The storage, handling, and use of flammable and combustible liquids, including waste liquids, as herein defined and classified, shall comply with this chapter; NFPA 30, and Sections 60.1 through 60.4 of this Code.
For the purposes of this chapter, a building or portion of a building within which flammable and combustible liquids are allowed to be stored, dispensed, and used or handled in quantities that do not exceed the maximum allowable quantity (MAQ). [30, 2018]
Contents that present a deflagration hazard or a hazard from accelerated burning. For the purposes of this chapter, this includes Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids that are used or stored in normally open containers or systems, or in closed containers or systems at gauge pressures 15 psi (103 kPa) or greater. [30, 2018]
Contents that readily support combustion or that present a physical hazard. For the purposes of this chapter, this includes Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids that are used or stored in normally closed containers or in closed systems at gauge pressures of less than 15 psi (103 kPa). [30, 2018]
For the purposes of this chapter, a storage tank designed to withstand an internal pressure above a gauge pressure of 1.0 psig (6.9 kPa) but not more than a gauge pressure of 15 psi (103 kPa) measured at the top of the tank. [30, 2018]
Except as specified in 66.4.3.1.1, the flash point of a liquid having a viscosity below 5.5 centiStokes at 104°F (40°C) or below 9.5 centiStokes at 77°F (25°C) shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D56, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester. [30:4.4.1]
Cut-back asphalts, liquids that tend to form a surface film, and liquids that contain suspended solids shall not be tested in accordance with ASTM D56, even if they otherwise meet the viscosity criteria. Such liquids shall be tested in accordance with 66.4.3.2. [30:4.4.1.1]
The flash point of a liquid having a viscosity of 5.5 centiStokes or more at 104°F (40°C) or 9.5 centiStokes or more at 77°F (25°C) or a flash point of 200°F (93.4°C) or higher shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D93, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester. [30:4.4.2]
As an alternative, ASTM D3278, Standard Test Method for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed Cup Apparatus, shall be permitted to be used for paints, enamels, lacquers, varnishes, and related products and their components that have flash points between 32°F (0°C) and 230°F (110°C) and viscosities below 150 Stokes at 77°F (25°C). [30:4.4.3]
As an alternative, ASTM D3828, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester, shall be permitted to be used for materials other than those for which ASTM D3278 is specifically required. [30:4.4.4]
This section shall apply to the hazards associated with storage processing, handling, and use of liquids. This section shall also apply when specifically referenced by another section. [30:6.1]
This chapter shall apply to the management methodology used to identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the processing and handling of flammable and combustible liquids. These hazards include, but are not limited to, preparation, separation, purification, and change of state, energy content, or composition. [30:6.3]
Operations involving flammable and combustible liquids shall be reviewed to ensure that fire and explosion hazards are addressed by fire prevention, fire control, and emergency action plans.
Exception No. 1: Operations where liquids are used solely for on-site consumption as fuels.
The extent of fire prevention and control that is provided shall be determined in consultation with the AHJ or by means of an engineering evaluation of the operation and application of sound fire protection and process engineering principles. This evaluation shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Analysis of emergency relief from process vessels, taking into consideration the properties of the materials used and the fire protection and control measures taken
Analysis of applicable facility design requirements in Chapters 17, 18, 19, 28, and 29 of NFPA 30
Analysis of applicable requirements for liquidhandling, transfer, and use, as covered in Chapters 17, 18, 19, 28, and 29 of NFPA 30
Analysis of local conditions, such as exposure to and from adjacent properties and exposure to floods, earthquakes, and windstorms
The hazards analysis shall be repeated whenever the hazards leading to a fire or explosion change significantly. Conditions that might require repeating a review shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
Welding, cutting, and similar spark-producing operations shall not be permitted in areas containing flammable liquids until a written permit authorizing such work has been issued. [30:6.5.3.1]
The permit shall be issued by a person in authority following inspection of the area to ensure that permit requirements have been implemented and will be followed until the job is completed. [30:6.5.3.2]
All metallic equipment such as tanks, machinery, and piping where the potential exists for an ignitible mixture to be present shall be bonded and grounded. [30:6.5.4.2]
Any electrically isolated section of metallic piping or equipment shall be bonded and grounded to prevent hazardous accumulation of static electricity. [30:6.5.4.4]
All nonmetallic equipment and piping where the potential exists for an ignitable mixture to be present shall be designed and operated to prevent electrostatic ignition. [30:6.5.4.5]
An approved means shall be provided for prompt notification of fire or other emergency to those identified in the emergency action plan in accordance with Section 66.6.8. [30:6.6.1]
Those areas, including buildings, where a potential exists for a flammable liquid spill shall be monitored as appropriate. The following methods shall be permitted to be used:
This section identifies recognized fire protection and fire suppression systems and methods used to prevent or minimize the loss from fire or explosion in liquid-processing facilities. The application of one or a combination of these systems and methods as well as the use of fire-resistive materials shall be determined in accordance with Sections 66.6.3 and 66.6.4. [30:6.7.1]
A reliable water supply or other suitable fire control agent shall be available in pressure and quantity to meet the fire demands indicated by the specific hazards of liquids-processing operations, storage, or exposure. [30:6.7.2]
Permanent connections between the fire water system and any process system shall be prohibited, to prevent contamination of fire water with process fluids. [30:6.7.3]
Where required by this chapter, hydrants, with or without fixed monitor nozzles, shall be provided in accordance with this Code and NFPA 24. The number and placement shall depend on the hazards of the facility. [30:6.7.4]
Where the need is indicated by the hazards of liquid processing, storage, or exposure as determined by 66.6.4, fixed protection shall be provided. [30:6.7.5]
Where provided, fire control systems shall be designed, installed, and maintained in accordance with this Code and the following NFPA standards, as applicable:
NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam
Where required by this chapter, standpipe and hose systems shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.2 and NFPA 14 or hose connections from sprinkler systems using combination spray and straight stream nozzles shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13. [30:6.7.7]
Where required by this chapter, listed portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in such quantities, sizes, and types as are needed for the specific hazards of operation and storage. [30:6.7.8]
A written emergency action plan that is consistent with available equipment and personnel shall be established to respond to fires and related emergencies. This plan shall include the following:
Procedures to be followed in case of fire or release of liquids or vapors, such as sounding the alarm, notifying the fire department, evacuating personnel, and controlling and extinguishing the fire
Procedures and schedules for conducting drills of these procedures
Appointment and training of personnel to carry out assigned duties, including review at the time of initial assignment, as responsibilities or response actions change, and whenever anticipated duties change
Procedures for maintenance and operation of (a) fire protection equipment and systems, (b) drainage and containment systems, and (c) dispersion and ventilation equipment and systems
Procedures for shutting down or isolating equipment to reduce, mitigate, or stop the release of liquid or vapors, including assigning personnel responsible for maintaining critical plant functions or shutdown of plant processes and safe start-up following isolation or shutdown
Personnel responsible for the use and operation of fire protection equipment shall be trained in the use of that equipment. Refresher training shall be conducted at least annually. [30:6.8.2]
Procedures shall be established to provide for safe shutdown of operations under emergency conditions and for safe start-up following cessation of emergencies. Provisions shall be made for training of personnel in shutdown and startup procedures, and in activation, use, and deactivation of associated alarms, interlocks, and controls. Procedures shall also be established and provisions shall also be made for inspection and testing of associated alarms, interlocks, and controls. [30:6.8.4]
The emergency procedures shall be kept readily available in the operating areas and shall be updated when conditions change, as identified in 66.6.4.2. [30:6.8.5]
Where premises are likely to be unattended for considerable periods of time, a summary of the emergency plan shall be posted or located in a strategic and accessible location. [30:6.8.5.1]
All fire protection equipment shall be properly maintained, and periodic inspections and tests shall be done in accordance with both standard practice and the equipment manufacturers recommendations. Water-based fire protection systems shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with this Code and NFPA 25. [30:6.9.1]
Maintenance and operating practices shall be established and implemented to prevent and control leakage and spillage of flammable and combustible liquids. [30:6.9.2]
Combustible wastematerial and residues in operating areas shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal containers, and disposed of daily. [30:6.9.3]
Ground areas around facilities where liquids are stored, handled, or used shall be kept free of weeds, trash, or other unnecessary combustiblematerials. [30:6.9.4]
Aisles established for movement of personnel shall be kept clear of obstructions to permit orderly evacuation and ready access for manual fire-fighting activities. [30:6.9.5]
This section shall apply to the management methodology used to identify, evaluate, and control the security hazards involved in the processing, storage, and handling of flammable and combustible liquids. [30:6.10.1.1]
The methodology used shall incorporate a risk-based approach to site security and shall have the following objectives:
Identification and evaluation of security risks
Evaluation of the security performance of the facility
Evaluation of protection for employees, the facility itself, the surrounding communities, and the environment. (See Annex G of NFPA 30 for more detailed information.)
