- In buildings that have no more than two floors and a roof.
- When interior basement and foundation walls are constructed at intervals not exceeding 50 feet (15 240 mm).
Wood foundations in Seismic Design Category D0, D1 or D2 shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
CLASS OF MATERIAL | LOAD-BEARING PRESSURE (pounds per square foot) |
Crystalline bedrock | 12,000 |
Sedimentary and foliated rock | 4,000 |
Sandy gravel and/or gravel (GW and GP) | 3,000 |
Sand, silty sand, clayey sand, silty gravel and clayey gravel (SW, SP, SM, SC, GM and GC) | 2,000 |
Clay, sandy clay, silty clay, clayey silt, silt and sandy silt (CL, ML, MH and CH) | 1,500b |
- When soil tests are required by Section R401.4, the allowable bearing capacities of the soil shall be part of the recommendations.
- Where the building official determines that in-place soils with an allowable bearing capacity of less than 1,500 psf are likely to be present at the site, the allowable bearing capacity shall be determined by a soils investigation.
TYPE OR LOCATION OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION | MINIMUM SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHa (f 'c) | ||
Weathering Potentialb | |||
Negligible | Moderate | Severe | |
Basement walls, foundations and other concrete not exposed to the weather | 2,500 | 2,500 | 2,500c |
Basement slabs and interior slabs on grade, except garage floor slabs | 2,500 | 2,500 | 2,500c |
Basement walls, foundation walls, exterior walls and other vertical concrete work exposed to the weather | 2,500 | 3,000d | 3,000d |
Porches, carport slabs and steps exposed to the weather, and garage floor slabs | 2,500 | 3,000d, e, f | 3,500d, e, f |
- Strength at 28 days psi.
- See Table R301.2(1) for weathering potential.
- Concrete in these locations that may be subject to freezing and thawing during construction shall be air-entrained concrete in accordance with Footnote d.
- Concrete shall be air-entrained. Total air content (percent by volume of concrete) shall be not less than 5 percent or more than 7 percent.
- See Section R402.2 for maximum cementitious materials content.
- For garage floors with a steel-troweled finish, reduction of the total air content (percent by volume of concrete) to not less than 3 percent is permitted if the specified compressive strength of the concrete is increased to not less than 4,000 psi.
- All concrete used in the manufacture of precast concrete foundations shall have a minimum compressive strength of 5,000 psi (34 470 kPa) at 28 days. Concrete exposed to a freezing and thawing environment shall be air entrained with a minimum total air content of 5 percent.
- Structural reinforcing steel shall meet the requirements of ASTM A 615, A 706 or A 996. The minimum yield strength of reinforcing steel shall be 40,000 psi (Grade 40) (276 MPa). Steel reinforcement for precast concrete foundation walls shall have a minimum concrete cover of 3/4 inch (19.1 mm).
- Panel-to-panel connections shall be made with Grade II steel fasteners.
- The use of nonstructural fibers shall conform to ASTM C 1116.
- Grout used for bedding precast foundations placed upon concrete footings shall meet ASTM C 1107.
LOAD-BEARING VALUE OF SOIL (psf) | ||||
1,500 | 2,000 | 3,000 | ≥ 4,000 | |
Conventional light-frame construction | ||||
1-story | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
2-story | 15 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
3-story | 23 | 17 | 12 | 12 |
4-inch brick veneer over light frame or 8-inch hollow concrete masonry | ||||
1-story | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
2-story | 21 | 16 | 12 | 12 |
3-story | 32 | 24 | 16 | 12 |
8-inch solid or fully grouted masonry | ||||
1-story | 16 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
2-story | 29 | 21 | 14 | 12 |
3-story | 42 | 32 | 21 | 16 |
- Where minimum footing width is 12 inches, use of a single wythe of solid or fully grouted 12-inch nominal concrete masonry units is permitted.
CONCRETE AND MASONRY FOUNDATION DETAILS
PERMANENT WOOD FOUNDATION BASEMENT WALL SECTION
PERMANENT WOOD FOUNDATION CRAWL SPACE SECTION
In Seismic Design Categories D0, D1 and D2 where a construction joint is created between a concrete footing and a stem wall, a minimum of one No. 4 bar shall be installed at not more than 4 feet (1219 mm) on center. The vertical bar shall extend to 3 inches (76 mm) clear of the bottom of the footing, have a standard hook and extend a minimum of 14 inches (357 mm) into the stem wall.
In Seismic Design Categories D0, D1 and D2 where a grouted masonry stem wall is supported on a concrete footing and stem wall, a minimum of one No. 4 bar shall be installed at not more than 4 feet (1219 mm) on center. The vertical bar shall extend to 3 inches (76 mm) clear of the bottom of the footing and have a standard hook.
In Seismic Design Categories D0, D1 and D2 masonry stem walls without solid grout and vertical reinforcing are not permitted.
Exception: In detached one- and two-family dwellings which are three stories or less in height and constructed with stud bearing walls, isolated plain concrete footings, supporting columns or pedestals are permitted.
Exception: For slabs-on-ground cast monolithically with the footing, locating one No. 5 bar or two No. 4 bars in the middle third of the footing depth shall be permitted as an alternative to placement at the footing top and bottom.
Where the slab is not cast monolithically with the footing, No. 3 or larger vertical dowels with standard hooks on each end shall be provided in accordance with Figure R403.1.3.2. Standard hooks shall comply with Section R611.5.4.5.
DOWELS FOR SLABS-ON-GROUND WITH TURNED-DOWN FOOTINGS
- Extended below the frost line specified in Table R301.2.(1);
- Constructing in accordance with Section R403.3;
- Constructing in accordance with ASCE 32; or
- Erected on solid rock.
Exceptions:
- Protection of freestanding accessory structures with an area of 600 square feet (56 m2) or less, of light-frame construction, with an eave height of 10 feet (3048 mm) or less shall not be required.
- Protection of freestanding accessory structures with an area of 400 square feet (37 m2) or less, of other than light-frame construction, with an eave height of 10 feet (3048 mm) or less shall not be required.
- Decks not supported by a dwelling need not be provided with footings that extend below the frost line.
Footings shall not bear on frozen soil unless the frozen condition is permanent.
Wood sole plates at all exterior walls on monolithic slabs, wood sole plates of braced wall panels at building interiors on monolithic slabs and all wood sill plates shall be anchored to the foundation with anchor bolts spaced a maximum of 6 feet (1829 mm) on center. Bolts shall be at least 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) in diameter and shall extend a minimum of 7 inches (178 mm) into concrete or grouted cells of concrete masonry units. A nut and washer shall be tightened on each anchor bolt. There shall be a minimum of two bolts per plate section with one bolt located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) or less than seven bolt diameters from each end of the plate section. Interior bearing wall sole plates on monolithic slab foundation that are not part of a braced wall panel shall be positively anchored with approved fasteners. Sill plates and sole plates shall be protected against decay and termites where required by Sections R317 and R318. Cold-formed steel framing systems shall be fastened to wood sill plates or anchored directly to the foundation as required in Section R505.3.1 or R603.3.1.
Exceptions:
- Foundation anchorage, spaced as required to provide equivalent anchorage to 1/2-inch-diameter (12.7 mm) anchor bolts.
- Walls 24 inches (610 mm) total length or shorter connecting offset braced wall panels shall be anchored to the foundation with a minimum of one anchor bolt located in the center third of the plate section and shall be attached to adjacent braced wall panels at corners as shown in item 8 of Table R602.3(1).
- Connection of walls 12 inches (305 mm) total length or shorter connecting offset braced wall panels to the foundation without anchor bolts shall be permitted. The wall shall be attached to adjacent braced wall panels at corners as shown in item 8 of Table R602.3(1).
- Plate washers conforming to Section R602.11.1 shall be provided for all anchor bolts over the full length of required braced wall lines except where approved anchor straps are used. Properly sized cut washers shall be permitted for anchor bolts in wall lines not containing braced wall panels.
- Interior braced wall plates shall have anchor bolts spaced at not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) on center and located within 12 inches (305 mm) of the ends of each plate section when supported on a continuous foundation.
- Interior bearing wall sole plates shall have anchor bolts spaced at not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) on center and located within 12 inches (305 mm) of the ends of each plate section when supported on a continuous foundation.
- The maximum anchor bolt spacing shall be 4 feet (1219 mm) for buildings over two stories in height.
- Stepped cripple walls shall conform to Section R602.11.2.
- Where continuous wood foundations in accordance with Section R404.2 are used, the force transfer shall have a capacity equal to or greater than the connections required by Section R602.11.1 or the braced wall panel shall be connected to the wood foundations in accordance with the braced wall panel-to-floor fastening requirements of Table R602.3(1).
FOUNDATION CLEARANCE FROM SLOPES
Exception: Slab-on-ground and other foundation systems which have performed adequately in soil conditions similar to those encountered at the building site are permitted subject to the approval of the building official.
- Plasticity Index (PI) of 15 or greater, determined in accordance with ASTM D 4318.
