FM Global Approval Standard for Safety Containers and Filling, Supply, and Disposal Containers— Class Number 6051 and 6052
Plastic containers that meet requirements set by, and contain products authorized by, the following:
The U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Items 256 or 258 of the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) for liquids that are not classified as hazardous by the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Fiber drums that meet the following:
Requirements of Items 294 and 296 of the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), or of Rule 51 of the Uniform Freight Classification (UFC), for Types 2A, 3A, 3B-H, 3B-L, or 4A
Requirements of, and containing liquid products authorized by, either the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR Chapter I, or by the U.S. Department of Transportation exemption
* Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers that meet requirements set by and contain products authorized by the following:
The U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication, Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, for Classes 31H1, 31H2, and 31HZ1
The National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), or the International Safe Transit Association for liquids that are not classified as hazardous by the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Glass containers up to the capacity limits stated in Table
66.9.3.3 and in accordance with U.S. Department of
Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in
49 CFR 100-199
For protected storage, nonmetallic intermediate
bulk containers shall comply with Table 66.9.3.3 and shall be
listed and labeled in accordance with UL 2368, Fire Exposure
Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers or Flammable and Combustible Liquids; FM 6020, Approval Standard for Composite Intermediate
Bulk Containers; or an equivalent test procedure. [30:9.4.1.1]
Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and
other common consumer products, where packaged according
to commonly accepted practices for retail sales, shall be exempt
from the requirements of 66.9.3.1 and 66.9.3.3. [30:9.4.1.2]
Each portable tank or intermediate bulk container
shall be provided with one or more devices installed in the top
with sufficient emergency venting capacity to limit internal
pressure under fire exposure conditions to a gauge pressure of
10 psi (70 kPa) or 30 percent of the bursting pressure of the
portable tank, whichever is greater. [30:9.4.2]
At least one pressure-actuated vent having a minimum capacity of 6000 ft3 (170 m3) of free air per hour at an absolute pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa) and 60°F (15.6°C) shall be used. The vent shall be set to open at not less than a gauge pressure of 5 psi (35 kPa). [30:9.4.2.2]
If fusible vents are used, they shall be actuated by
elements that operate at a temperature not exceeding 300°F
(150°C). Where plugging of a pressure-actuated vent can occur,
such as when used for paints, drying oils, and similar materials,
fusible plugs or venting devices that soften to failure at a maximum of 300°F (150°C) under fire exposure shall be permitted
to be used for the entire emergency venting requirement.
[30:9.4.2.3]
Rigid plastic IBCs (UN 31H1 or 31H2) and composite IBCs with rigid inner receptacle (UN31HZ1)†
NP
NP
NP
793 gal (3000 L)
793 gal (3000 L)
Composite IBCs with flexible inner receptacle (UN31HZ2) DOT/UN-approved flexible IBCs, and NMFC/ISTA-compliant IBCs†
NP
NP
NP
331 gal (1300 L)
331 gal (1300 L)
Non-bulk bag-in-box
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
Polyethylene UN1H1 and UN1H2, or as authorized by DOT exemption
1.3 gal (5 L)
5.3 gal (20 L)*
5.3 gal (20 L)*
119 gal (450 L)
119 gal (450 L)
Fiber drum NMFC or UFC Type 2A; Types 3A, 3B-H, or 3B-L; or Type 4A
NP
NP
NP
119 gal (450 L)
119 gal (450 L)
NP: Not permitted for the container categories so classified unless a fire protection system is provided that is developed in accordance with 66.16.3.6 and is approved for the specific container and protection against static electricity is provided. *See 66.9.3.3.1. †See 66.9.3.3.2 #See 66.4.1 for details on the classification scheme. [30: Table 9.4.3]
Class IB and Class IC [FP < 100°F (37.8°C) and BP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] water-miscible liquids shall be permitted to be stored in plastic containers up to 60 gal (230 L) in size, if stored and protected in accordance with Table 66.16.5.2.7. [30:9.4.3.1]
Class IA and Class IB [FP < 73°F (22.8°C)] liquids
shall be permitted to be stored in glass containers of not more than 1.3 gal (5 L) capacity if the required liquid purity (such as
American Chemical Society analytical reagent grade or higher)
would be affected by storage in metal containers or if the liquid
can cause excessive corrosion of a metal container. [30:9.4.3.3]
Leaking or damaged containers up to 60 gal
(230 L) capacity shall be permitted to be stored temporarily in
accordance with this section and Chapters 10 through 12 of
NFPA 30, provided they are enclosed in overpack containers.
[30:9.4.3.4]
To be considered protected storage as defined in
9.2.1 of NFPA 30 and in accordance with Section 66.16, an
overpack container shall be constructed of the same material as
the leaking or damaged container. [30:9.4.3.4.1]
The volume of Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA [FP <
200°F (93°C)] liquids stored in an individual storage cabinet
shall not exceed 120 gal (460 L). [30:9.5.1]
Storage cabinets that meet at least one of the following sets of requirements shall be acceptable for storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids:
Storage cabinets designed and constructed to limit the internal temperature at the center of the cabinet and 1 in. (25 mm) from the top of the cabinet to not more than 325°F (163°C), when subjected to a 10-minute fire test that simulates the fire exposure of the standard timetemperature curve specified in ASTM E119, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, shall be acceptable. All joints and seams shall remain tight and the door shall remain securely closed during the test.
Metal storage cabinets constructed in the following manner shall be acceptable:
The bottom, top, door, and sides of the cabinet shall be at least No. 18 gauge sheet steel and shall be double-walled, with 11/2 in. (38 mm) air space.
Joints shall be riveted, welded, or made tight by some equally effective means.