Operations involving flammable and combustible liquids shall be reviewed to ensure that security vulnerabilities identified during the security vulnerability analysis (SVA) are addressed in a facility security program, with corresponding fire prevention and emergency action plans and drills. [30:6.10.3.1]
The balance of physical, electronic, and personnel techniques used to respond to the SVA shall be determined by means of an engineering evaluation of the operation and application of sound security principles. This evaluation shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
A written emergency action plan that is consistent with available equipment and personnel shall be established to respond to fires, security, and related emergencies. This plan shall include the following:
Procedures to be followed such as initiating alarms, notifying appropriate agencies, evacuating personnel, and controlling and extinguishing the fire
Procedures and schedules for conducting drills of these procedures
Appointment and training of personnel to carry out assigned duties
Maintenance of fire protection and response equipment
Procedures for shutting down or isolating equipment to reduce the release of liquid
Specific duties of personnel shall be reviewed at the time of initial assignment, as responsibilities or response actions change, and whenever anticipated duties change. [30:6.10.3.4]
Electrical utilization equipment and wiring shall not constitute a source of ignition for any ignitible vapor that might be present under normal operation or because of a spill. Compliance with 66.7.3.2 through 66.7.3.7.1 shall be deemed as meeting the requirements of this section. [30:7.3.1]
Table 66.7.3.3 shall be used to delineate and classify areas for the purpose of installation of electrical utilization equipment and wiring under normal operating conditions. [30:7.3.3]
Indoor equipment installed in accordance with 66.7.3 where flammable vapor-air mixtures can exist under normal operation
1
0
The entire area associated with such equipment where flammable gases or vapors are present continuously or for long periods of time
1
1
Area within 5 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 5 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions; also, space up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 5 ft to 25 ft horizontally from any edge of such equipment1
Outdoor equipment of the type covered in 66.7.3 where flammable vapor-air mixtures can exist under normal operation
1
0
The entire area associated with such equipment where flammable gases or vapors are present continuously or for long periods of time
1
1
Area within 3 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions; also, space up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 3 ft to 10 ft horizontally from any edge of such equipment
Any pit, box, or space below grade level, if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
2
2
Up to 18 in. above grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from a loose fill connection and within a horizontal radius of 5 ft from a tight fill connection
Vent — discharging upward
1
0
Area inside of vent piping or opening
1
1
Within 3 ft of open end of vent, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 5 ft of open end of vent, extending in all directions
Within 3 ft of vent and fill openings, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 5 ft from vent or fill opening, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above floor or grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from vent or fill opening
Pumps, bleeders, withdrawal fittings
Indoor
2
2
Within 5 ft of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions; also, up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 25 ft horizontally from any edge of such devices
Outdoor
2
2
Within 3 ft of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade level within 10 ft horizontally from any edge of such devices
Pits and sumps
Without mechanical ventilation
1
1
Entire area within a pit or sump if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
With adequate mechanical ventilation
2
2
Entire area within a pit or sump if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
Containing valves, fittings, or piping, and not within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
2
2
Entire pit or sump
Drainage ditches, separators, impounding basins
Outdoor
2
2
Area up to 18 in. above ditch, separator, or basin; also, area up to 18 in. above grade within 15 ft horizontally from any edge
Within 3 ft of point of venting to atmosphere, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from point of venting to atmosphere, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from point of loading connection
Loading through closed dome with atmospheric venting
1
1
Within 3 ft of open end of vent, extending in all directions
2
2
Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from open end of vent, extending in all directions; also, within 3 ft of edge of dome, extending in all directions
Loading through closed dome with vapor control
2
2
Within 3 ft of point of connection of both fill and vapor lines, extending in all directions
Bottom loading with vapor control or any bottom unloading
2
2
Within 3 ft of point of connections, extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from point of connections
If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an outdoor classified location, the entire room shall be classified the same as the area classification at the point of the opening
If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified location, the classified location shall extend through the opening to the same extent as if the wall, curb, or partition did not exist
Office and rest rooms
Ordinary
If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified location, the room shall be classified the same as if the wall, curb, or partition did not exist
1The release of Class Iliquids can generate vapors to the extent that the entire building, and possibly an area surrounding it, should be considered a Class I, Division 2, or Zone 2 location.
2When classifying extent of area, consideration should be given to the fact that tank cars or tank vehicles can be spotted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities of the loading or unloading positions should be used. [30: Table 7.3.3]
The area classifications listed in Table 66.7.3.3 are based on the premise that all applicable requirements of this Code have been met. If this is not the case, the AHJ shall have the authority to classify the extent of the area. [30:7.3.6]
Where the provisions of 66.7.3.1 through 66.7.3.6 require the installation of electrical equipment suitable for Class I, Division 1 or 2, or Zone 1 or 2 locations, ordinary electrical equipment, including switchgear, shall be permitted to be used if installed in a room or enclosure that is maintained under positive pressure with respect to the classified area. [30:7.3.7]
Area classification is used to assure that fixed electrical utilization equipment, electrical fixtures, and wiring are properly installed within Class I, Division 1; Class I, Zone 1; Class I, Division 2; or Class I, Zone 2designated areas, as defined by Article 500 of NFPA 70. [30:7.4.1]
This section shall also apply to overpack drums when used for temporary containment of containers that do not exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity. Such overpack containers shall be treated as containers as defined in 66.3.3.10. [30:9.1.3]
Liquids in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles, aircraft, boats, or portable or stationary engines
Beverages where packaged in individual containers that do not exceed 1.3 gal (5 L) capacity
Medicines, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other consumer products that contain not more than 50 percent by volume of water-miscible flammable or combustible liquids, with the remainder of the product consisting of components that do not burn and where packaged in individual containers that do not exceed 1.3 gal (5 L) capacity
Liquids with a flash point greater than 95°F (35°C) in a water-miscible solution or water-miscible dispersion with a water and noncombustible solids content of more than 80 percent by weight, and which does not sustain combustion when tested in accordance with "Method of Testing for Sustained Combustibility," in accordance with Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 173, Appendix H, or the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Distilled spirits and wines in wooden barrels or casks
For the purposes of this chapter, this term shall apply to the storage of containers that do not meet the criteria to be considered protected, as defined in 66.9.2.1. [30:9.2.2]
The general requirements of this chapter shall be applicable to the storage of liquids in liquidstorage areas as covered in Chapters 10 through 14 of NFPA 30, regardless of the quantities being stored.