- More than 10 percent of the soil particles pass a No. 200 sieve (75 µm), determined in accordance with ASTM D 422.
- More than 10 percent of the soil particles are less than 5 micrometers in size, determined in accordance with ASTM D 422.
- Expansion Index greater than 20, determined in accordance with ASTM D 4829.
Materials used below grade for the purpose of insulating footings against frost shall be labeled as complying with ASTM C 578.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
- See Table R403.3(1) for required dimensions and R-values for vertical and horizontal insulation and minimum footing depth.
INSULATION PLACEMENT FOR FROST PROTECTED FOOTINGS IN HEATED BUILDINGS
AIR FREEZING INDEX (°F-days)b |
MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH, D (inches) |
VERTICAL INSULATION R-VALUEc, d |
HORIZONTAL INSULATION R-VALUEc, e |
HORIZONTAL INSULATION DIMENSIONS PER FIGURE R403.3(1) (inches) |
|||
Along walls | At corners | A | B | C | |||
1,500 or less | 12 | 4.5 | Not required | Not required | Not required | Not required | Not required |
2,000 | 14 | 5.6 | Not required | Not required | Not required | Not required | Not required |
2,500 | 16 | 6.7 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 12 | 24 | 40 |
3,000 | 16 | 7.8 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 12 | 24 | 40 |
3,500 | 16 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 11.2 | 24 | 30 | 60 |
4,000 | 16 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 13.1 | 24 | 36 | 60 |
- Insulation requirements are for protection against frost damage in heated buildings. Greater values may be required to meet energy conservation standards.
- See Figure R403.3(2) or Table R403.3(2) for Air Freezing Index values.
- Insulation materials shall provide the stated minimum R-values under long-term exposure to moist, below-ground conditions in freezing climates. The following R-values shall be used to determine insulation thicknesses required for this application: Type II expanded polystyrene-2.4R per inch; Type IV extruded polystyrene-4.5R per inch; Type VI extruded polystyrene-4.5R per inch; Type IX expanded polystyrene-3.2R per inch; Type X extruded polystyrene-4.5R per inch.
- Vertical insulation shall be expanded polystyrene insulation or extruded polystyrene insulation.
- Horizontal insulation shall be extruded polystyrene insulation.
For SI: °C = [(°F) -32]/1.8.
Note: The air-freezing index is defined as cumulative degree days below 32°F. It is used as a measure of the combined magnitude and duration of air temperature below freezing. The index was computed over a 12-month period (July-June) for each of the 3,044 stations used in the above analysis. Date from the 1951-80 period were fitted to a Weibull probability distribution to produce an estimate of the 100-year return period.
AIR-FREEZING INDEX AN ESTIMATE OF THE 100-YEAR RETURN PERIOD
STATE | AIR-FREEZING INDEX | |||||
1500 or less | 2000 | 2500 | 3000 | 3500 | 4000 | |
Alabama | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Alaska | Ketchikan Gateway, Prince of Wales- Outer Ketchikan (CA), Sitka, Wrangell- Petersburg (CA) |
— | Aleutians West (CA), Haines, Juneau, Skagway-Hoonah- Angoon (CA), Yakutat |
— | — | All counties not listed |
Arizona | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Arkansas | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
California | All counties not listed |
Nevada, Sierra | — | — | — | — |
Colorado | All counties not listed |
Archuleta, Custer, Fremont, Huerfano, Las Animas, Ouray, Pitkin, San Miguel |
Clear Creek, Conejos, Costilla, Dolores, Eagle, La Plata, Park, Routt, San Juan, Summit |
Alamosa, Grand, Jackson, Larimer, Moffat, Rio Blanco, Rio Grande |
Chaffee, Gunnison, Lake, Saguache |
Hinsdale, Mineral |
Connecticut | All counties not listed |
Hartford, Litchfield |
— | — | — | — |
Delaware | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
District of Columbia | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Florida | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Georgia | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Hawaii | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Idaho | All counties not listed |
Adams, Bannock, Blaine, Clearwater, Idaho, Lincoln, Oneida, Power, Valley, Washington |
Bingham, Bonneville, Camas, Caribou, Elmore, Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, Teton |
Bear Lake, Butte, Custer, Fremont, Lemhi | Clark | — |
Illinois | All counties not listed |
Boone, Bureau, Cook, Dekalb, DuPage, Fulton, Grundy, Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Jo Daviess, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Knox, La Salle, Lake, Lee, Livingston, Marshall, Mason, McHenry, McLean, Mercer, Peoria, Putnam, Rock Island, Stark, Tazewell, Warren, Whiteside, Will, Woodford |
Carroll, Ogle, Stephenson, Winnebago |
— | — | — |
Indiana | All counties not listed |
Allen, Benton, Cass, Fountain, Fulton, Howard, Jasper, Kosciusko, La Porte, Lake, Marshall, Miami, Newton, Porter, Pulaski, Starke, Steuben, Tippecanoe, Tipton, Wabash, Warren, White |
— | — | — | — |
Iowa | Appanoose, Davis, Fremont, Lee, Van Buren |
All counties not listed |
Allamakee, Black Hawk, Boone, Bremer, Buchanan, Buena Vista, Butler, Calhoun, Cerro Gordo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Clay, Clayton, Delaware, Dubuque, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Humboldt, Ida, Jackson, Jasper, Jones, Linn, Marshall, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Pocahontas, Poweshiek, Sac, Sioux, Story, Tama, Webster, Winnebago, Woodbury, Worth, Wright |
Dickinson, Emmet, Howard, Kossuth, Lyon, Mitchell, O'Brien, Osceola, Winneshiek |
— | — |
Kansas | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Kentucky | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Louisiana | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Maine | York | Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc |
Androscoggin, Cumberland, Hancock, Kennebec, Waldo, Washington |
Aroostook, Franklin, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset |
— | — |
Maryland | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Massachusetts | All counties not listed |
Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, Worcester |
— | — | — | — |
Michigan | Berrien, Branch, Cass, Kalamazoo, Macomb, Ottawa, St. Clair, St. Joseph |
All counties not listed |
Alger, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Crawford, Delta, Emmet, Iosco, Kalkaska, Lake, Luce, Mackinac, Menominee, Missaukee, Montmorency, Ogemaw, Osceola, Otsego, Roscommon, Schoolcraft, Wexford |
Baraga, Dickinson, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette |
Gogebic, Houghton, Ontonagon |
— |
Minnesota | — | — | Houston, Winona | All counties not listed |
Aitkin, Big Stone, Carlton, Crow Wing, Douglas, Itasca, Kanabec, Lake, Morrison, Pine, Pope, Stearns, Stevens, Swift, Todd, Wadena |
Becker, Beltrami, Cass, Clay, Clearwater, Grant, Hubbard, Kittson, Koochiching, Lake of the Woods, Mahnomen, Marshall, Norman, Otter Tail, Pennington, Polk, Red Lake, Roseau, St. Louis, Traverse, Wilkin |
Mississippi | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Missouri | All counties not listed |
Atchison, Mercer, Nodaway, Putnam | — | — | — | — |
Montana | Mineral | Broadwater, Golden Valley, Granite, Lake, Lincoln, Missoula, Ravalli, Sanders, Sweet Grass |
Big Horn, Carbon, Jefferson, Judith Basin, Lewis and Clark, Meagher, Musselshell, Powder River, Powell, Silver Bow, Stillwater, Westland |
Carter, Cascade, Deer Lodge, Falcon, Fergus, Flathead, Gallatin, Glacier, Madison, Park, Petroleum, Ponder, Rosebud, Teton, Treasure, Yellowstone |
Beaverhead, Blaine, Chouteau, Custer, Dawson, Garfield, Liberty, McCone, Prairie, Toole, Wibaux |
Daniels, Hill, Phillips, Richland, Roosevelt, Sheridan, Valley |
Nebraska | Adams, Banner, Chase, Cheyenne, Clay, Deuel, Dundy, Fillmore, Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, Gage, Garden, Gosper, Harlan, Hayes, Hitchcock, Jefferson, Kimball, Morrill, Nemaha, Nuckolls, Pawnee, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow, Richardson, Saline, Scotts Bluff, Seward, Thayer, Webster |
All counties not listed |
Boyd, Burt, Cedar, Cuming, Dakota, Dixon, Dodge, Knox, Thurston | — | — | — |
Nevada | All counties not listed |
Elko, Eureka, Nye, Washoe, White Pine | — | — | — | — |
New Hampshire |
— | All counties not listed |
— | — | — | Carroll, Coos, Grafton |
New Jersey | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
New Mexico | All counties not listed |
Rio Arriba | Colfax, Mora, Taos | — | — | — |
New York | Albany, Bronx, Cayuga, Columbia, Cortland, Dutchess, Genessee, Kings, Livingston, Monroe, Nassau, New York, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Putnam, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Seneca, Suffolk, Wayne, Westchester, Yates |
All counties not listed |
Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence, Warren |
— | — | — |
North Carolina |
All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
North Dakota |
— | — | — | Billings, Bowman |
Adams, Dickey, Golden Valley, Hettinger, LaMoure, Oliver, Ransom, Sargent, Sioux, Slope, Stark |
All counties not listed |
Ohio | All counties not listed | Ashland, Crawford, Defiance, Holmes, Huron, Knox, Licking, Morrow, Paulding, Putnam, Richland, Seneca, Williams |
— | — | — | — |
Oklahoma | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Oregon | All counties not listed |