The door shall be provided with a three-point latch arrangement, and the door sill shall be raised at least 2 in. (50 mm) above the bottom of the cabinet to retain spilled liquid within the cabinet.
Wooden cabinets constructed in the following manner shall be acceptable:
The bottom, sides, and top shall be constructed of exterior-grade plywood that is at least 1 in. (25 mm) thick and of a type that will not break down or delaminate under fire conditions.
All joints shall be rabbetted and shall be fastened in two directions with wood screws.
Where more than one door is used, there shall be a rabbetted overlap of not less than 1 in. (25 mm).
Doors shall be equipped with a means of latching, and hinges shall be constructed and mounted in such a manner as to not lose their holding capacity when subjected to fire exposure.
A raised sill or pan capable of containing a 2 in. (50 mm) depth of liquid shall be provided at the bottom of the cabinet to retain spilled liquid within the cabinet.
If a storage cabinet is not ventilated, the vent openings shall be sealed with the bungs supplied with the cabinet or
with bungs specified by the cabinet manufacturer. [30:9.5.4.1]
If a storage cabinet is ventilated for any reason, the
vent openings shall be ducted directly to a safe location
outdoors or to a treatment device designed to control volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and ignitible vapors in such a
manner that will not compromise the specified performance of
the cabinet and in a manner that is acceptable to the AHJ.
[30:9.5.4.2]
The minimum letter height for FLAMMABLE
(signal word) shall be 2.0 in. (50 mm) and the minimum letter
height for KEEP FIRE AWAY (message) shall be 1.0 in.
(25 mm). [30:9.5.5.1]
Use of other languages, the international symbol
for "flammable" (a flame in a triangle), the international
symbol for "keep fire away" (a burning match in "no" circle)
shall be permitted. [30:9.5.5.4]
#See 66.4.1 for details on the classification scheme. Notes:
Quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent where stored in approvedliquidstorage cabinets or in safety cans in accordance with this Code. Where Note 2 also applies, the increase for both notes is permitted to be applied accumulatively.
Quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA13. Where Note 1 also applies, the increase for both notes is permitted to be applied accumulatively.
Quantities are not limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13 and designed in accordance with the protection criteria contained in Section 66.16 of this Code. [30: Table 9.6.1]
For the occupancies specified in 66.9.5.2.1, storage
in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids [FP <
140°F (60°C)] combined or in excess of 60 gal (227 L) of
Class IIIA liquids [140°F (60°C) ≤ FP < 200°F (93°C)] shall be
permitted where stored in ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage cabinets and where the total aggregate
quantity does not exceed 180 gal (680 L). [30:9.6.2.2]
Fuel in the tanks of operating mobile equipment
shall be permitted to exceed the quantities specified in Table
66.9.5.1, where the equipment is operated in accordance with
this Code. [30:9.6.2.3]
For ambulatory health care, day care, educational,
and health care occupancies, the MAQ for Class IIIB liquids
[FP ≥ 200°F (93°C)] shall be permitted to be increased
100 percent if the building is protected throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 13.3 and NFPA 13. [30:9.6.2.4]
For the purpose of this Code, a control area shall be a
space within a building where quantities of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids that do not exceed the maximum
quantities allowed by Table 66.9.5.1 or Table 66.9.5.2.1 are
stored. [30:9.7.1]
Control areas located below grade that are considered basements, as defined in 3.3.22, shall not be utilized for
the storage of Class I liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)]. [30:9.7.3]
Buildings and portions
of buildings where liquids are stored shall be classified as
Protection Level 2 or Protection Level 3, as established in this
section, when the MAQs per control area are exceeded.
[30:9.8.1]
For SI units, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2. aBetween liquidstorage areas and any adjacent areas not dedicated to liquidstorage. bA 4-hour firewall, in accordance with NFPA 221 is required except as follows:
Where storage of liquids in a liquid warehouse is limited to Class IIIB liquids [FP ≥ 200°F (93°C)] that are not heated above their FP, 2-hour fire resistance rated assemblies are permitted.
Where a liquid warehouse is protected in accordance with Section 66.16, 2-hour fire resistance rated assemblies are permitted.
Where a liquid warehouse is protected in accordance with Section 66.16, accessory use areas, such as offices and restrooms, having a combined area is less than 10 percent of the area of the liquid warehouse do not require a fire resistance rating for the interior walls and ceilings.
cThe fire resistance rating for walls that are located more than 10 ft (3 m) but less than 50 ft (15 m) from an important building or line of adjoining property that can be built upon is permitted to be 2 hours. Walls located 50 ft (15 m) or more from an important building or line of adjoining property that can be built upon do not require a fire resistance rating [30: Table 9.9.1]
Openings in interior walls to adjacent rooms or buildings and openings in exterior walls with fire resistance ratings shall be provided with normally closed, listed fire doors with fire protection ratings that correspond to the fire resistance rating of the wall as specified in Table 66.9.8.3. [30:9.9.3]
Such doors shall be permitted to be arranged to
stay open during material-handlingoperations if the doors are
designed to close automatically in a fire emergency by provision of listed closure devices. [30:9.9.3.1]
Exterior walls shall be constructed to provide ready access for fire-fighting operations by means of access openings, windows, or lightweight, noncombustible wall panels.
Exception: This requirement does not apply to liquidstorage rooms totally enclosed within a building. [30:9.9.4]
Portable fire extinguishers shall meet the following requirements:
At least one portable fire extinguisher having a capability of not less than 40:B shall be located outside of, but not more than 10 ft (3 m) from, the door opening into a liquidstorage area.