Exception: Where more stringent requirements are set forth in Chapters 10 through 14 of NFPA 30, those requirements shall take precedence. [30:9.3.1]
Wood of at least 1 in. (25 mm) nominal thickness shall be permitted to be used for shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations. [30:9.3.4]
Liquids used for building maintenance, painting, or other similar infrequent maintenance purposes shall be permitted to be stored in closed containers outside of storage cabinets or inside liquid storage areas, if limited to an amount that does not exceed a 10-day supply at anticipated rates of use. [30:9.3.10]
Metal containers, metal intermediate bulk containers, and metal portable tanks meeting the requirements of and containing products authorized by the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Plastic or metal consumer-use containers meeting the requirements of, and used within the scope of, one or more of the following specifications:
ASTM F976, Standard Specification for Portable Kerosene and Diesel Containers for Consumer Use
Nonmetallic or metallic commercial/industrial safety cans meeting the requirements of, and used with the scope of, one or more of the following specifications:
FM Global Approval Standard for Safety Containers and Filling, Supply, and Disposal Containers — Class Number 6051 and 6052
Plastic containers that meet requirements set by and contain products authorized by the following:
The U. S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Items 256 or 258 of the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) for liquids that are not classified as hazardous by the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Fiber drums that meet the following:
Requirements of Items 294 and 296 of the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), or Rule 51 of the Uniform Freight Classification (UFC), for Types 2A, 3A, 3B-H, 3B-L, or 4A
Requirements of, and containing liquid products authorized by, either the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR Chapter I, or by U.S. Department of Transportation exemption
* Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers that meet requirements set by and contain products authorized by the following:
The U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, for Classes 31H1, 31H2, and 31HZ1
The National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), or the International Safe Transit Association for liquids that are not classified as hazardous by the U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR 100-199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other common consumer products, where packaged according to commonly accepted practices for retail sales, shall be exempt from the requirements of 66.9.4.1 and 66.9.4.3. [30:9.4.1.2]
Each portable tank or intermediate bulk container shall be provided with one or more devices installed in the top with sufficient emergency venting capacity to limit internal pressure under fire exposure conditions to a gauge pressure of 10 psi (70 kPa) or 30 percent of the bursting pressure of the portable tank, whichever is greater. [30:9.4.2]
At least one pressure-actuated vent having a minimum capacity of 6000 ft3 (170 m3) of free air per hour at an absolute pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa) and 60°F (15.6°C) shall be used. It shall be set to open at not less than a gauge pressure of 5 psi (35 kPa). [30:9.4.2.2]
If fusible vents are used, they shall be actuated by elements that operate at a temperature not exceeding 300°F (150°C). Where plugging of a pressure-actuated vent can occur, such as when used for paints, drying oils, and similar materials, fusible plugs or venting devices that soften to failure at a maximum of 300°F (150°C) under fire exposure shall be permitted to be used for the entire emergency venting requirement. [30:9.4.2.3]
Rigid plastic IBCs (UN 31H1 or 31H2) and composite IBCs with rigid inner receptacle (UN31HZ1)†
NP
NP
NP
793 gal (3000 L)
793 gal (3000 L)
Composite IBCs with flexible inner receptacle (UN31HZ2) DOT/UN-approved flexible IBCs, and NMFC/ISTA- compliant IBCs†
NP
NP
NP
331 gal (1300 L)
331 gal (1300 L)
Non-bulk Bag-in-box
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
Polyethylene UN1H1 and UN1H2, or as authorized by DOT exemption
1.3 gal (5 L)
5.3 gal (20 L)*
5.3 gal (20 L)*
119 gal (450 L)
119 gal (450 L)
Fiber drum NMFC or UFC Type 2A; Types 3A, 3B-H, or 3B-L; or Type 4A
NP
NP
NP
119 gal (450 L)
119 gal (450 L)
NP: Not permitted for the container categories so classified unless a fire protection system is provided that is developed in accordance with 66.16.3.6 and is approved for the specific container and protection against static electricity is provided.
Class IB and Class IC water-miscible liquids shall be permitted to be stored in plastic containers up to 60 gal (230 L) in size, if stored and protected in accordance with Table 66.16.5.2.7. [30:9.4.3.1]
Class IA and Class IB liquids shall be permitted to be stored in glass containers of not more than 1.3 gal (5 L) capacity if the required liquid purity (such as American Chemical Society analytical reagent grade or higher) would be affected by storage in metal containers or if the liquid can cause excessive corrosion of a metal container. [30:9.4.3.3]
Leaking or damaged containers up to 60 gal (230 L) capacity shall be permitted to be stored temporarily in accordance with this section and Chapters 10 through 12 of NFPA 30, provided they are enclosed in overpack containers. [30:9.4.3.4]
Storage cabinets that meet at least one of the following sets of requirements shall be acceptable for storage of liquids:
Storage cabinets designed and constructed to limit the internal temperature at the center of the cabinet and 1 in. (25 mm) from the top of the cabinet to not more than 325°F (163°C), when subjected to a 10-minute fire test that simulates the fire exposure of the standard time- temperature curve specified in NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building and Construction and Materials, shall be acceptable. All joints and seams shall remain tight and the door shall remain securely closed during the test.
Metal storage cabinets constructed in the following manner shall be acceptable:
The bottom, top, door, and sides of the cabinet shall be at least No. 18 gauge sheet steel and shall be double-walled, with 11/2 in. (38 mm) air space.
Joints shall be riveted, welded, or made tight by some equally effective means.
The door shall be provided with a three-point latch arrangement, and the door sill shall be raised at least 2 in. (50 mm) above the bottom of the cabinet to retain spilled liquid within the cabinet.
Wooden cabinets constructed in the following manner shall be acceptable:
The bottom, sides, and top shall be constructed of exterior grade plywood that is at least 1 in. (25 mm) thick and of a type that will not break down or delaminate under fire conditions.
All joints shall be rabbetted and shall be fastened in two directions with wood screws.
Where more than one door is used, there shall be a rabbetted overlap of not less than 1 in. (25 mm).
Doors shall be equipped with a means of latching, and hinges shall be constructed and mounted in such a manner as to not lose their holding capacity when subjected to fire exposure.
A raised sill or pan capable of containing a 2 in. (50 mm) depth of liquid shall be provided at the bottom of the cabinet to retain spilled liquid within the cabinet.