Baker, Crook, Grant, Harney | — | — | — | — |
Pennsylvania | All counties not listed |
Berks, Blair, Bradford, Cambria, Cameron, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Crawford, Elk, Forest, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Lackawanna, Lycoming, McKean, Pike, Potter, Susquehanna, Tioga, Venango, Warren, Wayne, Wyoming |
— | — | — | — |
Rhode Island | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
South Carolina |
All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
South Dakota | — | Bennett, Custer, Fall River, Lawrence, Mellette, Shannon, Todd, Tripp |
Bon Homme, Charles Mix, Davison, Douglas, Gregory, Jackson, Jones, Lyman |
All counties not listed |
Beadle, Brookings, Brown, Campbell, Codington, Corson, Day, Deuel, Edmunds, Faulk, Grant, Hamlin, Kingsbury, Marshall, McPherson, Perkins, Roberts, Spink, Walworth |
— |
Tennessee | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Texas | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Utah | All counties not listed |
Box Elder, Morgan, Weber |
Garfield, Salt Lake, Summit | Carbon, Daggett, Duchesne, Rich, Sanpete, Uintah, Wasatch | — | — |
Vermont | — | Bennington, Grand Isle, Rutland, Windham |
Addison, Chittenden, Franklin, Orange, Washington, Windsor |
Caledonia, Essex, Lamoille, Orleans | — | — |
Virginia | All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Washington | All counties not listed |
Chelan, Douglas, Ferry, Okanogan |
— | — | — | — |
West Virginia |
All counties | — | — | — | — | — |
Wisconsin | — | Kenosha, Kewaunee, Racine, Sheboygan, Walworth |
All counties not listed |
Ashland, Barron, Burnett, Chippewa, Clark, Dunn, Eau Claire, Florence, Forest, Iron, Jackson, La Crosse, Langlade, Marathon, Monroe, Pepin, Polk, Portage, Price, Rust, St. Croix, Taylor, Trempealeau, Vilas, Wood |
Bayfield, Douglas, Lincoln, Oneida, Sawyer, Washburn | — |
Wyoming | Goshen, Platte | Converse, Crook, Laramie, Niobrara | Campbell, Carbon, Hot Springs, Johnson, Natrona, Sheridan, Uinta, Weston |
Albany, Big Horn, Park, Washakie | Fremont, Teton | Lincoln, Sublette, Sweetwater |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
- See Table R403.3(1) for required dimensions and R-values for vertical and horizontal insulation.
INSULATION PLACEMENT FOR FROST-PROTECTED FOOTINGS ADJACENT TO UNHEATED SLAB-ON-GROUND STRUCTURE
INSULATION PLACEMENT FOR FROST-PROTECTED FOOTINGS ADJACENT TO HEATED STRUCTURE
Exception: Where the frost-protected shallow foundation abuts the heated structure to form an inside corner, vertical insulation extending along the adjoining foundation is not required.
TABLE R403.4
MINIMUM DEPTH OF CRUSHED STONE FOOTINGS (D), (inches)
LOAD-BEARING VALUE OF SOIL (psf) | ||||||||||||||||||
1500 | 2000 | 3000 | 4000 | |||||||||||||||
MH, CH, CL, ML | SC, GC, SM, GM, SP, SW | GP, GW | ||||||||||||||||
Wall width (inches) | Wall width (inches) | Wall width (inches) | Wall width (inches) | |||||||||||||||
6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | |||
Conventional light-frame construction | ||||||||||||||||||
1-story | 1100 plf | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
2-story | 1800 plf | 8 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
3-story | 2900 plf | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
4-inch brick veneer over light-frame or 8-inch hollow concrete masonry | ||||||||||||||||||
1-story | 1500 plf | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
2-story | 2700 plf | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
3-story | 4000 plf | 22 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
8-inch solid or fully grouted masonry | ||||||||||||||||||
1-story | 2000 plf | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
2-story | 3600 plf | 20 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
3-story | 5300 plf | 32 | 30 | 28 | 26 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 |
FIGURE R403.4(1)
BASEMENT OR CRAWL SPACE WITH PRECAST
FOUNDATION WALL BEARING ON CRUSHED STONE
FIGURE R403.4(2)
BASEMENT OR CRAWL SPACE WITH PRECAST
FOUNDATION WALL ON SPREAD FOOTING
MAXIMUM WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTc (feet) |
PLAIN MASONRYa MINIMUM NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS (inches) | ||
Soil classesb | ||||
GW, GP, SW and SP |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML |
SC, MH, ML-CL and inorganic CL |
||
5 | 4 | 6 solidd or 8 | 6 solidd or 8 | 6 solidd or 8 |
5 | 8 | 10 | ||
6 | 4 | 6 solidd or 8 | 6 solidd or 8 | 6 solidd or 8 |
5 | 6 solidd or 8 | 8 | 10 | |
6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | |
7 | 4 | 6 solidd or 8 | 8 | 8 |
5 | 6 solidd or 8 | 10 | 10 | |
6 | 10 | 12 | 10 solidd | |
7 | 12 | 10 solidd | 12 solidd | |
8 | 4 | 6 solidd or 8 | 6 solidd or 8 | 8 |
5 | 6 solidd or 8 | 10 | 12 | |
6 | 10 | 12 | 12 solidd | |
7 | 12 | 12 solidd | Footnote e | |
8 | 10 solidd | 12 solidd | Footnote e | |
9 | 4 | 6 solidd or 8 | 6 solidd or 8 | 8 |
5 | 8 | 10 | 12 | |
6 | 10 | 12 | 12 solidd | |
7 | 12 | 12 solidd | Footnote e | |
8 | 12 solidd | Footnote e | Footnote e | |
9 | Footnote e | Footnote e | Footnote e |
- Mortar shall be Type M or S and masonry shall be laid in running bond. Ungrouted hollow masonry units are permitted except where otherwise indicated.
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Unbalanced backfill height is the difference in height between the exterior finish ground level and the lower of the top of the concrete footing that supports the foundation wall or the interior finish ground level. Where an interior concrete slab-on-grade is provided and is in contact with the interior surface of the foundation wall, measurement of the unbalanced backfill height from the exterior finish ground level to the top of the interior concrete slab is permitted.
- Solid grouted hollow units or solid masonry units.
- Wall construction shall be in accordance with either Table R404.1.1(2), Table R404.1.1(3), Table R404.1.1(4), or a design shall be provided.
WALL HEIGHT | HEIGHT OF UNBALANCED BACKFILLe |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AND SPACING (INCHES)b, c | ||
Soil classes and lateral soil loadd (psf per foot below grade) | ||||
GW, GP, SW and SP soils 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML soils 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL soils 60 |
||
6 feet 8 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 |
5 feet | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | |
6 feet 8 inches | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | |
7 feet 4 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 |
5 feet | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | |
6 feet | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | #5 at 48 | |
7 feet 4 inches | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 40 | |
8 feet | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 |
5 feet | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | |
6 feet | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | #5 at 48 | |
7 feet | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 40 | |
8 feet | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 32 | |
8 feet 8 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 |
5 feet | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | |
6 feet | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | |
7 feet | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 40 | |
8 feet 8 inches | #6 at 48 | #6 at 32 | #6 at 24 | |
9 feet 4 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 |
5 feet | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | |
6 feet | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | |
7 feet | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 40 | |
8 feet | #6 at 48 | #6 at 40 | #6 at 24 | |
9 feet 4 inches | #6 at 40 | #6 at 24 | #6 at 16 | |
10 feet | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 |
5 feet | #4 at 48 | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | |
6 feet | #4 at 48 | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | |
7 feet | #5 at 48 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 32 | |
8 feet | #6 at 48 | #6 at 32 | #6 at 24 | |
9 feet | #6 at 40 | #6 at 24 | #6 at 16 | |
10 feet | #6 at 32 | #6 at 16 | #6 at 16 |
- Mortar shall be Type M or S and masonry shall be laid in running bond.
- Alternative reinforcing bar sizes and spacings having an equivalent cross-sectional area of reinforcement per lineal foot of wall shall be permitted provided the spacing of the reinforcement does not exceed 72 inches.
- Vertical reinforcement shall be Grade 60 minimum. The distance, d, from the face of the soil side of the wall to the center of vertical reinforcement shall be at least 5 inches.
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System and design lateral soil loads are for moist conditions without hydrostatic pressure. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Unbalanced backfill height is the difference in height between the exterior finish ground level and the lower of the top of the concrete footing that supports the foundation wall or the interior finish ground level. Where an interior concrete slab-on-grade is provided and is in contact with the interior surface of the foundation wall, measurement of the unbalanced backfill height from the exterior finish ground level to the top of the interior concrete slab is permitted.