At least one portable fire extinguisher having a capability of not less than 40:B shall be located within 30 ft (9 m) of any Class I or Class II liquids located outside of a liquidstorage area, or at least one portable fire extinguisher having a capacity of 80:B shall be located within 50 ft (15 m) of such a storage area.
Where preconnected hose is provided, it shall be either 11/2 in. (38 mm) lined fire hose or 1 in. (25 mm) hard rubber hose, using combination spray and straight stream nozzles.
Where hose connections are provided, the water
supply shall be sufficient to meet the fixed fire protection
demand plus a total of at least 500 gpm (1900 L/min) for
inside and outside hose connections for at least 2 hours, unless
otherwise specified in Section 66.16. [30:9.10.2.6]
Electrical area classification shall not be required for
liquidstorage areas where all containers, intermediate bulk
containers, and portable tanks are sealed and are not opened,
except as provided for in 66.9.11.2. [30:9.12.1]
For liquidstorage rooms that are totally enclosed within the building, electrical wiring and utilization equipment for Class I liquid [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)] storage shall be Class I, Division 2 (Zone 2), and electrical wiring and utilization equipment in liquidstorage rooms used for the storage of Class II and Class III liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] shall be suitable for ordinary purpose.
Exception: Class I, Division 2 (Zone 2) requirements apply to Class II and Class III liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] when stored at temperatures above their FP. [30:9.12.2]
Storage areas shall be designed and operated to
prevent the discharge of ignitible (flammable or combustible)
liquids to public waterways, public sewers, or adjoining property, unless such discharge has been specifically approved.
[30:9.13.1]
Where the drainage system discharges to private
or public sewers or waterways, the drainage system shall be
equipped with traps and separators. [30:9.13.1.1]
Where individual containers exceed 10 gal (38 L),
curbs, scuppers, drains, or other suitable means shall be provided to prevent flow of liquids under emergency conditions into
adjacent building areas. [30:9.13.2]
Where a drainage system is used, it shall also have
sufficient capacity to carry the expected discharge of water
from fire protection systems. [30:9.13.3.1]
Where only unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) containing not more than 50 percent by weight of Class IC, Class II, or Class IIIA liquid [73°F (22.8°C) ≤ FP < 200°F (93°C)] constituents are stored and are protected in accordance with 66.16.5.2.11, spill control, containment, and drainage shall not be required. [30:9.13.5]
Where storage is protected in accordance with
Section 66.16, spill control, containment, and drainage shall
also meet the requirements of 66.16.8. [30:9.13.6]
Where Class IA liquids [FP < 73°F (22.8°C) and BP < 100°F (37.8°C)] are stored in containers larger than 1 gal (4 L), areas shall be provided with a means of explosion control that meets the requirements of NFPA 69. An approved engineered damage limiting construction design shall also be permitted.
Exception: This does not apply to a liquidstorage room totally enclosed within a building. [30:9.16.1]
Where unstable liquids are stored, an approved
engineered construction method that is designed to limit
damage from a deflagration or detonation, depending on the
liquid stored, shall be used. [30:9.16.2]
Ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids shall
be separated from Level 2 and Level 3 aerosols in accordance
with Chapter 61 and NFPA 30B. [30:9.17.2]
Dispensing of Class I liquids [FP < 100°F (37.8°C)] or Class II and Class III liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] at temperatures at or above their FP shall not be permitted in storage areas that exceed 1000 ft2 (93 m2) in floor area unless the dispensing area is separated from the storage areas in accordance with Table 66.9.8.1 and meets all other requirements of 66.9.8. [30:9.18.2]
Storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible)
liquids outside of buildings shall meet the requirements of
Section 66.14 or 66.15, whichever is applicable. [30:9.19]
The design and construction of a locker shall meet
all applicable local, state, and federal regulations and requirements and shall be subject to the approval of the AHJ.
[30:14.4.1]
Movable prefabricated structures that have been
examined, listed, or labeled by an organization acceptable to
the AHJ for use as a hazardous materialsstoragefacility shall be
acceptable. [30:14.4.2]
Lockers shall include a spill containment system to
prevent the flow of ignitible (flammable or combustible)
liquids from the locker under emergency conditions.
[30:14.4.8]
The containment system shall have sufficient
capacity to contain 10 percent of the volume of containers
allowed in the locker or the volume of the largest container,
whichever is greater. [30:14.4.8.1]
The designated site shall be arranged to provide the minimum separation distances specified in Table 66.14.5.2 between individual lockers, from locker to property line that is or can be built upon, and from locker to nearest side of public ways or to important buildings on the same property. [30:14.5.2]
Table 66.14.5.2 Designated Sites
Area of Designated Sitea (ft2)
Minimum Separation Distance (ft)
Between Individual Lockers
From Locker to Property Line That Is or Can Be Built Uponb
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2. Note: If the locker is provided with a fire resistance rating of not less than 4 hours and deflagration venting is not required in accordance with 66.9.15, all distances required by Table 66.14.5.2 are permitted to be waived. aSite area limits are intended to differentiate the relative size and thus the number of lockers that are permitted in one designated site. bDistances apply to properties that have protection for exposures, as defined. If there are exposures and such protection for exposures does not exist, the distances should be doubled. cWhen the exposed building has an exterior wall, facing the designated site, that has a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours and has no openings to above grade areas within 10 ft (3 m) horizontally and no openings to below grade areas within 50 ft (15 m) horizontally of the designated area, the distances can be reduced to half of those shown in the table, except they should never be less than 5 ft (1.5 m). dWhen a single locker has a gross single storyfloor area that will require a site area limit of greater than 1500 ft2 (140 m2) or when multiple units exceed the area limit of 1500 ft2 (140 m2), the AHJshould be consulted for approval of distances. [30: Table 14.5.2]
More than one locker shall be permitted on a designated site, provided that the separation distance between individual lockers is maintained in accordance with Table 66.14.5.2.