If a storage cabinet is not ventilated, the vent openings shall be sealed with the bungs supplied with the cabinet or with bungs specified by the cabinet manufacturer. [30:9.5.4.1]
If a storage cabinet is ventilated for any reason, the vent openings shall be ducted directly to a safe location outdoors or to a treatment device designed to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ignitible vapors in such a manner that will not compromise the specified performance of the cabinet and in a manner that is acceptable to the AHJ. [30:9.5.4.2]
The minimum letter height for FLAMMABLE (signal word) shall be 2.0 in. (50 mm) and the minimum letter height for KEEP FIRE AWAY (message) shall be 1.0 in. (25 mm). [30:9.5.5.1]
Use of other languages, the international symbol for "flammable" (a flame in a triangle), the international symbol for "keep fire away" (a burning match in "no" circle) shall be permitted. [30:9.5.5.4]
(1) Quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent where stored in approvedflammable liquidsstorage cabinets or in safety cans in accordance with this Code. Where Note 2 also applies, the increase for both notes is permitted to be applied accumulatively.
(2) Quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13. Where Note 1 also applies, the increase for both notes is permitted to be applied accumulatively.
(4) Quantities are not limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13 and designed in accordance with the protection criteria contained in Section 66.16 of this Code. [30: Table 9.6.1]
For the occupancies specified in 66.9.6.2.1, storage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class IIliquids combined or in excess of 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids shall be permitted where stored in flammable liquidsstorage cabinets and where the total aggregate quantity does not exceed 180 gal (680 L). [30:9.6.2.2]
Fuel in the tanks of operating mobile equipment shall be permitted to exceed the quantities specified in Table 66.9.6.1, where the equipment is operated in accordance with this Code. [30:9.6.2.3]
For ambulatory health care, day care, educational, and health care occupancies, the MAQ for Class IIIB liquids shall be permitted to be increased 100 percent if the building is protected throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13. [30:9.6.2.4]
For the purpose of this Code, a control area shall be a space within a building where quantities of liquids that do not exceed the maximum quantities allowed by Table 66.9.6.1 or Table 66.9.6.2.1 are stored. [30:9.7.1]
Buildings and portions of buildings where liquids are stored shall be classified as Protection Level 2 or Protection Level 3, as established in this section, when the MAQs per control area are exceeded. [30:9.8.1]
Liquids stored in Protection Level 2 or Protection Level 3 occupancies shall meet the applicable requirements for storage in a LiquidStorage Room or Liquid Warehouse as defined in this Code and in NFPA 5000. [30:9.8.2]
Storage areas shall be constructed to meet the fire resistance ratings specified in Table 66.9.9.1. Construction assemblies shall comply with the test specifications given in ASTM E 119. [30:9.9.1]
bFire resistance ratings for liquid warehouses storing only Class IIIB liquids, which are not heated above their flash point, are permitted to be reduced to 2 hours.
cFire resistance ratings for liquid warehouses protected in accordance with Section 66.16 are permitted to be reduced to 2 hours.
dThis shall be a fire wall as defined in NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls, and Fire Barrier Walls.
eFor exposing walls that are located more than 10 ft (3 m) but less than 50 ft (15 m) from an important building or line of adjoining property that can be built upon.
fFor exposing walls that are located 10 ft (3 m) or less from an important building or line of adjoining property that can be built upon.
gFor accessory use areas in protected liquid warehouses, such as offices and restrooms, whose combined area is less than 10 percent of the area of the warehouse, no fire resistance rating shall be required for the interior walls and ceilings.
Openings in interior walls to adjacent rooms or buildings and openings in exterior walls with fire resistance ratings shall be provided with normally closed, listed fire doors with fire protection ratings that correspond to the fire resistance rating of the wall as specified in Table 66.9.9.2. [30:9.9.2]
Such doors shall be permitted to be arranged to stay open during material-handlingoperations if the doors are designed to close automatically in a fire emergency by provision of listed closure devices. [30:9.9.2.1]
Exterior walls shall be constructed to provide ready access for fire-fighting operations by means of access openings, windows, or lightweight, noncombustible wall panels.
Exception: This requirement does not apply to liquidstorage rooms totally enclosed within a building. [30:9.9.3]
Portable fire extinguishers shall meet the following requirements:
At least one portable fire extinguisher having a capability of not less than 40:B shall be located outside of, but not more than 10 ft (3 m) from, the door opening into a liquidstorage area.
At least one portable fire extinguisher having a capability of not less than 40:B shall be located within 30 ft (9 m) of any Class I or Class IIliquids located outside of a liquidstorage area, or at least one portable fire extinguisher having a capacity of 80:B shall be located within 50 ft (15 m) of such a storage area.
Where preconnected hose is provided, it shall be either 11/2 in. (38 mm) lined fire hose or 1 in. (25 mm) hard rubber hose, using combination spray and straight stream nozzles.
Where hose connections are provided, the water supply shall be sufficient to meet the fixed fire protection demand plus a total of at least 500 gpm (1900 L/min) for inside and outside hose connections for at least 2 hours, unless otherwise specified in Section 66.16. [30:9.10.2.6]
For liquidstorage rooms that are totally enclosed within the building, electrical wiring and utilization equipment for Class Iliquidstorage shall be Class I, Division 2 (Zone 2), and electrical wiring and utilization equipment in inside rooms used for the storage of Class II and Class IIIliquids shall be suitable for ordinary purpose.
Storage areas shall be designed and operated to prevent the discharge of liquids to public waterways, public sewers, or adjoining property, unless such discharge has been specifically approved. [30:9.13.1]
Where the drainage system discharges to private or public sewers or waterways, the drainage system shall be equipped with traps and separators. [30:9.13.1.1]
Where individual containers exceed 10 gal (38 L), curbs, scuppers, drains, or other suitable means shall be provided to prevent flow of liquids under emergency conditions into adjacent building areas. [30:9.13.2]
Where a drainage system is used, it shall also have sufficient capacity to carry the expected discharge of water from fire protection systems. [30:9.13.3.1]
Where only unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) containing not more than 50 percent by weight of Class IC, Class II, or Class IIIA liquid constituents are stored and are protected in accordance with 66.16.5.2.11, spill control, containment, and drainage shall not be required. [30:9.13.5]
Where storage is protected in accordance with Section 66.16, spill control, containment, and drainage shall also meet the requirements of 66.16.8. [30:9.13.6]
Where Class IA liquids are stored in containers larger than 1 gal (4 L), areas shall be provided with a means of explosion control that meets the requirements of NFPA 69. An approved engineered damage limiting construction design shall also be permitted.