WALL HEIGHT | HEIGHT OF UNBALANCED BACKFILLe |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AND SPACING (INCHES)b, c | ||
Soil classes and later soil loadd (psf per foot below grade) | ||||
GW, GP, SW and SP soils 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML soils 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL soils 60 |
||
6 feet 8 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 |
5 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | |
6 feet 8 inches | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | #5 at 56 | |
7 feet 4 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 |
5 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | |
6 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | |
7 feet 4 inches | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | #6 at 56 | |
8 feet | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 |
5 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | |
6 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | |
7 feet | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | #6 at 56 | |
8 feet | #5 at 56 | #6 at 56 | #6 at 48 | |
8 feet 8 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 |
5 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | |
6 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | |
7 feet | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | #6 at 56 | |
8 feet 8 inches | #5 at 56 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 32 | |
9 feet 4 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 |
5 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | |
6 feet | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | #5 at 56 | |
7 feet | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | #6 at 56 | |
8 feet | #5 at 56 | #6 at 56 | #6 at 40 | |
9 feet 4 inches | #6 at 56 | #6 at 40 | #6 at 24 | |
10 feet | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 |
5 feet | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | #4 at 56 | |
6 feet | #4 at 56 | #5 at 56 | #5 at 56 | |
7 feet | #5 at 56 | #6 at 56 | #6 at 48 | |
8 feet | #5 at 56 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 40 | |
9 feet | #6 at 56 | #6 at 40 | #6 at 24 | |
10 feet | #6 at 48 | #6 at 32 | #6 at 24 |
- Mortar shall be Type M or S and masonry shall be laid in running bond.
- Alternative reinforcing bar sizes and spacings having an equivalent cross-sectional area of reinforcement per lineal foot of wall shall be permitted provided the spacing of the reinforcement does not exceed 72 inches.
- Vertical reinforcement shall be Grade 60 minimum. The distance, d, from the face of the soil side of the wall to the center of vertical reinforcement shall be at least 6.75 inches.
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System and design lateral soil loads are for moist conditions without hydrostatic pressure. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Unbalanced backfill height is the difference in height between the exterior finish ground level and the lower of the top of the concrete footing that supports the foundation wall or the interior finish ground level. Where an interior concrete slab-on-grade is provided and is in contact with the interior surface of the foundation wall, measurement of the unbalanced backfill height from the exterior finish ground level to the top of the interior concrete slab is permitted.
WALL HEIGHT | HEIGHT OF UNBALANCED BACKFILLe |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AND SPACING (INCHES)b, c | ||
Soil classes and lateral soil loadd (psf per foot below grade) | ||||
GW, GP, SW and SP soils 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML soils 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL soils 60 |
||
6 feet 8 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 |
5 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | |
6 feet 8 inches | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | |
7 feet 4 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 |
5 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | |
6 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | |
7 feet 4 inches | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | #6 at 72 | |
8 feet | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 |
5 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | |
6 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | |
7 feet | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | #6 at 72 | |
8 feet | #5 at 72 | #6 at 72 | #6 at 64 | |
8 feet 8 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 |
5 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | |
6 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | |
7 feet | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | #6 at 72 | |
8 feet 8 inches | #5 at 72 | #7 at 72 | #6 at 48 | |
9 feet 4 inches | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 |
5 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | |
6 feet | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | #5 at 72 | |
7 feet | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | #6 at 72 | |
8 feet | #5 at 72 | #6 at 72 | #6 at 56 | |
9 feet 4 inches | #6 at 72 | #6 at 48 | #6 at 40 | |
10 feet | 4 feet (or less) | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 |
5 feet | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | #4 at 72 | |
6 feet | #4 at 72 | #5 at 72 | #5 at 72 | |
7 feet | #4 at 72 | #6 at 72 | #6 at 72 | |
8 feet | #5 at 72 | #6 at 72 | #6 at 48 | |
9 feet | #6 at 72 | #6 at 56 | #6 at 40 | |
10 feet | #6 at 64 | #6 at 40 | #6 at 32 |
- Mortar shall be Type M or S and masonry shall be laid in running bond.
- Alternative reinforcing bar sizes and spacings having an equivalent cross-sectional area of reinforcement per lineal foot of wall shall be permitted provided the spacing of the reinforcement does not exceed 72 inches.
- Vertical reinforcement shall be Grade 60 minimum. The distance, d, from the face of the soil side of the wall to the center of vertical reinforcement shall be at least 8.75 inches.
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System and design lateral soil loads are for moist conditions without hydrostatic pressure. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Unbalanced backfill height is the difference in height between the exterior finish ground level and the lower of the top of the concrete footing that supports the foundation wall or the interior finish ground levels. Where an interior concrete slab-on-grade is provided and in contact with the interior surface of the foundation wall, measurement of the unbalanced backfill height is permitted to be measured from the exterior finish ground level to the top of the interior concrete slab is permitted.
MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT OF BASEMENT WALL (feet) |
LOCATION OF HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT |
≤ 8 | One No. 4 bar within 12 inches of the top of the wall story and one No. 4 bar near mid-height of the wall story. |
> 8 | One No. 4 bar within 12 inches of the top of the wall story and one No. 4 bar near third points in the wall story. |
- Horizontal reinforcement requirements are for reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 40,000 psi and concrete with a minimum concrete compressive strength 2,500 psi.
- See Section R404.1.2.2 for minimum reinforcement required for foundation walls supporting above-grade concrete walls.
MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTf (feet) |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches) | ||
Soil classesa and design lateral soil (psf per foot of depth) | ||||
GW, GP, SW, SP 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL 60 |
||
8 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | 6 @ 39 | 6 @ 48 | |
6 | 5 @ 39 | 6 @ 48 | 6 @ 35 | |
7 | 6 @ 48 | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 25 | |
8 | 6 @ 39 | 6 @ 25 | 6 @ 18 | |
9 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | 5 @ 37 | 6 @ 48 | |
6 | 5 @ 36 | 6 @ 44 | 6 @ 32 | |
7 | 6 @ 47 | 6 @ 30 | 6 @ 22 | |
8 | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 22 | 6 @ 16 | |
9 | 6 @ 27 | 6 @ 17 | DR | |
10 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | 5 @ 35 | 6 @ 48 | |
6 | 6 @ 48 | 6 @ 41 | 6 @ 30 | |
7 | 6 @ 43 | 6 @ 28 | 6 @ 20 | |
8 | 6 @ 31 | 6 @ 20 | DR | |
9 | 6 @ 24 | 6 @ 15 | DR | |
10 | 6 @ 19 | DR | DR |
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Table values are based on reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi concrete with a minimum specified compressive strength of 2,500 psi and vertical reinforcement being located at the centerline of the wall. See Section R404.1.2.3.7.2.
- Vertical reinforcement with a yield strength of less than 60,000 psi and/or bars of a different size than specified in the table are permitted in accordance with Section R404.1.2.3.7.6 and Table R404.1.2(9).
- Deflection criterion is L/240, where L is the height of the basement wall in inches.
- Interpolation is not permitted.
- Where walls will retain 4 feet or more of unbalanced backfill, they shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom before backfilling.
- NR indicates no vertical wall reinforcement is required, except for 6-inch-nominal walls formed with stay-in-place forming systems in which case vertical reinforcement shall be No. 4@48 inches on center.
- See Section R404.1.2.2 for minimum reinforcement required for basement walls supporting above-grade concrete walls.
- See Table R611.3 for tolerance from nominal thickness permitted for flat walls.
- DR means design is required in accordance with the applicable building code, or where there is no code, in accordance with ACI 318.
MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTg (feet) |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches) | ||
Soil classesa and design lateral soil (psf per foot of depth) | ||||
GW, GP, SW, SP 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL 60 |
||
8 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | 6 @ 37 | |
7 | NR | 6 @ 36 | 6 @ 35 | |
8 | 6 @ 41 | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 26 | |
9 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | 6 @ 35 | |
7 | NR | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 32 | |
8 | 6 @ 36 | 6 @ 32 | 6 @ 23 | |
9 | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 25 | 6 @ 18 | |
10 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | 6 @ 35 | |
7 | NR | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 29 | |
8 | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 29 | 6 @ 21 | |
9 | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 22 | 6 @ 16 | |
10 | 6 @ 27 | 6 @ 17 | 6 @ 13 |
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Table values are based on reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi, concrete with a minimum specified compressive strength of 2,500 psi and vertical reinforcement being located at the centerline of the wall. See Section R404.1.2.3.7.2.
- Vertical reinforcement with a yield strength of less than 60,000 psi and/or bars of a different size than specified in the table are permitted in accordance with Section R404.1.2.3.7.6 and Table R404.1.2(9).
- NR indicates no vertical reinforcement is required.
- Deflection criterion is L/240, where L is the height of the basement wall in inches.
- Interpolation is not permitted.