[30:14.5.4]
Containers of ignitible (flammable or combustible)
liquid in their original shipping packages shall be permitted to
be stored either palletized or solid piled within the locker.
[30:14.6.1]
Containers over 30 gal (114 L) capacity storing Class I or Class II liquids [FP < 140°F (60°C)] shall not be stored more than two containers high. [30:14.6.3]
Miscellaneous combustiblematerials, including but
not limited to idle pallets, excessive vegetation, and packing
materials, shall not be permitted within 5 ft (1.5 m) of the
designated site approved for lockers. [30:14.6.5]
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L. NP: Not permitted. #See 66.4.1 for details on the classification scheme. aSee 66.15.3.1 regarding mixed-class storage. bSee 66.15.3.4 for smaller pile sizes. cFor storage in racks, the quantity limits per pile do not apply, but the rack arrangements should be limited to a maximum of 50 ft (15 m) in length and two rows or 9 ft (2.7 m) in depth. dSee 66.15.3.3 regarding protection for exposures. [30: Table 15.3]
Where two or more classes of liquids are stored in a
single pile, the maximum quantity permitted in that pile shall
be that of the most hazardous class of liquid present.
[30:15.3.1]
No container, intermediate bulk container, or portable tank in a pile shall be more than 200 ft (60 m) from a minimum 20 ft (6 m) wide access way to permit approach of fire
control apparatus under all weather conditions. [30:15.3.2]
The distances specified in Table 66.15.3 shall apply
to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If
there are exposures and protection for exposures does not
exist, the distance to the property line that is or can be built
upon shall be doubled. [30:15.3.3]
Where total quantity stored does not exceed
50 percent of the maximum quantity per pile, as specified in Table 66.15.3, the distances to a property line that is or can be
built upon and to streets, alleys, or public ways shall be permitted to be reduced by 50 percent but in no case to less than 3 ft
(0.9 m). [30:15.3.4]
The storage area shall be graded in a manner to
divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures or
shall be surrounded by a curb at least 6 in. (150 mm) high.
[30:15.3.5]
Where curbs are used, provisions shall be made to
drain accumulations of groundwater or rainwater or spills of
ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids. Drains shall
terminate at a safe location and shall flow freely under fire
conditions. [30:15.3.5.1]
The storage area shall be kept free of weeds, debris,
and other combustiblematerials not necessary to the storage
for a distance of at least 10 ft (3 m) around the perimeter of
the stored materials. [30:15.3.7]
The storage area shall be permitted to be protected
from the weather by a canopy or roof that does not limit the
dissipation of heat or dispersion of flammable vapors and does
not restrict fire-fighting access and control. [30:15.3.8]
The provisions of 66.15.4.1(1) through (4) shall be
permitted to be waived, subject to the approval of the AHJ, if
the building in question is one story, is of fire-resistive or
noncombustible construction, and is devoted principally to the
storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids.
[30:15.4.2]
The quantity of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquid stored adjacent to a building that meets the conditions of 66.15.4.1(1) through (4) shall be permitted to exceed
that permitted in 66.15.4.1, provided the maximum quantity
per pile does not exceed 1100 gal (4160 L) and each pile is
separated by a 10 ft (3 m) minimum clear space along the
common wall. [30:15.4.3]
The quantity of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquid stored shall be permitted to exceed the 1100 gal (4160 L) quantity specified by 66.15.4.1 where a minimum distance equal to that specified by Table 66.15.3 for distance to property line shall be maintained between buildings and the nearest container or portable tank. [30:15.4.4]
Where the provisions of 66.15.4.1 cannot be met, a
minimum distance equal to that specified by Table 66.15.3 for
distance to property line shall be maintained between buildings
and the nearest container or portable tank. [30:15.4.5]
Storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible)
liquids that is protected in accordance with the applicable
requirements of this section shall be considered protected, as
defined in 66.16.2.1. All other storage shall be considered
unprotected unless an alternate means of protection has been
approved by the AHJ. [30:16.1.3]
For the purposes of 66.16, this term
shall apply to the storage of containers that meet the appropriate provisions of 66.16 or alternate provisions that have been
approved by the AHJ(see 66.16.3.5 and 66.16.9). [30:16.2.2]
For the purposes of this section, this
term shall apply to the storage of containers that do not meet
the criteria to be considered protected, as defined in 66.16.2.1.