Exception: This shall not apply to a liquidstorage room totally enclosed within a building. [30:9.16.1]
Where unstable liquids are stored, an approved engineered construction method that is designed to limit damage from a deflagration or detonation, depending on the liquid stored, shall be used. [30:9.16.2]
The design and construction of a locker shall meet all applicable local, state, and federal regulations and requirements and shall be subject to the approval of the AHJ. [30:14.4.1]
The containment system shall have sufficient capacity to contain 10 percent of the volume of containers allowed in the locker or the volume of the largest container, whichever is greater. [30:14.4.8.1]
The designated site shall be arranged to provide the minimum separation distances specified in Table 66.14.5.2 between individual lockers, from locker to property line that is or can be built upon, and from locker to nearest side of public ways or to important buildings on the same property. [30:14.5.2]
Note: If the locker is provided with a fire resistance rating of not less than 4 hours and deflagration venting is not required in accordance with 66.9.15, all distances required by Table 66.14.5.2 are permitted to be waived.
aSite area limits are intended to differentiate the relative size and thus the number of lockers that are permitted in one designated site.
cWhen the exposed building has an exterior wall, facing the designated site, that has a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours and has no openings to above grade areas within 10 ft (3 m) horizontally and no openings to below grade areas within 50 ft (15 m) horizontally of the designated area, the distances can be reduced to half of those shown in the table, except they should never be less than 5 ft (1.5 m).
dWhen a single locker has a gross single storyfloor area that will require a site area limit of greater than 1500 ft2 (140 m2) or when multiple units exceed the area limit of 1500 ft2 (140 m2), the AHJshould be consulted for approval of distances. [30: Table 14.5.2]
More than one locker shall be permitted on a designated site, provided that the separation distance between individual lockers is maintained in accordance with Table 66.14.5.2. [30:14.5.4]
Containers of liquid in their original shipping packages shall be permitted to be stored either palletized or solid piled within the locker. [30:14.6.1]
Miscellaneous combustiblematerials, including but not limited to idle pallets, excessive vegetation, and packing materials, shall not be permitted within 5 ft (1.5 m) of the designated site approved for lockers. [30:14.6.5]
cFor storage in racks, the quantity limits per pile do not apply, but the rack arrangements should be limited to a maximum of 50 ft (15 m) in length and two rows or 9 ft (2.7 m) in depth.
Where two or more classes of liquids are stored in a single pile, the maximum quantity permitted in that pile shall be that of the most hazardous class of liquid present. [30:15.3.1]
No container, intermediate bulk container, or portable tank in a pile shall be more than 200 ft (60 m) from a minimum 20 ft (6 m) wide access way to permit approach of fire control apparatus under all weather conditions. [30:15.3.2]
The distances specified in Table 66.15.3 shall apply to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If there are exposures and protection for exposures does not exist, the distance to the property line that is or can be built upon shall be doubled. [30:15.3.3]
Where total quantity stored does not exceed 50 percent of the maximum quantity per pile, as specified in Table 66.15.3, the distances to a property line that is or can be built upon and to streets, alleys, or public ways shall be permitted to be reduced by 50 percent but in no case to less than 3 ft (0.9 m). [30:15.3.4]
The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures or shall be surrounded by a curb at least 6 in. (150 mm) high. [30:15.3.5]
Where curbs are used, provisions shall be made to drain accumulations of groundwater or rainwater or spills of liquids. Drains shall terminate at a safe location and shall flow freely under fire conditions. [30:15.3.5.1]
The storage area shall be kept free of weeds, debris, and other combustiblematerials not necessary to the storage for a distance of at least 10 ft (3 m) around the perimeter of the stored materials. [30:15.3.7]
The storage area shall be permitted to be protected from the weather by a canopy or roof that does not limit the dissipation of heat or dispersion of flammable vapors and does not restrict fire-fighting access and control. [30:15.3.8]
The provisions of 66.15.4.1(1) through (4) shall be permitted to be waived, subject to the approval of the AHJ, if the building in question is one story, is of fire-resistive or noncombustible construction, and is devoted principally to the storage of liquids. [30:15.4.2]
The quantity of liquid stored adjacent to a building that meets the conditions of 66.15.4.1(1) through (4) shall be permitted to exceed that permitted in 66.15.4.1, provided the maximum quantity per pile does not exceed 1100 gal (4160 L) and each pile is separated by a 10 ft (3 m) minimum clear space along the common wall. [30:15.4.3]
The quantity of liquid stored shall be permitted to exceed the 1100 gal (4160 L) quantity specified by 66.15.4.1 where a minimum distance equal to that specified by Table 66.15.3 for distance to property line shall be maintained between buildings and the nearest container or portable tank. [30:15.4.4]
Where the provisions of 66.15.4.1 cannot be met, a minimum distance equal to that specified by Table 66.15.3 for distance to property line shall be maintained between buildings and the nearest container or portable tank. [30:15.4.5]
Storage of liquids that is protected in accordance with the applicable requirements of this section shall be considered protected, as defined in 66.16.2.3. All other storage shall be considered unprotected unless an alternate means of protection has been approved by the AHJ. [30:16.1.3]
For the purposes of this chapter, this term shall apply to the storage of containers that do not meet the criteria to be considered protected, as defined in 66.16.2.1. [30:16.2.3]
A metal container, a metal intermediate bulk container, or a metal portable tank that is equipped with at least one pressure-relieving mechanism at its top that is designed, sized, and arranged to relieve the internal pressure generated due to exposure to fire so that violent rupture is prevented. [30:16.2.4]
A liquid that gels, thickens, or solidifies when heated or whose viscosity at room temperature versus weight percent content of Class I, Class II, or Class IIIliquid is in the shaded portion of Figure 66.16.2.5. [30:16.2.6]
FIGURE 66.16.2.5 Viscous Liquid: Viscosity Versus Weight Percent Flammable or Combustible Component. [30: Figure 16.2.6]
Where different classes of liquids, container types, and storage configurations are stored in the same protected area, protection shall meet either of the following:
Requirements of this section for the most severe storagefire hazard present
Where areas are not physically separated by a barrier or partition capable of delaying heat from a fire in one hazard area from fusing sprinklers in an adjacent hazard area, the required protection for the more demanding hazard shall:
Extend 20 ft (6 m) beyond its perimeter, but not less than the required minimum sprinkler design area
Be provided with means to prevent the flow of burning liquid under emergency conditions into adjacent hazard areas
Provide containment and drainage as required by 66.16.8
Unless otherwise specified in this section, single-row racks shall not be more than 4.5 ft (1.4 m) in depth and double-row racks shall not be more than 9 ft (2.8 m) in depth. [30:16.3.2]
When applying the fire protection criteria of this section, a minimum aisle space of 6 ft (1.8 m) shall be provided between adjacent piles or adjacent rack sections, unless otherwise specified in the tables in 66.16.5. [30:16.3.3]
Protection systems that are designed and developed based on full-scale fire tests performed at an approved test facility or on other engineered protection schemes shall be considered an acceptable alternative to the protection criteria set forth in this section. Such alternative protection systems shall be approved by the AHJ. [30:16.3.5]
For relieving-style containers of greater than 6.6 gal (25 L) and up to 119 gal (450 L) capacity, the following shall apply:
The pressure-relieving mechanism shall be listed and labeled in accordance with FM Global Approval Standard for Plastic Plugs for Steel Drums, Class Number 6083, or equivalent.
The pressure-relieving mechanism shall not be painted, and cap seals, if used, shall be made of thermoplastic material.
For metal containers greater than 6.6 gal (25 L) capacity, the pressure-relieving mechanism shall be unobstructed or an additional pressure-relieving mechanism shall be provided.