- Where walls will retain 4 feet more of unbalanced backfill, they shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom before backfilling.
- See Section R404.1.2.2 for minimum reinforcement required for basement walls supporting above-grade concrete walls.
- See Table R611.3 for tolerance from nominal thickness permitted for flat walls.
MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTg (feet) |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches) | ||
Soil classesa and design lateral soil (psf per foot of depth) | ||||
GW, GP, SW, SP 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL 60 |
||
8 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | NR | |
7 | NR | NR | NR | |
8 | 6 @ 48 | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 28 | |
9 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | NR | |
7 | NR | NR | 6 @ 31 | |
8 | NR | 6 @ 31 | 6 @ 28 | |
9 | 6 @ 37 | 6 @ 28 | 6 @ 24 | |
10 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | NR | |
7 | NR | NR | 6 @ 28 | |
8 | NR | 6 @ 28 | 6 @ 28 | |
9 | 6 @ 33 | 6 @ 28 | 6 @ 21 | |
10 | 6 @ 28 | 6 @ 23 | 6 @ 17 |
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Table values are based on reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi concrete with a minimum specified compressive strength of 2,500 psi and vertical reinforcement being located at the centerline of the wall. See Section R404.1.2.3.7.2.
- Vertical reinforcement with a yield strength of less than 60,000 psi and/or bars of a different size than specified in the table are permitted in accordance with Section R404.1.2.3.7.6 and Table R404.1.2(9).
- NR indicates no vertical reinforcement is required.
- Deflection criterion is L/240, where L is the height of the basement wall in inches.
- Interpolation is not permitted.
- Where walls will retain 4 feet or more of unbalanced backfill, they shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom before backfilling.
- See Section R404.1.2.2 for minimum reinforcement required for basement walls supporting above-grade concrete walls.
- See Table R611.3 for tolerance from nominal thickness permitted for flat walls.
MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTf (feet) |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches) | ||
Soil classesa and design lateral soil (psf per foot of depth) | ||||
GW, GP, SW, SP 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL 60 |
||
8 | 4 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 46 | 6 @ 39 |
5 | 4 @ 45 | 5 @ 46 | 6 @ 47 | |
6 | 5 @ 45 | 6 @ 40 | DR | |
7 | 6 @ 44 | DR | DR | |
8 | 6 @ 32 | DR | DR | |
9 | 4 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 46 | 4 @ 37 |
5 | 4 @ 42 | 5 @ 43 | 6 @ 44 | |
6 | 5 @ 41 | 6 @ 37 | DR | |
7 | 6 @ 39 | DR | DR | |
> 8 | DRi | DR | DR | |
10 | 4 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 46 | 4 @ 35 |
5 | 4 @ 40 | 5 @ 40 | 6 @ 41 | |
6 | 5 @ 38 | 6 @ 34 | DR | |
7 | 6 @ 36 | DR | DR | |
> 8 | DR | DR | DR |
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Table values are based on reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi concrete with a minimum specified compressive strength of 2,500 psi and vertical reinforcement being located at the centerline of the wall. See Section R404.1.2.3.7.2.
- Maximum spacings shown are the values calculated for the specified bar size. Where the bar used is Grade 60 and the size specified in the table, the actual spacing in the wall shall not exceed a whole-number multiple of 12 inches (i.e., 12, 24, 36 and 48) that is less than or equal to the tabulated spacing. Vertical reinforcement with a yield strength of less than 60,000 psi and/or bars of a different size than specified in the table are permitted in accordance with Section R404.1.2.3.7.6 and Table R404.1.2(9).
- Deflection criterion is L/240, where L is the height of the basement wall in inches.
- Interpolation is not permitted.
- Where walls will retain 4 feet or more of unbalanced backfill, they shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom before backfilling.
- See Section R404.1.2.2 for minimum reinforcement required for basement walls supporting above-grade concrete walls.
- See Table R611.3 for thicknesses and dimensions of waffle-grid walls.
- DR means design is required in accordance with the applicable building code, or where there is no code, in accordance with ACI 318.
MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTg (feet) |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches) | ||
Soil classesa and design lateral soil (psf per foot of depth) | ||||
GW, GP, SW, SP 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL 60 |
||
8 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | 5 @ 48 | 5 @ 46 | |
6 | 5 @ 48 | 5 @ 43 | 6 @ 45 | |
7 | 5 @ 46 | 6 @ 43 | 6 @ 31 | |
8 | 6 @ 48 | 6 @ 32 | 6 @ 23 | |
9 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | 5 @ 47 | 5 @ 46 | |
6 | 5 @ 46 | 5 @ 39 | 6 @ 41 | |
7 | 5 @ 42 | 6 @ 38 | 6 @ 28 | |
8 | 6 @ 44 | 6 @ 28 | 6 @ 20 | |
9 | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 21 | DR | |
10 | 4 | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | 5 @ 46 | 5 @ 44 | |
6 | 5 @ 46 | 5 @ 37 | 6 @ 38 | |
7 | 5 @ 38 | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 25 | |
8 | 6 @ 39 | 6 @ 25 | DR | |
9 | 6 @ 30 | DR | DR | |
10 | 6 @ 24 | DR | DR |
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Table values are based on reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi concrete with a minimum specified compressive strength of 2,500 psi and vertical reinforcement being located at the centerline of the wall. See Section R404.1.2.3.7.2.
- Maximum spacings shown are the values calculated for the specified bar size. Where the bar used is Grade 60 (420 MPa) and the size specified in the table, the actual spacing in the wall shall not exceed a whole-number multiple of 12 inches (i.e., 12, 24, 36 and 48) that is less than or equal to the tabulated spacing. Vertical reinforcement with a yield strength of less than 60,000 psi and/or bars of a different size than specified in the table are permitted in accordance with Section R404.1.2.3.7.6 and Table R404.1.2(9).
- NR indicates no vertical reinforcement is required.
- Deflection criterion is L/240, where L is the height of the basement wall in inches.
- Interpolation shall not be permitted.
- Where walls will retain 4 feet or more of unbalanced backfill, they shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom before backfilling.
- See Section R404.1.2.2 for minimum reinforcement required for basement walls supporting above-grade concrete walls.
- See Table R611.3 for thicknesses and dimensions of waffle-grid walls.
- DR means design is required in accordance with the applicable building code, or where there is no code, in accordance with ACI 318.
MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTf (feet) |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches) | ||
Soil classesa and design lateral soil (psf per foot of depth) | ||||
GW, GP, SW, SP 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL 60 |
||
8 | 4 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 48 | 5 @ 43 |
5 | 4 @ 48 | 5 @ 48 | 5 @ 37 | |
6 | 5 @ 48 | 6 @ 45 | 6 @ 32 | |
7 | 6 @ 48 | DR | DR | |
8 | 6 @ 36 | DR | DR | |
9 | 4 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 41 |
5 | 4 @ 48 | 5 @ 48 | 6 @ 48 | |
6 | 5 @ 45 | 6 @ 41 | DR | |
7 | 6 @ 43 | DR | DR | |
> 8 | DR | DR | DR | |
10 | 4 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 48 | 4 @ 39 |
5 | 4 @ 44 | 5 @ 44 | 6 @ 46 | |
6 | 5 @ 42 | 6 @ 38 | DR | |
7 | 6 @ 40 | DR | DR | |
> 8 | DR | DR | DR |
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Table values are based on reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi, concrete with a minimum specified compressive strength of 2,500 psi and vertical reinforcement being located at the centerline of the wall. See Section R404.1.2.3.7.2.
- Maximum spacings shown are the values calculated for the specified bar size. Where the bar used is Grade 60 and the size specified in the table, the actual spacing in the wall shall not exceed a whole-number multiple of 12 inches (i.e., 12, 24, 36 and 48) that is less than or equal to the tabulated spacing. Vertical reinforcement with a yield strength of less than 60,000 psi and/or bars of a different size than specified in the table are permitted in accordance with Section R404.1.2.3.7.6 and Table R404.1.2(9).
- Deflection criterion is L/240, where L is the height of the basement wall in inches.
- Interpolation is not permitted.
- Where walls will retain 4 feet or more of unbalanced backfill, they shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom before backfilling.
- See Sections R404.1.2.2 for minimum reinforcement required for basement walls supporting above-grade concrete walls.
- See Table R611.3 for thicknesses and dimensions of screen-grid walls.
- DR means design is required in accordance with the applicable building code, or where there is no code, in accordance with ACI 318.