[30:16.2.3]
A metal container, a
metal intermediate bulk container, or a metal portable tank
that is equipped with at least one pressure-relieving mechanism
at its top that is designed, sized, and arranged to relieve the internal pressure generated due to exposure to fire so that
violent rupture is prevented. [30:16.2.4]
A resin that contains up to 50 percent by weight of Class IC, Class II, or Class III [FP > 73°F (22.8°C)] liquid, but no Class IA or Class IB [FP < 73°F (22.8°C)] liquid. [30:16.2.5]
A liquid that gels, thickens, or solidifies when heated or whose viscosity at room temperature versus weight percent content of Class I, Class II, or Class III liquid (any FP or BP) is in the shaded portion of Figure 66.16.2.5. [30:16.2.6]
FIGURE 66.16.2.5 Viscous Liquid: Viscosity Versus Weight Percent Flammable or Combustible (Ignitible) Component. [30: Figure 16.2.6]
Where different classes of liquids, container types, and storage configurations are stored in the same protected area, protection shall meet either of the following:
Requirements of this section for the most severe storagefire hazard present
Where areas are not physically separated by a barrier or
partition capable of delaying heat from a fire in one
hazard area from fusing sprinklers in an adjacent hazard
area, the required protection for the more demanding
hazard shall:
Extend 20 ft (6 m) beyond its perimeter, but not
less than the required minimum sprinkler design
area
Be provided with means to prevent the flow of burning ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquid
under emergency conditions into adjacent hazard
areas
Provide containment and drainage as required by
66.16.8
Unless otherwise specified in this section, single-row racks shall not be more than 4.5 ft (1.4 m) in depth and double-row racks shall not be more than 9 ft (2.8 m) in depth. [30:16.3.2]
When applying the fire protection criteria of this
section, a minimum aisle space of 6 ft (1.8 m) shall be provided
between adjacent piles or adjacent rack sections, unless otherwise specified in the tables in 66.16.5. [30:16.3.3]
Protection systems that are designed and developed
based on full-scale fire tests performed at an approved test
facility or on other engineered protection schemes shall be
considered an acceptable alternative to the protection criteria
set forth in this section. Such alternative protection systems
shall be approved by the AHJ. [30:16.3.5]
For relieving-style containers of greater than 6.6 gal (25 L) and up to 119 gal (450 L) capacity, the following shall apply:
The pressure-relieving mechanism shall be listed and labeled in accordance with FM Global Approval Standard for Plastic Plugs for Steel Drums, Class Number 6083, or equivalent.
The pressure-relieving mechanism shall not be painted, and cap seals, if used, shall be made of thermoplastic material.
For metal containers greater than 6.6 gal (25 L) capacity, the pressure-relieving mechanism shall be unobstructed or an additional pressure-relieving mechanism shall be provided.
Where automatic sprinkler systems or low-expansion foam-water sprinkler systems are used to protect storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids, Figure 66.16.4.1(a), Figure 66.16.4.1(b), or Figure 66.16.4.1(c), whichever is applicable, and the appropriate table in 66.16.5 shall be used to determine protection criteria. [30:16.4.1]
FIGURE 66.16.4.1(a) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Miscible and Nonmiscible Ignitible (Flammable or Combustible) Liquids in Metal Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(a)]
FIGURE 66.16.4.1(b) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Miscible and Nonmiscible Ignitible (Flammable or Combustible) Liquids in Nonmetallic Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(b)]
Note: For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L.
FIGURE 66.16.4.1(c) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Water-Miscible Ignitible (Flammable or Combustible) Liquids in Nonmetallic Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(c)]
Figure 66.16.4.1(b) shall be used for miscible and
nonmiscible ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids in
nonmetallic containers and in nonmetallic intermediate bulk
containers. [30:16.4.1.2]
If a preaction system is used, it shall be designed
so that water or foam solution will immediately discharge from
the sprinkler upon sprinkler actuation. [30:16.4.2.1]
A foam-water sprinkler system that meets any of
the design criteria specified in the water sprinkler tables in this
section shall be acceptable, provided that the system is installed
in accordance with NFPA 16. [30:16.4.2.2]
Subsections 66.16.5.2.1 through
66.16.5.2.12 and their related tables, Table 66.16.5.2.1 through
Table 66.16.5.2.12, shall be used to determine the protection
criteria and storage arrangement for the applicable liquid class,
container type, and storage configuration, as described in
66.16.5.2.1 through 66.16.5.2.12 and subject to the provisions
of 66.16.5.1. [30:16.5.1]
The protection criteria in Table 66.16.5.2.1
through Table 66.16.5.2.12 shall only be used with ceilings
having a pitch of 2 in 12 or less. [30:16.5.1.1.1]
When foam or foam-water fire protection systems
are provided, discharge densities shall be determined based on
the listing criteria of the foam discharge devices selected, the
foam concentrate, the specific ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids to be protected, and the criteria in the appropriate table in this section. Where the discharge densities given in
the tables differ from those in the listing criteria for the
discharge devices, the greater of the two shall be used.
[30:16.5.1.2]
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13. In addition, the following modifications shall apply:
In-rack sprinklers shall be laid out in accordance with 66.16.5.1.10 and 66.16.6, as applicable.
Sprinklers in multiple-level in-rack sprinkler systems shall be provided with water shields unless they are separated by horizontal barriers or are specifically listed for installation without water shields.
A vertical clear space of at least 6 in. (150 mm) shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflector and the top tier of storage.
Sprinkler discharge shall not be obstructed by horizontal rack structural members.
Where in-rack sprinklers are installed below horizontal barriers, the deflector shall be located a maximum of 7 in. (180 mm) below the barrier.
Longitudinal and transverse flue spaces of at least 6 in. (150 mm) shall be maintained between each rack load.
Ordinary or intermediate temperature-rated K-25 extended-coverage sprinklers shall be permitted to be used as standard response high temperature sprinklers at greater than 144 ft2 (13 m2) coverage, with 12 ft (3.7 m) minimum spacing and a maximum coverage area of 196 ft2 (18 m2) coverage. [30:16.5.1.4.1]
The ceiling heights given in Table 66.16.5.2.1
through Table 66.16.5.2.12, excluding Table 66.16.5.2.8, shall
be permitted to be increased by a maximum of 10 percent if an
equivalent percent increase in ceiling sprinkler design density
is provided. [30:16.5.1.5]
When relieving style containers are used, both 3/4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed and labeled pressure-relieving mechanisms are required on containers greater than 6 gal (23 L) capacity. [30:16.5.1.7]
For the purposes of 66.16.5, the following shall apply:
1 gal = 3.8 L; 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2
1 gpm/ft2 is equivalent to 40.7 L/min/m2 or 40.7 mm/min
A gauge pressure of 1 psi is equivalent to a gauge pressure of 6.9 kPa
SR = standard response sprinkler; QR = quick response sprinkler; ESFR = early suppression fast response sprinkler; OT = ordinary temperature; HT = high temperature
Where an ordinary-temperature sprinkler is indicated, an intermediate-temperature sprinkler shall be used where ambient conditions require.