Where automatic sprinkler systems or low-expansion foam-water sprinkler systems are used to protect storage of liquids, Figure 66.16.4.1(a), Figure 66.16.4.1(b), or Figure 66.16.4.1(c), whichever is applicable, and the appropriate table in 66.16.5 shall be used to determine protection criteria. [30:16.4.1]
FIGURE 66.16.4.1(a) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Miscible and Nonmiscible Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Metal Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(a)]
Note: All cross-references refer to NFPA 30.
FIGURE 66.16.4.1(b) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Miscible and Nonmiscible Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Nonmetallic Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(b)]
Note: For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L.
Note: All cross-references refer to NFPA 30.
FIGURE 66.16.4.1(c) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Miscible Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Nonmetallic Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(c)]
If a preaction system is used, it shall be designed so that water or foam solution will immediately discharge from the sprinkler upon sprinkler actuation. [30:16.4.2.1]
A foam-water sprinkler system that meets any of the design criteria specified in the water sprinkler tables in this section shall be acceptable, provided that the system is installed in accordance with NFPA 16. [30:16.4.2.2]
The protection criteria in Table 66.16.5.2.1 through Table 66.16.5.2.12 shall only be used with ceilings having a pitch of 2 in 12 or less. [30:16.5.1.1.1]
When foam or foam-water fire protection systems are provided, discharge densities shall be determined based on the listing criteria of the foam discharge devices selected, the foam concentrate, the specific liquids to be protected, and the criteria in the appropriate table in this section. Where the discharge densities given in the tables differ from those in the listing criteria for the discharge devices, the greater of the two shall be used. [30:16.5.1.2]
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13. In addition, the following modifications shall apply:
In-rack sprinklers shall be laid out in accordance with 66.16.5.1.10 and 66.16.6, as applicable.
Sprinklers in multiple-level in-rack sprinkler systems shall be provided with water shields unless they are separated by horizontal barriers or are specifically listed for installation without water shields.
A vertical clear space of at least 6 in. (150 mm) shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflector and the top of the tier of storage.
Sprinkler discharge shall not be obstructed by horizontal rack structural members.
Where in-rack sprinklers are installed below horizontal barriers, the deflector shall be located a maximum of 7 in. (180 mm) below the barrier.
Longitudinal and transverse flue spaces of at least 6 in. (150 mm) shall be maintained between each rack load.
Ordinary or intermediate temperature-rated K-25 extended-coverage sprinklers shall be permitted to be used as standard response high temperature sprinklers at greater than 144 ft2 (13 m2) coverage, with 12 ft (3.7 m) minimum spacing and a maximum coverage area of 196 ft2 (18 m2) coverage. [30:16.5.1.4.1]
The ceiling heights given in Table 66.16.5.2.1 through Table 66.16.5.2.12, excluding Table 66.16.5.2.8, shall be permitted to be increased by a maximum of 10 percent if an equivalent percent increase in ceiling sprinkler design density is provided. [30:16.5.1.5]
When relieving style containers are used, both 3/4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed and labeled pressure- relieving mechanisms are required on containers greater than 6 gal (23 L) capacity. [30:16.5.1.7]
For the purposes of 66.16.5, the following shall apply:
1 gal = 3.8 L; 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2
1 gpm/ft2 is equivalent to 40.7 L/min/m2 or 40.7 mm/min
A gauge pressure of 1 psi is equivalent to a gauge pressure of 6.9 kPa
SR = standard response sprinkler; QR = quick response sprinkler; ESFR = early suppression fast response sprinkler; OT = ordinary temperature; HT = high temperature
Where an ordinary-temperature sprinkler is indicated, an intermediate-temperature sprinkler shall be used where ambient conditions require.
Layout 1, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers 8 ft (2.4 m) above the floor in the longitudinal flue space, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center.
Layout 2, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers 6 ft (1.8 m) above the floor and one line of in-rack sprinklers 12 ft (3.6 m) above the floor in the longitudinal flue space, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically.
Layout 3, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1 and Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every storage level above the floor except above the top tier, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically, where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Layout 4, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1 and Table 66.16.5.2.3, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every other storage level, except above the top tier, beginning above the first storage level, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Layout 5, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every storage level above the floor except above the top tier and face sprinklers at the first storage level at each rack upright. In-rack sprinklers shall be spaced not more than 9 ft (2.7 m) on center and shall be staggered vertically, where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Layout 6, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.1, shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal flue space at every other storage level above the first storage level except the top tier and face sprinklers at the first storage level at each rack upright. In-rack sprinklers shall be spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on center and shall be staggered vertically, where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
Layout 7, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.8, shall be as shown in Figure 66.16.6.5(a).
Layout 8, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.8, shall be as shown in Figure 66.16.6.5(b) or Figure 66.16.6.5(c).
Layout 9, as referenced in Table 66.16.5.2.8, shall be as shown in Figure 66.16.6.5(d) or Figure 66.16.6.5(e).
The "Fire Test Ref." number given for each entry in Table 66.16.5.2.1 through Table 66.16.5.2.12 shall be used to identify in Section D.2 of NFPA 30 the information on the fire tests on which the protection criteria for that entry are based. [30:16.5.1.11]
The water supply shall be sufficient to meet the fixed fire protection demand plus a total of at least 500 gpm (1900 L/min) for inside and outside hose connections for at least 2 hours, unless otherwise specified in this chapter. [30:16.5.1.12]
(1) In-rack sprinkler design shall be based on the following:
Where one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed, the design shall include the 8 most hydraulically remote sprinklers
Where two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the 6 most hydraulically remote sprinklers on each level.
Where three or more levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the 6 most hydraulically remote sprinklers on the top three levels.
(2) Protection for uncartoned or case-cut nonsolid shelf display up to 6.5 ft. (2 m) and storage above on pallets in racking and stored on shelf materials, including open wire mesh, or 2 in. × 6 in. (50 mm × 150 mm) wooden slats, spaced a minimum of 2 in. (50 mm) apart.
(3) Increase ceiling density to 0.60 if more than one level of storage exists above the top level of in-rack sprinklers.
(5) For K=8.0 and larger ceiling sprinklers, increase ceiling density to 0.60 over 2000 ft2 if more than one level of storage exists above the top level of in-rack sprinklers.
(6) Reduce in-rack sprinkler spacing to maximum 9 ft (2.7 m) centers.
(7) The minimum in-rack discharge pressure shall not be less than 10 psi.
(1) In-rack sprinkler design based on the 6 most hydraulically remote sprinklers in each of the upper three levels.
(2) Design area can be reduced to 1500 ft2 when using a preprimed foam-water system installed in accordance with NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, and maintained according to NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.
(3) Design area can be reduced to 2000 ft2 when using a preprimed foam-water system installed in accordance with NFPA 16 and maintained according to NFPA 25.
(4) In-rack sprinkler hydraulic design can be reduced to three sprinklers operating per level, with three levels operating simultaneously, when using a preprimed foam-water sprinkler system designed in accordance with NFPA 16 and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25.
(5) The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi.
(1) Design area can be reduced to 2000 ft2 when using a pre-primed foam-water system installed in accordance with NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, and maintained according to NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.
(2) Both 3/4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed pressure-relieving mechanisms are required on containers greater than 6 gal (23 L) capacity.
(3) Drums placed on open slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower levels. [30: Table 16.5.2.4]
Class IIIB nonmiscible liquids and Class IIIB miscible liquids with concentration of flammable or combustible component greater than 50 percent by volume
For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 200°F = 93°C, 375°F = 190°C.