MAXIMUM WALL HEIGHT (feet) |
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHTg (feet) |
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches) | |||||||||||
Soil classesa and design lateral soil (psf per foot of depth) | |||||||||||||
GW, GP, SW, SP 30 |
GM, GC, SM, SM-SC and ML 45 |
SC, ML-CL and inorganic CL 60 |
|||||||||||
Minimum nominal wall thickness (inches) | |||||||||||||
6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | ||
5 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NRl | NR | NR | 4 @ 35 | NRl | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5 @ 48 | NR | NR | NR | 5 @ 36 | NR | NR | NR | |
7 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5 @ 47 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5 @ 42 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 43 | 5 @ 48 | NRl | NR | |
7 | 5 @ 46 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 42 | 5 @ 46 | NRl | NR | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 48 | NR | NR | |
8 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 @ 38 | NRl | NR | NR | 5 @ 43 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | 4 @ 37 | NRl | NR | NR | 5 @ 37 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 37 | 5 @ 43 | NRl | NR | |
7 | 5 @ 40 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 37 | 5 @ 41 | NRl | NR | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 43 | NR | NR | |
8 | 6 @ 43 | 5 @ 47 | NRl | NR | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 43 | NR | NR | 6 @ 27 | 6 @ 32 | 6 @ 44 | NR | |
9 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 @ 35 | NRl | NR | NR | 5 @ 40 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | 4 @ 34 | NRl | NR | NR | 6 @ 48 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 36 | 6 @ 39 | NRl | NR | |
7 | 5 @ 36 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 34 | 5 @ 37 | NR | NR | 6 @ 33 | 6 @ 38 | 5 @ 37 | NRl | |
8 | 6 @ 38 | 5 @ 41 | NRl | NR | 6 @ 33 | 6 @ 38 | 5 @ 37 | NRl | 6 @ 24 | 6 @ 29 | 6 @ 39 | 4 @ 48m | |
9 | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 46 | NR | NR | 6 @ 26 | 6 @ 30 | 6 @ 41 | NR | 6 @ 19 | 6 @ 23 | 6 @ 30 | 6 @ 39 | |
10 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 @ 33 | NRl | NR | NR | 5 @ 38 | NR | NR | NR | |
6 | 5 @ 48 | NRl | NR | NR | 6 @ 45 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 34 | 5 @ 37 | NR | NR | |
7 | 6 @ 47 | NR | NR | NR | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 48 | NR | NR | 6 @ 30 | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 48 | NRl | |
8 | 6 @ 34 | 5 @ 38 | NR | NR | 6 @ 30 | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 47 | NRl | 6 @ 22 | 6 @ 26 | 6 @ 35 | 6 @ 45m | |
9 | 6 @ 34 | 6 @ 41 | 4 @ 48 | NRl | 6 @ 23 | 6 @ 27 | 6 @ 35 | 4 @ 48m | DR | 6 @ 22 | 6 @ 27 | 6 @ 34 | |
10 | 6 @ 28 | 6 @ 33 | 6 @ 45 | NR | DRj | 6 @ 23 | 6 @ 29 | 6 @ 38 | DR | 6 @ 22 | 6 @ 22 | 6 @ 28 |
- Soil classes are in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Refer to Table R405.1.
- Table values are based on reinforcing bars with a minimum yield strength of 60,000 psi.
- Vertical reinforcement with a yield strength of less than 60,000 psi and/or bars of a different size than specified in the table are permitted in accordance with Section R404.1.2.3.7.6 and Table R404.1.2(9).
- NR indicates no vertical wall reinforcement is required, except for 6-inch nominal walls formed with stay-in-place forming systems in which case vertical reinforcement shall be #4@48 inches on center.
- Allowable deflection criterion is L/240, where L is the unsupported height of the basement wall in inches.
- Interpolation is not permitted.
- Where walls will retain 4 feet or more of unbalanced backfill, they shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom before backfilling.
- Vertical reinforcement shall be located to provide a cover of 1.25 inches measured from the inside face of the wall. The center of the steel shall not vary from the specified location by more than the greater of 10 percent of the wall thickness or 3/8-inch.
- Concrete cover for reinforcement measured from the inside face of the wall shall not be less than 3/4-inch. Concrete cover for reinforcement measured from the outside face of the wall shall not be less than 11/2 inches for No. 5 bars and smaller, and not less than 2 inches for larger bars.
- DR means design is required in accordance with the applicable building code, or where there is no code in accordance with ACI 318.
- Concrete shall have a specified compressive strength, f 'c, of not less than 2,500 psi at 28 days, unless a higher strength is required by footnote l or m.
- The minimum thickness is permitted to be reduced 2 inches, provided the minimum specified compressive strength of concrete, f 'c, is 4,000 psi.
- A plain concrete wall with a minimum nominal thickness of 12 inches is permitted, provided minimum specified compressive strength of concrete,f 'c, is 3,500 psi.
- See Table R611.3 for tolerance from nominal thickness permitted for flat walls.
BAR SPACING FROM APPLICABLE TABLE IN SECTION R404.1.2.2 (inches) |
BAR SIZE FROM APPLICABLE TABLE IN SECTION R404.1.2.2 | ||||||||||||||
#4 | #5 | #6 | |||||||||||||
Alternate bar size and/or alternate grade of steel desired | |||||||||||||||
Grade 60 | Grade 40 | Grade 60 | Grade 40 | Grade 60 | Grade 40 | ||||||||||
#5 | #6 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #4 | #6 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #4 | #5 | #4 | #5 | #6 | |
Maximum spacing for alternate bar size and/or alternate grade of steel (inches) | |||||||||||||||
8 | 12 | 18 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 5 | 11 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 5 |
9 | 14 | 20 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 13 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
10 | 16 | 22 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 6 | 14 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
11 | 17 | 24 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 7 | 16 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
12 | 19 | 26 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 8 | 17 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
13 | 20 | 29 | 9 | 13 | 19 | 8 | 18 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 9 |
14 | 22 | 31 | 9 | 14 | 21 | 9 | 20 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 9 |
15 | 23 | 33 | 10 | 16 | 22 | 10 | 21 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 10 |
16 | 25 | 35 | 11 | 17 | 23 | 10 | 23 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 7 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 11 |
17 | 26 | 37 | 11 | 18 | 25 | 11 | 24 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 8 | 12 | 5 | 8 | 11 |
18 | 28 | 40 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 12 | 26 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 8 | 13 | 5 | 8 | 12 |
19 | 29 | 42 | 13 | 20 | 28 | 12 | 27 | 8 | 13 | 18 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 13 |
20 | 31 | 44 | 13 | 21 | 29 | 13 | 28 | 9 | 13 | 19 | 9 | 14 | 6 | 9 | 13 |
21 | 33 | 46 | 14 | 22 | 31 | 14 | 30 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 10 | 15 | 6 | 10 | 14 |
22 | 34 | 48 | 15 | 23 | 32 | 14 | 31 | 9 | 15 | 21 | 10 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 15 |
23 | 36 | 48 | 15 | 24 | 34 | 15 | 33 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 10 | 16 | 7 | 11 | 15 |
24 | 37 | 48 | 16 | 25 | 35 | 15 | 34 | 10 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 17 | 7 | 11 | 16 |
25 | 39 | 48 | 17 | 26 | 37 | 16 | 35 | 11 | 17 | 24 | 11 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 17 |
26 | 40 | 48 | 17 | 27 | 38 | 17 | 37 | 11 | 17 | 25 | 12 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 17 |
27 | 42 | 48 | 18 | 28 | 40 | 17 | 38 | 12 | 18 | 26 | 12 | 19 | 8 | 13 | 18 |
28 | 43 | 48 | 19 | 29 | 41 | 18 | 40 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 13 | 20 | 8 | 13 | 19 |
29 | 45 | 48 | 19 | 30 | 43 | 19 | 41 | 12 | 19 | 27 | 13 | 20 | 9 | 14 | 19 |
30 | 47 | 48 | 20 | 31 | 44 | 19 | 43 | 13 | 20 | 28 | 14 | 21 | 9 | 14 | 20 |
31 | 48 | 48 | 21 | 32 | 45 | 20 | 44 | 13 | 21 | 29 | 14 | 22 | 9 | 15 | 21 |
32 | 48 | 48 | 21 | 33 | 47 | 21 | 45 | 14 | 21 | 30 | 15 | 23 | 10 | 15 | 21 |
33 | 48 | 48 | 22 | 34 | 48 | 21 | 47 | 14 | 22 | 31 | 15 | 23 | 10 | 16 | 22 |
34 | 48 | 48 | 23 | 35 | 48 | 22 | 48 | 15 | 23 | 32 | 15 | 24 | 10 | 16 | 23 |
35 | 48 | 48 | 23 | 36 | 48 | 23 | 48 | 15 | 23 | 33 | 16 | 25 | 11 | 16 | 23 |
36 | 48 | 48 | 24 | 37 | 48 | 23 | 48 | 15 | 24 | 34 | 16 | 25 | 11 | 17 | 24 |
37 | 48 | 48 | 25 | 38 | 48 | 24 | 48 | 16 | 25 | 35 | 17 | 26 | 11 | 17 | 25 |
38 | 48 | 48 | 25 | 39 | 48 | 25 | 48 | 16 | 25 | 36 | 17 | 27 | 12 | 18 | 25 |
39 | 48 | 48 | 26 | 40 | 48 | 25 | 48 | 17 | 26 | 37 | 18 | 27 | 12 | 18 | 26 |
40 | 48 | 48 | 27 | 41 | 48 | 26 | 48 | 17 | 27 | 38 | 18 | 28 | 12 | 19 | 27 |
41 | 48 | 48 | 27 | 42 | 48 | 26 | 48 | 18 | 27 | 39 | 19 | 29 | 12 | 19 | 27 |
42 | 48 | 48 | 28 | 43 | 48 | 27 | 48 | 18 | 28 | 40 | 19 | 30 | 13 | 20 | 28 |
43 | 48 | 48 | 29 | 44 | 48 | 28 | 48 | 18 | 29 | 41 | 20 | 30 | 13 | 20 | 29 |
44 | 48 | 48 | 29 | 45 | 48 | 28 | 48 | 19 | 29 | 42 | 20 | 31 | 13 | 21 | 29 |
45 | 48 | 48 | 30 | 47 | 48 | 29 | 48 | 19 | 30 | 43 | 20 | 32 | 14 | 21 | 30 |
46 | 48 | 48 | 31 | 48 | 48 | 30 | 48 | 20 | 31 | 44 | 21 | 32 | 14 | 22 | 31 |
47 | 48 | 48 | 31 | 48 | 48 | 30 | 48 | 20 | 31 | 44 | 21 | 33 | 14 | 22 | 31 |
48 | 48 | 48 | 32 | 48 | 48 | 31 | 48 | 21 | 32 | 45 | 22 | 34 | 15 | 23 | 32 |
- This table is for use with tables in Section R404.1.2.2 that specify the minimum bar size and maximum spacing of vertical wall reinforcement for foundation walls and above-grade walls. Reinforcement specified in tables in Sections R404.1.2.2 is based on Grade 60 steel reinforcement.