For the purposes of 66.16.5, the following shall apply to the in-rack sprinkler design layouts specified in Table 66.16.5.2.1 through Table 66.16.5.2.12:
Layout 1, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers 8 ft (2.4 m) above the floor in the longitudinal flue space, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center.
Layout 2, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers 6 ft (1.8 m) above the floor and one line of in-rack sprinklers 12 ft (3.6 m) above the floor in the longitudinal flue space, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically.
Layout 3, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1 and Table 66.16.5.2.3, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every storage level above the floor except above the top tier, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically, where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Layout 4, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1 and Table 66.16.5.2.3, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every other storage level, except above the top tier, beginning above the first storage level, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Layout 5, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every storage level above the floor except above the top tier and face sprinklers at the first storage level at each rack upright. In-rack sprinklers shall be spaced not more than 9 ft (2.7 m) on center and shall be staggered vertically, where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Layout 6, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every other storage level above the first storage level except the top tier and face sprinklers at the first storage level at each rack upright. In-rack sprinklers shall be spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center and shall be staggered vertically, where more than one level of inrack sprinklers is installed.
For each entry in Table 66.16.5.2.1 through Table
66.16.5.2.12 the "Fire Test Ref." number shall be used to identify the information in Section D.2 of NFPA 30 about the fire
tests on which the protection criteria for that entry are based.
[30:16.5.1.11]
The water supply shall be sufficient to meet the
fixed fire protection demand plus a total of at least 500 gpm
(1900 L/min) for inside and outside hose connections for at
least 2 hours, unless otherwise specified in this section.
[30:16.5.1.12]
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). See also 66.16.5.1.9(5). #See 66.4.1 for details on classification scheme.
In-rack sprinkler design shall be based on the following:
Where one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed, the design shall include the eight most hydraulically remote sprinklers
Where two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the six most hydraulically remote sprinklers on each level.
Where three or more levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the six most hydraulically remote sprinklers on the top three levels.
Protection for uncartoned or case-cut nonsolid shelf display up to 6.5 ft. (2 m) and storage above on pallets in racking and stored on shelf materials, including open wire mesh, or 2 in. x 6 in. (50 mm x 150 mm) wooden slats, spaced a minimum of 2 in. (50 mm) apart.
Increase ceiling density to 0.60 if more than one level of storage exists above the top level of in-rack sprinklers.
For K=8.0 and larger ceiling sprinklers, increase ceiling density to 0.60 over 2000 ft2 if more than one level of storage exists above the top level of in-rack sprinklers.
Reduce in-rack sprinkler spacing to maximum 9 ft (2.7 m) centers.
The minimum in-rack discharge pressure shall not be less than 10 psi.
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). See also 66.16.5.1.9(5). #See 66.4.1 for details on classification scheme. Notes:
Minimum hose stream demand can be reduced to 250 gpm for 2 hours.
Sprinklers must also be hydraulically calculated to provide a density of 0.80 gpm/ft2 over 1000 ft2.
Drums must be placed on open slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower levels.
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). See also 66.16.5.1.9(5). #See 66.4.1 for details on classification scheme. Notes:
In-rack sprinkler design based on the six most hydraulically remote sprinklers in each of the up per three levels.
Design area can be reduced to 1500 ft2 when using a preprimed foam-water system installed in accordance with NFPA 16 and maintained according to NFPA 25.
Design area can be reduced to 2000 ft2 when using a preprimed foam-water system installed in accordance with NFPA 16 and maintained according to NFPA 25.
In-rack sprinkler hydraulic design can be reduced to three sprinklers operating per level, with three levels operating simultaneously, when using a preprimed foam-water sprinkler system designed in accordance with NFPA 16 and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25.
The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall n o t be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi.
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). See also 66.16.5.1.9(5). #See 66.4.1 for details on classification scheme. Notes:
Design area can be reduced to 2000 ft2 when using a pre-primed foam-water system installed in accordance with NFPA 16 and maintained according to NFPA 25.
Both 3/4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed pressure-relieving mechanisms are required on containers greater than 6 gal (23 L) capacity.
Drums placed on open slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower levels.
Table 66.16.5.2.5 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single-, Double-, and Multiple-Row RackStorage of Class IIIB Liquids [FP ≥ 200°F (93°C)] in Nonmetallic Containers
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 200°F = 93°C, 375°F = 190°C. Note: Construction of intermediate bulk container to be a minimum of 8 layers of paperboard, with a minimum nominal thickness of 11/2 in. (38 mm) at the center of any side panel. [30: Table 16.5.2.5]
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). See also 66.16.5.1.9(5). Notes:
Protection limited to mercantile shelving that is 2 ft (600 mm) or less in depth per side, with backing between each side.
Minimum hose stream demand can be reduced to 250 gpm for 2 hours.