Note: Construction of intermediate bulk container to be a minimum of 8 layers of paperboard, with a minimum nominal thickness of 11/2 in. (38 mm) at the center of any side panel. [30: Table 16.5.2.5]
(1) Drums placed on open, slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower levels.
(2) Storage areas containing unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) should not be located in the same spill containment area or drainage path of other Class I or Class IIliquids, unless protected as required for such other liquids.
(3) Both 3/4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed and labeled pressure-relieving devices are required on containers that exceed 6 gal (23 L) capacity. [30: Table 16.5.2.11]
Horizontal barriers of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.1.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.1.1(b), or Figure 66.16.6.1.1(c), whichever is applicable. All liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. [See also 66.16.6.1.9 for liquids with flash points equal to or greater than 450°F (230°C).] [30:16.6.1.1]
Notes:
(1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
(2) X denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated quick-response sprinklers and shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. Intermediate- temperature sprinklers shall be used where ambient conditions require.
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
In-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum operating flow of 57 gpm (220 L/min) out of each of the hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (six on one line or three on two lines) if one barrier level is provided, or out of each of the hydraulically most remote eight sprinklers (eight on one line or four on two lines on the same level), if two or more barrier levels are provided. The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
Where adjacent rack bays are not dedicated to storage of liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to liquidstorage. In addition, barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be provided for any rack across the aisle within 8 ft (2.4 m) of the perimeter of the liquidstorage in accordance with 66.16.6.1. [30:16.6.1.5]
Water demand at point of supply shall be calculated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be based on the greater demand. [30:16.6.1.7]
Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 mm/min over 270 m2).
If the liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
Barriers shall not be required for liquids with closed-cup flash points of 450°F (230°C) or greater. If barriers are omitted, the following shall apply:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall provide a minimum density of 0.3 gpm/ft2 over the most hydraulically remote 2000 ft2 (12 mm/min over 180 m2) using ordinary temperature, standard-response sprinklers. Sprinklers shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. Intermediate-temperature sprinklers shall be used where ambient conditions require.
The ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack water demand shall be balanced at their point of connection.
The sprinklers located at the rack face shall be staggered vertically.
Horizontal barriers of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.2.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.2.1(b), or Figure 66.16.6.2.1(c), whichever is applicable. All liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. [30:16.6.2.1]
Notes:
(1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
(2) X denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
FIGURE 66.16.6.2.1(a) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme "B" — Sprinklers in Center of Rack. [30: Figure 16.6.2.1(a)]
Notes:
(1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
(2) X denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
FIGURE 66.16.6.2.1(b) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme "B" — Sprinklers on Face of Rack. [30: Figure 16.6.2.1(b)]
Notes:
(1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
(2) ● denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR longitudinal flue sprinkler.
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated quick-response sprinklers and shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. Intermediate- temperature sprinklers shall be used where ambient conditions require.
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
For containers that do not exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity, in-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum discharge flow of 57 gpm (220 L/min) out of each of the hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (six on one line or three on two lines) if one barrier level is provided, or out of each of the hydraulically most remote eight sprinklers (eight on one line or four on two lines on the same level), if two or more barrier levels are provided. The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
For containers that exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity, but do not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), in-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum discharge flow of 57 gpm out of each of the hydraulically most remote 12 sprinklers(12 on one line or six on two lines on the same level). The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
If there are adjacent rack bays that are not dedicated to storage of liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended beyond the area devoted to liquidstorage as follows:
For containers that do not exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity, protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to liquidstorage. In addition, adjacent racks across the aisles on each side of the liquidstorage shall be protected in accordance with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodity stored.
For containers that exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity, but do not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to liquidstorage. In addition, protection shall be provided to any rack across the aisle within 8 ft (2.4 m) of the perimeter of the liquidstorage in accordance with 66.16.6.2.
Ceiling sprinklers for containers that do not exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinklers shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Ceiling sprinkler water demand shall not be included in the hydraulic calculations for the in-rack sprinkler protection.
Water demand at the point of supply shall be calculated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be based on the greater of the two.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable for the ceiling sprinkler protection.
If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 L/min over 270 m2).
If the liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
Ceiling sprinklers for containers that exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity, but do not exceed 60 gal (230 L), shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall provide a minimum density of 0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min) over the most hydraulically remote 3000 ft2 (270 m2), using high- temperature, standard-response sprinklers of nominal K-factor of 11.2 or greater. Other types of sprinklers shall not be used.
Ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack sprinkler demand shall be balanced at the point of connection.
Ceiling sprinklers for containers that exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity, but do not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinklers shall be designed to provide a minimum density of 0.60 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (24 mm/min over the most remote 270 m2), using high-temperature-rated, standard-response sprinklers of nominal K-factor of 11.2 or greater. Other types of sprinklers shall not be used.
Ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack sprinkler demand shall be balanced at the point of connection.
Horizontal barriers of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.3.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.3.1(b), or Figure 66.16.6.3.1(c), whichever is applicable. All liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. [30:16.6.3.1]
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated, quick-response sprinklers. Sprinklers shall have a nominal K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0. An intermediate- temperature sprinkler shall be used where ambient conditions require.
In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
In-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum discharge flow of 30 gpm (110 L/min) out of each of the hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (six on one line or three on two lines), if one barrier level is provided, or out of each of the hydraulically most remote eight sprinklers (eight on one line or four on two lines on the same level), if two or more barrier levels are provided. The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 10 psi (0.69 bar).
If there are adjacent bays of in-rack arrays that are not dedicated to storage of liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to liquidstorage. [30:16.6.3.4]
Water demand at point of supply shall be calculated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be based on the greater demand. [30:16.6.3.6]
Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 mm/min over 270 m2).
If the liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
Sprinklers and horizontal barriers shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.4.1(a) or Figure 66.16.6.4.1(b), whichever is applicable. Horizontal barriers shall be of plywood having a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of minimum 22 gauge thickness. All liquidstorage shall be located beneath a barrier. [30:16.6.4.1]
Notes:
(1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
(2) ● Denotes K-25.2 extended coverage pendent CMDA storage sprinkler.
In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
In-rack sprinklers shall be intermediate temperature-rated, pendent sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of 25.2 and shall be listed as extended coverage control mode density/area storage sprinklers.
In-rack sprinklers shall be positioned in a transverse flue below each barrier level.
In-rack sprinklers shall not be positioned within 3.5 ft (1 m) of a rack upright.
The minimum in-rack sprinkler discharge pressure shall not be less than a gauge pressure of 30 psi (207 kPa).
Where one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed, the design shall include the 3 most hydraulically remote sprinklers on a single line.
Where two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the 3 most hydraulically remote sprinklers on a single line, and the 2 most hydraulically remote sprinklers on the next adjacent level.
Where three or more levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed, the design shall include the 3 most hydraulically remote sprinklers on a single line, and the 2 most hydraulically remote sprinklers on the next two adjacent levels.
Foam-water sprinkler protection shall be permitted to be substituted for water sprinkler protection, provided the same design criteria is used, and that the sprinkler is listed for use with foam.