- Bar spacing shall not exceed 48 inches on center and shall not be less than one-half the nominal wall thickness.
- For Grade 50 steel bars (ASTM A 996, Type R), use spacing for Grade 40 bars or interpolate between Grades 40 and 60.
- Stem walls not laterally supported at top.Concrete stem walls that are not monolithic with slabs-on-ground or are not otherwise laterally supported by slabs-on-ground shall comply with this section. Where unbalanced backfill retained by the stem wall is less than or equal to 18 inches (457 mm), the stem wall and above-grade wall it supports shall be provided with vertical reinforcement in accordance with Section R611.6 and Table R611.6(1), R611.6(2) or R611.6(3) for above-grade walls. Where unbalanced backfill retained by the stem wall is greater than 18 inches (457 mm), the stem wall and above-grade wall it supports shall be provided with vertical reinforcement in accordance with Section R611.6 and Table R611.6(4).
- Stem walls laterally supported at top. Concrete stem walls that are monolithic with slabs-on-ground or are otherwise laterally supported by slabs-on-ground shall be vertically reinforced in accordance with Section R611.6 and Table R611.6(1), R611.6(2) or R611.6(3) for above-grade walls. Where the unbalanced backfill retained by the stem wall is greater than 18 inches (457 mm), the connection between the stem wall and the slab-on-ground, and the portion of the slab-on-ground providing lateral support for the wall shall be designed in accordance with PCA 100 or in accordance with accepted engineering practice. Where the unbalanced backfill retained by the stem wall is greater than 18 inches (457 mm), the minimum nominal thickness of the wall shall be 6 inches (152 mm).
- Stem walls not laterally supported at top. Concrete stem walls that are not monolithic with slabs-on-ground or are not otherwise laterally supported by slabs-on-ground and retain 48 inches (1219 mm) or less of unbalanced fill, measured from the top of the wall, shall be constructed in accordance with Section R404.1.2. Foundation stem walls that retain more than 48 inches (1219 mm) of unbalanced fill, measured from the top of the wall, shall be designed in accordance with Sections R404.1.3 and R404.4.
- Stem walls laterally supported at top. Concrete stem walls that are monolithic with slabs-on-ground or are otherwise laterally supported by slabs-on-ground shall be constructed in accordance with Section R404.1.2. Where the unbalanced backfill retained by the stem wall is greater than 48 inches (1219 mm), the connection between the stem wall and the slab-on-ground, and the portion of the slab-on-ground providing lateral support for the wall shall be designed in accordance with PCA 100 or in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
Exception: When approved, these limitations shall not apply where removable forms are used and workability and methods of consolidation permit concrete to be placed without honeycombs or voids.
Exception: When approved, the slump is permitted to exceed 6 inches (152 mm) for concrete mixtures that are resistant to segregation, and are in accordance with the form manufacturer's recommendations.
Slump of concrete placed in stay-in-place forms shall exceed 6 inches (152 mm). Slump of concrete shall be determined in accordance with ASTM C 143.
Exception: When approved for concrete to be placed in stay-in-place forms, self-consolidating concrete mixtures with slumps equal to or greater than 8 inches (203 mm) that are specifically designed for placement without internal vibration need not be internally vibrated.
Form ties shall be steel, solid plastic, foam plastic, a composite of cement and wood chips, a composite of cement and foam plastic, or other suitable material capable of resisting the forces created by fluid pressure of fresh concrete.
- Surface burning characteristics. The flame-spread index and smoke-developed index of forming material, other than foam plastic, left exposed on the interior shall comply with Section R302. The surface burning characteristics of foam plastic used in insulating concrete forms shall comply with Section R316.3.
- Interior covering. Stay-in-place forms constructed of rigid foam plastic shall be protected on the interior of the building as required by Section R316. Where gypsum board is used to protect the foam plastic, it shall be installed with a mechanical fastening system. Use of adhesives in addition to mechanical fasteners is permitted.
- Exterior wall covering. Stay-in-place forms constructed of rigid foam plastics shall be protected from sunlight and physical damage by the application of an approved exterior wall covering complying with this code. Exterior surfaces of other stay-in-place forming systems shall be protected in accordance with this code.
- Termite hazards. In areas where hazard of termite damage is very heavy in accordance with Figure R301.2(6), foam plastic insulation shall be permitted below grade on foundation walls in accordance with one of the following conditions:
- Where in addition to the requirements in Section R318.1, an approved method of protecting the foam plastic and structure from subterranean termite damage is provided.
- The structural members of walls, floors, ceilings and roofs are entirely of noncombustible materials or pressure-preservative-treated wood.
- On the interior side of basement walls.
- Flat ICF wall system forms shall conform to ASTM E 2634.
Exception: Use of vertical wall reinforcement required by this code is permitted in lieu of construction joint reinforcement provided the spacing does not exceed 24 inches (610 mm), or the combination of wall reinforcement and No.4 bars described above does not exceed 24 inches (610 mm).
- Wall height shall not exceed 8 feet (2438 mm).
- Unbalanced backfill height shall not exceed 4 feet (1219 mm).
- Minimum nominal thickness for plain masonry foundation walls shall be 8 inches (203 mm).
- Masonry stem walls shall have a minimum vertical reinforcement of one No. 3 (No. 10) bar located a maximum of 4 feet (1219 mm) on center in grouted cells. Vertical reinforcement shall be tied to the horizontal reinforcement in the footings.
Foundation walls in buildings assigned to Seismic Design Category D0, D1 or D2, as established in Table R301.2(1), supporting more than 4 feet (1219 mm) of unbalanced backfill or exceeding 8 feet (2438 mm) in height shall be constructed in accordance with Table R404.1.1(2), R404.1.1(3) or R404.1.1(4). Masonry foundation walls shall have two No. 4 (No. 13) horizontal bars located in the upper 12 inches (305 mm) of the wall.
- Wall height shall not exceed 8 feet (2438 mm).
- Unbalanced backfill height shall not exceed 4 feet (1219 mm).
- Minimum thickness for plain concrete foundation walls shall be 7.5 inches (191 mm) except that 6 inches (152 mm) is permitted where the maximum wall height is 4 feet, 6 inches (1372 mm).
Foundation walls less than 7.5 inches (191 mm) in thickness, supporting more than 4 feet (1219 mm) of unbalanced backfill or exceeding 8 feet (2438 mm) in height shall be provided with horizontal reinforcement in accordance with Table R404.1.2(1), and vertical reinforcement in accordance with Table R404.1.2(2), R404.1.2(3), R404.1.2(4), R404.1.2(5), R404.1.2(6), R404.1.2(7) or R404.1.2(8). Where Tables R404.1.2(2) through R404.1.2(8) permit plain concrete walls, not less than No. 4 (No. 13) vertical bars at a spacing not exceeding 48 inches (1219 mm) shall be provided.
FIGURE R404.1.5(1)
FOUNDATION WALL CLAY MASONRY CURTAIN WALL WITH CONCRETE MASONRY PIERS
Where a concrete foundation wall is reduced in thickness to provide a shelf for the support of masonry veneer, the reduced thickness shall be equal to or greater than the thickness of the wall in the story above. Vertical reinforcement for the foundation wall shall be based on Table R404.1.2(8) and located in the wall as required by Section R404.1.2.3.7.2 where that table is used. Vertical reinforcement shall be based on the thickness of the thinner portion of the wall.