The minimum aisle width shall not be less than 5 ft (1.5 m)
Table 66.16.5.2.7 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single- and Double-Row RackStorage of Water-Miscible Ignitible (Flammable or Combustible) Liquids in Glass or Plastic Containers
Table 66.16.5.2.8 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single-Row Rack, Double-Row Rack, and Palletized Storage of Ignitible (Flammable or Combustible) Liquids in Relieving-Style Metal Containers
CLASS IB, CLASS IC, CLASS II, CLASS IIIA, CLASS IIIB LIQUIDS#[FP< 200°F (93°C) AND BP≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] RACKSTORAGE with MAXIMUM 6 ft RACK DEPTH and MINIMUM 7.5 ft AISLE WIDTH
CLASS IB, CLASS IC, CLASS II, CLASS IIIA, CLASS IIIB LIQUIDS# [FP< 200°F (93°C) AND BP≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] RACKSTORAGE with MAXIMUM 9 ft RACK DEPTH and 8 ft MINIMUM AISLE WIDTH
CLASS IB, CLASS IC, CLASS II, CLASS IIIA, CLASS IIIB LIQUIDS# [FP< 200°F (93°C) AND BP≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] PALLETIZED STORAGE with MINIMUM 7.5 ft AISLE WIDTH
≤1, cartoned only
8
30
Pendent ESFR K≥14.0 (OT)
12 @ 50 psi
—
—
—
—
—
6
>5, cartoned or uncartoned
12
30
Pendent ESFR K≥14.0 (OT)
12 @ 75 psi
—
—
—
—
—
7
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 psi = 6.9 kPa. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 16.5.1.9(4). See also 16.5.1.9(5). #See 66.4.1 for details on classification scheme. Notes:
The in-rack sprinkler water demand shall be based on the simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote sprinklers as follows:
Seven sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each of the two top levels) where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
The in-rack sprinkler water demand should be balanced with the ceiling sprinkler water demand at their point of connection.
One-gallon and 1-quart containers are not required to be relieving style.
Provide minimum 3 in. transverse flue at rack uprights.
For Class IIIB liquids [FP ≥ 200°F (93°C)], see also Table 66.16.5.2.5.
Racks can have open-mesh wire intermediate shelving on lower levels.
The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi.
Table 66.16.5.2.9 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Palletized Storage of Class II and Class III Liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] in Listed and Labeled Rigid Nonmetallic IBCs
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). See also 66.16.5.1.9(5). Note: See also 66.16.5.2.9.1 through 66.16.5.2.9.3. [30: Table 16.5.2.9]
Foam-water sprinkler protection shall be permitted to be substituted for water sprinkler protection, provided
the same design criteria are used. [30:16.5.2.9.1]
Table 66.16.5.2.10 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single- and Double-Row RackStorage of Class II and III Liquids [FP ≥ 100°F (37.8°C)] in Listed and Labeled Rigid Nonmetallic IBCs
Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with not more than 50 percent by weight of Class IC, Class II, or Class IIIA liquid [73°F (22.8°C) ≤ FP < 200°F (93°C)]
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L /min/m2= 40.7 mm/min. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). See also 66.16.5.1.9(5). Notes:
Drums placed on open, slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower levels.
Storage areas containing unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) should not be located in the same spill containment area or drainage path of other Class I or Class II liquids, unless protected as required for such other liquids [FP < 140°F (60°C)].
Both 3/4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed and labeled pressure-relieving devices are required on containers that exceed 6 gal (23 L) capacity.
Table 66.16.5.2.12 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Palletized or Stacked Storage of Miscible Ignitible (Flammable or Combustible) Liquids in Glass or Plastic Containers
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L /min/m2= 40.7 mm/min. For definitions of abbreviations used in the Response column, see 66.16.5.1.9(4). (See also 66.16.5.1.9(5).) [30: Table 16.5.2.12]
Horizontal barriers of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.1.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.1.1(b), or Figure 66.16.6.1.1(c), whichever is applicable. All ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. All ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. [See also 66.16.6.1.9 for liquids with flash points equal to or greater than 450°F (230°C).] [30:16.6.1.1]
FIGURE 66.16.6.1.1(a) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme "A." [30: Figure 16.6.1.1(a)]
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance
with Figure 66.16.6.1.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.1.1(b), or Figure
66.16.6.1.1(c), whichever is applicable. [30:16.6.1.2]
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated quick-response sprinklers and shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. Intermediate-temperature sprinklers shall be used where ambient conditions require.
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
In-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum operating flow of 57 gpm (220 L/min) out of each of the hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (six on one line or three on two lines) if one barrier level is provided, or out of each of the hydraulically most remote eight sprinklers (eight on one line or four on two lines on the same level), if two or more barrier levels are provided. The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
Where adjacent rack bays are not dedicated to storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage. In addition, barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be provided for any rack across the aisle within 8 ft (2.4 m) of the perimeter of the ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage in accordance with 66.16.6.1. [30:16.6.1.5]
Water demand at point of supply shall be calculated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be
based on the greater demand. [30:16.6.1.7]
Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 mm/min over 270 m2).
If the ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
Barriers shall not be required for liquids with closed-cup flash points of 450°F (230°C) or greater. If barriers are omitted, the following shall apply:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall provide a minimum density of 0.3 gpm/ft2 over the most hydraulically remote 2000 ft2 (12 mm/min over 180 m2) using ordinary temperature, standard-response sprinklers. Sprinklers shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. Intermediate-temperature sprinklers shall be used where ambient conditions require.
The ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack water demand shall be balanced at their point of connection.
The sprinklers located at the rack face shall be staggered vertically.
Horizontal barriers of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.2.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.2.1(b), or Figure 66.16.6.2.1(c), whichever is applicable. All ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. [30:16.6.2.1]
FIGURE 66.16.6.2.1(a) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme "B" — Sprinklers in Center of Rack. [30: Figure 16.6.2.1(a)] FIGURE 66.16.6.2.1(b) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme "B" — Sprinklers on Face of Rack. [30: Figure 16.6.2.1(b)]
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance
with Figure 66.16.6.2.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.2.1(b), or Figure
66.16.6.2.1(c), whichever is applicable. [30:16.6.2.2]
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated quick-response sprinklers and shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. Intermediate-temperature sprinklers shall be used where ambient conditions require.