If there are adjacent bays of in-rack arrays that are not dedicated to storage of liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection shall be extended at least 6 ft (1.8 m) beyond the area devoted to liquidstorage. [30:16.6.4.4]
Water demand at point of supply shall be calculated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be based on the greater demand. [30:16.6.4.6]
Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following requirements:
Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect the surrounding occupancy.
Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable of providing not less than 0.30 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (8 mm/min over 270 m2) when supplied with water. Design area can be reduced to 2000 ft2 when using a preprimed foam-water system installed in accordance with NFPA 16 and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25.
If the liquidstorage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full height of the rack.
Where indicated in Table 66.16.5.2.8, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed as follows:
Where Layout 7 is required, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.5(a),
Where Layout 8 is required, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.5(b) or Figure 66.16.6.5(c).
Where Layout 9 is required, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.5(d), or Figure 66.16.6.5(e), whichever is applicable. [30:16.6.5]
Notes: (1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
(2) X denotes K-11.2, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
FIGURE 66.16.6.5(a) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout G. [30: Figure 16.6.5(a)]
Notes: (1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
Water supplies for automatic sprinklers, other water-based protection systems, hose streams, and hydrants shall be capable of supplying the anticipated water flow demand for a minimum of 2 hours. [30:16.7]
Containment or containment and drainage shall be provided in accordance with Figure 66.16.8.1, when protection systems are installed in accordance with the provisions of this section. [30:16.8.1]
FIGURE 66.16.8.1 Spill Containment and Liquid Spread Control for Protected Storage. [30:Figure 16.8.1]
Where control of the spread of liquid is required, means to limit the spread of liquid to an area not greater than the design discharge area of the ceiling sprinkler system shall be provided. [30:16.8.2]
Alternate fire protection systems, such as automatic water spray systems, automatic water mist systems, high-expansion foam systems, dry chemical extinguishing systems, alternate sprinkler system configurations, or combinations of systems shall be permitted if approved by the AHJ. Such alternate systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with the appropriate NFPA standard and with manufacturer's recommendations for the system (s) selected. [30:16.9]
This section shall apply where the processing of liquids is the principal activity, except as covered elsewhere in this Code or in other NFPA standards. (See 66.1.4.) [30:17.1.1]
Provisions of this chapter shall not prohibit the use of movable tanks for the dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids into fuel tanks of motorized equipment outside on premises not accessible to the public, where such use has the approval of the AHJ. [30:17.1.2]
Specific requirements shall depend on the inherent risk in the operations themselves, including the liquids being processed, operating temperatures and pressures, and the capability to control any liquid or vapor releases or fire incidents that could occur. [30:17.3.2]
The interrelationship of the many factors involved shall be based on good engineering and management practices to establish suitable physical and operating requirements. [30:17.3.3]
Process facilities shall comply with the applicable requirements for specific operations set forth in Sections 66.18, 66.19, 66.28, or 66.29. [30:17.3.4]
Process facilities shall comply with the applicable requirements for procedures and practices for fire and explosion prevention, protection, and control set forth in Section 66.6. [30:17.3.5]
When a process heats a liquid to a temperature at or above its flashpoint, the following shall apply:
The process vessel shall be closed to the room in which it is located and vented to the outside of the building.
If the vessel needs to be opened to add ingredients, the room ventilation shall meet the requirements of 66.17.11 and the process heating controls will be interlocked with the ventilation such that the process heat will shut down if the ventilation fails or is turned off.
The process vessel shall be equipped with an excess temperature control set to limit excessive heating of the liquid and the subsequent release of vapors.
If a heat transfer medium is used to heat the liquid and the heat transfer fluid can heat the liquid to its boiling point on failure of the process and excess temperature heat controls, a redundant excess temperature control shall be provided.
Processing vessels and buildings containing such processing vessels shall be located so that a fire involving the vessels does not constitute an exposure hazard to other occupancies. [30:17.4.2]
The minimum distance of a processing vessel to a property line that is or can be built upon, including the opposite side of a public way; to the nearest side of a public way; or to the nearest important building on the same property shall be determined by one of the following:
In accordance with Table 66.17.4.3
In accordance with an engineering evaluation of the process, followed by application of sound fire protection and process engineering principles
Where process vessels are located in a building and the exterior wall facing the exposure (line of adjoining property that is or can be built upon or nearest important building on the same property) is greater than 25 ft (7.6 m) from the exposure and is a blank wall having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours, any greater distances required by Table 66.17.4.3 shall be permitted to be waived. If the exterior wall is a blank wall having a fire resistance rating of not less than 4 hours, all distances required by Table 66.17.4.3 shall be permitted to be waived. [30:17.4.4]
Liquid-processing equipment, such as pumps, heaters, filters, and exchangers, shall not be located closer than 25 ft (7.6 m) to property lines where the adjoining property is or can be built upon or to the nearest important building on the same property that is not an integral part of the process. This spacing requirement shall be permitted to be waived where exposures are protected in accordance with 66.17.4.3. [30:17.4.6]
Each process unit or building containing liquid-processing equipment shall be accessible from at least one side for fire fighting and fire control. [30:17.5]
Process buildings or structures used for liquidoperations shall be constructed consistent with the operations being conducted and with the classes of liquids handled. They shall be constructed to minimum Type II (000) construction, as defined in NFPA 5000, and shall be constructed in accordance with Table 66.17.6.1. [30:17.6.1]
Note: Distances apply to properties that have protection for exposures, as defined in this code. If there are exposures for which protection does not exist, the distances should be doubled, in accordance with 66.17.6.3.
*Construction types are defined in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction. [30: Table 17.6.1]
For buildings or structures that are not provided with approved automatic sprinkler protection, the separation distances otherwise required by Table 66.17.6.1 shall be determined by an engineering evaluation of the process, but shall not be less than the separation distances required by Table 66.17.4.3. [30:17.6.4]
Buildings or structures used solely for blending, mixing, or dispensing of Class IIIB liquids at temperatures below their flash points shall be permitted to be constructed of combustible construction, subject to the approval of the AHJ. [30:17.6.5]
Buildings or structures used for processing or handling of liquids where the quantities of liquids do not exceed 360 gal (1360 L) of Class I and Class IIliquids and 720 gal (2725 L) of Class IIIA liquids shall be permitted to be constructed of combustible construction, subject to the approval of the AHJ. [30:17.6.6]
Buildings or structures used for processing or handling of liquids protected with automatic sprinklers or equivalent fire protection systems shall be permitted to be constructed of combustible construction, subject to the approval of the AHJ. [30:17.6.7]
Load-bearing building supports and load-bearing supports of vessels and equipment capable of releasing quantities of liquids that could result in a fire capable of causing substantial property damage shall be protected by one or more of the following:
Drainage to a safe location to prevent liquids from accumulating under vessels or equipment or around load- bearing supports
Where Class Iliquids are handled or used above grade within buildings with basements or closed pits into which flammable vapors can travel, such belowgrade areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation designed to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors. [30:17.6.9.1]
Indoor areas where Class IA or unstable liquids are in use shall be designed to direct flame, combustion gases, and pressures resulting from a deflagration away from important buildings or occupied areas through the use of damage- limiting construction in accordance with NFPA 68. [30:17.6.13]