Exception: Where the height of the reduced thickness portion measured to the underside of the floor assembly or sill plate above is less than or equal to 24 inches (610 mm) and the reduction in thickness does not exceed 4 inches (102 mm), the vertical reinforcement is permitted to be based on the thicker portion of the wall.
- All load-bearing walls shall be placed on continuous concrete footings placed integrally with the exterior wall footings.
- The minimum actual thickness of a load-bearing masonry wall shall be not less than 4 inches (102 mm) nominal or 33/8 inches (92 mm) actual thickness, and shall be bonded integrally with piers spaced in accordance with Section R606.9.
- Piers shall be constructed in accordance with Section R606.6 and Section R606.6.1, and shall be bonded into the load-bearing masonry wall in accordance with Section R608.1.1 or R608.1.1.2.
- The maximum height of a 4-inch (102 mm) load-bearing masonry foundation wall supporting wood-frame walls and floors shall not be more than 4 feet (1219 mm).
- Anchorage shall be in accordance with Section R403.1.6, Figure R404.1.5(1), or as specified by engineered design accepted by the building official.
- The unbalanced fill for 4-inch (102 mm) foundation walls shall not exceed 24 inches (610 mm) for solid masonry or 12 inches (305 mm) for hollow masonry.
- In Seismic Design Categories D0, D1 and D2, prescriptive reinforcement shall be provided in the horizontal and vertical direction. Provide minimum horizontal joint reinforcement of two No. 9 gage wires spaced not less than 6 inches (152 mm) or one 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) diameter wire at 10 inches (254 mm) on center vertically. Provide minimum vertical reinforcement of one No. 4 bar at 48 inches (1220 mm) on center horizontally grouted in place.
Exception: Bracing is not required for walls supporting less than 4 feet (1219 mm) of unbalanced backfill.
HEIGHT OF FILL (inches) |
STUD SPACING (inches) |
FACE GRAIN ACROSS STUDS | FACE GRAIN PARALLEL TO STUDS | ||||
Gradea | Minimum thickness (inches) |
Span rating | Gradea | Minimum thickness (inches)b, c |
Span rating | ||
24 | 12 | B | 15/32 | 32/16 | A | 15/32 | 32/16 |
B | 15/32c | 32/16 | |||||
16 | B | 15/32 | 32/16 | A | 15/32c | 32/16 | |
B | 19/32c(4, 5 ply) | 40/20 | |||||
36 | 12 | B | 15/32 | 32/16 | A | 15/32 | 32/16 |
B | 15/32c (4, 5 ply) | 32/16 | |||||
B | 19/32 (4, 5 ply) | 40/20 | |||||
16 | B | 15/32c | 32/16 | A | 19/32 | 40/20 | |
B | 23/32 | 48/24 | |||||
48 | 12 | B | 15/32 | 32/16 | A | 15/32c | 32/16 |
B | 19/32c(4, 5 ply) | 40/20 | |||||
16 | B | 19/32 | 40/20 | A | 19/32c | 40/20 | |
A | 23/32 | 48/24 |
- Plywood shall be of the following minimum grades in accordance with DOC PS 1 or DOC PS 2:
- DOC PS 1 Plywood grades marked:
- Structural I C-D (Exposure 1).
- C-D (Exposure 1).
- DOC PS 2 Plywood grades marked:
- Structural I Sheathing (Exposure 1).
- Sheathing (Exposure 1).
- Where a major portion of the wall is exposed above ground and a better appearance is desired, the following plywood grades marked exterior are suitable:
- Structural I A-C, Structural I B-C or Structural I C-C (Plugged) in accordance with DOC PS 1.
- A-C Group 1, B-C Group 1, C-C (Plugged) Group 1 or MDO Group 1 in accordance with DOC PS 1.
- Single Floor in accordance with DOC PS 1 or DOC PS 2.
- DOC PS 1 Plywood grades marked:
- Minimum thickness 15/32 inch, except crawl space sheathing may be 3/8 inch for face grain across studs 16 inches on center and maximum 2-foot depth of unequal fill.
- For this fill height, thickness and grade combination, panels that are continuous over less than three spans (across less than three stud spacings) require blocking 16 inches above the bottom plate. Offset adjacent blocks and fasten through studs with two 16d corrosion-resistant nails at each end.
- Design loading as applicable;
- Footing design and material;
- Concentrated loads and their points of application;
- Soil bearing capacity;
- Maximum allowable total uniform load;
- Seismic design category; and
- Basic wind speed.
SOIL GROUP |
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM SYMBOL |
SOIL DESCRIPTION | DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICSa |
FROST HEAVE POTENTIAL |
VOLUME CHANGE POTENTIAL EXPANSIONb |
Group I | GW | Well-graded gravels, gravel sand mixtures, little or no fines | Good | Low | Low |
GP | Poorly graded gravels or gravel sand mixtures, little or no fines | Good | Low | Low | |
SW | Well-graded sands, gravelly sands, little or no fines | Good | Low | Low | |
SP | Poorly graded sands or gravelly sands, little or no fines | Good | Low | Low | |
GM | Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixtures | Good | Medium | Low | |
SM | Silty sand, sand-silt mixtures | Good | Medium | Low | |
Group II | GC | Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures | Medium | Medium | Low |
SC | Clayey sands, sand-clay mixture | Medium | Medium | Low | |
ML | Inorganic silts and very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands or clayey silts with slight plasticity | Medium | High | Low | |
CL | Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clays | Medium | Medium | Medium to Low |
|
Group III | CH | Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays | Poor | Medium | High |
MH | Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soils, elastic silts | Poor | High | High | |
Group IV | OL | Organic silts and organic silty clays of low plasticity | Poor | Medium | Medium |
OH | Organic clays of medium to high plasticity, organic silts | Unsatisfactory | Medium | High | |
Pt | Peat and other highly organic soils | Unsatisfactory | Medium | High |
- The percolation rate for good drainage is over 4 inches per hour, medium drainage is 2 inches to 4 inches per hour, and poor is less than 2 inches per hour.
- Soils with a low potential expansion typically have a plasticity index (PI) of 0 to 15, soils with a medium potential expansion have a PI of 10 to 35 and soils with a high potential expansion have a PI greater than 20.
- Bituminous coating.
- Three pounds per square yard (1.63 kg/m2) of acrylic modified cement.
- One-eighth inch (3.2 mm) coat of surface-bonding cement complying with ASTM C 887.
- Any material permitted for waterproofing in Section R406.2.
- Other approved methods or materials.
Exception: Parging of unit masonry walls is not required where a material is approved for direct application to the masonry.
Concrete walls shall be dampproofed by applying any one of the above listed dampproofing materials or any one of the waterproofing materials listed in Section R406.2 to the exterior of the wall.
- Two-ply hot-mopped felts.
- Fifty-five-pound (25 kg) roll roofing.
- Six-mil (0.15 mm) polyvinyl chloride.
- Six-mil (0.15 mm) polyethylene.
- Forty-mil (1 mm) polymer-modified asphalt.
- Sixty-mil (1.5 mm) flexible polymer cement.
- One-eighth-inch (3 mm) cement-based, fiber-reinforced, waterproof coating.
- Sixty-mil (1.5 mm) solvent-free liquid-applied synthetic rubber.
All joints in membrane waterproofing shall be lapped and sealed with an adhesive compatible with the membrane.
- Perforated sheet metal plates not less than 0.070 inch (1.8 mm) thick.
- Expanded sheet metal plates not less than 0.047 inch (1.2 mm) thick.
- Cast-iron grill or grating.
- Extruded load-bearing brick vents.
- Hardware cloth of 0.035 inch (0.89 mm) wire or heavier.
- Corrosion-resistant wire mesh, with the least dimension being 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) thick.
- Exposed earth is covered with a continuous Class I vapor retarder. Joints of the vapor retarder shall overlap by 6 inches (152 mm) and shall be sealed or taped. The edges of the vapor retarder shall extend at least 6 inches (152 mm) up the stem wall and shall be attached and sealed to the stem wall or insulation; and
- One of the following is provided for the under-floor space:
- Continuously operated mechanical exhaust ventilation at a rate equal to 1 cubic foot per minute (0.47 L/s) for each 50 square feet (4.7m2) of crawlspace floor area, including an air pathway to the common area (such as a duct or transfer grille), and perimeter walls insulated in accordance with Section N1102.2.10 of this code;
- Conditioned air supply sized to deliver at a rate equal to 1 cubic foot per minute (0.47 L/s) for each 50 square feet (4.7 m2) of under-floor area, including a return air pathway to the common area (such as a duct or transfer grille), and perimeter walls insulated in accordance with Section N1102.2.10 of this code;
- Plenum in existing structures complying with Section M1601.5, if under-floor space is used as a plenum.
- Walls enclosing the under-floor space shall be provided with flood openings in accordance with Section R322.2.2.
- The finished ground level of the under-floor space shall be equal to or higher than the outside finished ground level on at least one side.
Exception: Under-floor spaces that meet the requirements of FEMA/FIA TB 11-1.