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
For containers that do not exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity, in-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum discharge flow of 57 gpm (220 L/min) out of each of the hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (six on one line or three on two lines) if one barrier level is provided, or out of each of the hydraulically most remote eight sprinklers (eight on one line or four on two lines on the same level), if two or more barrier levels are provided. The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
For containers that exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity, but do not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), in-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum discharge flow of 57 gpm (220 L/ min) out of each of the hydraulically most remote 12 sprinklers (12 on one line or six on two lines on the same level). The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
If there are adjacent rack bays that are not dedicated to storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended beyond the area devoted to ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage as follows:
For containers that do not exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity, protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage. In addition, adjacent racks across the aisles on each side of the ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage shall be protected in accordance with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodity stored.
For containers that exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity, but do not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage. In addition, protection shall be provided for any rack across the aisle within 8 ft (2.4 m) of the perimeter of the ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage in accordance with 66.16.6.2.
Ceiling sprinklers for containers that do not exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinklers shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Ceiling sprinkler water demand shall not be included in the hydraulic calculations for the in-rack sprinkler protection.
Water demand at the point of supply shall be calculated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be based on the greater of the two.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable for the ceiling sprinkler protection.
If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 L/min over 270 m2).
If the ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
Ceiling sprinklers for containers that exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity, but do not exceed 60 gal (230 L), shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall provide a minimum density of 0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min) over the most hydraulically remote 3000 ft2 (270 m2), using high-temperature, standard-response sprinklers of nominal K-factor of 11.2 or greater. Other types of sprinklers shall not be used.
Ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack sprinkler demand shall be balanced at the point of connection.
Ceiling sprinklers for containers that exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity, but do not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinklers shall be designed to provide a minimum density of 0.60 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (24 mm/min over the most remote 270 m2), using high-temperature-rated, standard-response sprinklers of nominal K-factor of 11.2 or greater. Other types of sprinklers shall not be used.
Ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack sprinkler demand shall be balanced at the point of connection.
Horizontal barriers of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.3.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.3.1(b), or Figure 66.16.6.3.1(c), whichever is applicable. All ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. [30:16.6.3.1]
FIGURE 66.16.6.3.1(a) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme "C." [30: Figure 16.6.3.1(a)]
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated, quick-response sprinklers. Sprinklers shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. An intermediate-temperature sprinkler shall be used where ambient conditions require.
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
In-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum discharge flow of 30 gpm (110 L/min) out of each of the hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (six on one line or three on two lines), if one barrier level is provided, or out of each of the hydraulically most remote eight sprinklers (eight on one line or four on two lines on the same level), if two or more barrier levels are provided. The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
If there are adjacent bays of in-rack arrays that are
not dedicated to storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall
be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to
ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage.
[30:16.6.3.4]
Water demand at point of supply shall be calculated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be
based on the greater demand. [30:16.6.3.6]
Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 mm/min over 270 m2).
If the ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
If there are adjacent bays of in-rack arrays that are
not dedicated to ignitible (flammable or combustible) storage
of liquids, in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended at
least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage. [30:16.6.4.2]
Ceiling sprinklers shall be designed to provide a minimum density of 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min) over the most remote 2000 ft2 (185 m2) using ordinary-temperature-rated, standard-response spray sprinklers, having a nominal K-factor of 8.0 or 11.2. [30:16.6.4.3]
Horizontal barriers of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.4.1 (a) or Figure 66.16.6.4.1 (b), whichever is applicable. [30:16.6.5.1]
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be intermediate temperature-rated, pendent sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of 25.2, RTI of 50 (m/sec)1/2 or less, and be listed as extended coverage control mode density/area storage sprinklers.
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 30 psi.
Where one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed, the design shall include the four most hydraulically remote sprinklers (i.e., four on one line).
Where two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the three most hydraulically remote sprinklers on each level.
Where three or more levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the three most hydraulically remote sprinklers on the top three levels.
Foam-water sprinkler protection shall be permitted to be substituted for water sprinkler protection, provided the same design criteria is used.
If there are adjacent bays of in-rack arrays that are
not dedicated to storage of ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall
be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to
ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage.
[30:16.6.5.5]
Ceiling sprinkler demand shall not be included in
the hydraulic calculations for in-rack sprinklers where
standard-response sprinklers are used for ceiling-level protection. [30:16.6.5.6]
Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
*If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.30 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 mm/min over 270 m2) when supplied with water.
If the ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated, quick-response sprinklers.
In-rack sprinklers shall have a K-factor of 8.0 (115) or 11.2 (160).
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed on 20 ft (6 m) vertical increments in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.6.1(a) and Figure 66.16.6.6.1(b) with the in-rack pattern shown in Figure 66.16.6.6.1 (b) repeated from rack face to rack face for multiple-row racks.
In-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum discharge flow of 30 gpm (110 L/min) out of the hydraulically most remote sprinkler as follows:
Six in-rack sprinklers on one level if one level of in-racks (6 total)
Six in-rack sprinklers on two levels if two levels of in-racks (12 total)
Six in-rack sprinklers on three levels if three or more levels of in-racks (18 total)
FIGURE 66.16.6.6.1(b) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme "F." (Multiple row racks shall extend the same sprinkler pattern through the rack.) [30:16.6.6.1(b)]
If there are adjacent bays of rackstorage that are
not dedicated to ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage, the in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended at
least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to ignitible (flammable or combustible) liquidstorage. [30:16.6.6.2]
