Chapter 5 Fire Operations Features

When fire apparatus access roads, frontage spaces, private hydrants or yard hydrants are required to be installed in connection with a newly constructed building or structure, such roads, frontage spaces and hydrants shall be installed and made serviceable prior to and during the time of construction, except that, in connection with a phased development, the provision of fire apparatus access and water supply shall be as set forth in design and installation documents approved by the department. Interim access and water supply arrangements will be considered pending completion of heavy construction that would damage the roads or piping, provided that such arrangements would not unduly impair firefighting operations. Temporary signs shall be installed at each street intersection when construction of new roadways allows passage by motor vehicles in accordance with FC505.2.

Fire department access to buildings, structures and premises not fronting on a public street may be continued in compliance with the provisions of FC 102.3, 102.4, and 102.5, when such fire department access was lawfully existing as of June 30, 2008 or the date of an amendment to this code relating to fire department access. The private roads providing such lawfully existing fire department access shall be deemed to constitute fire apparatus access roads pursuant to this chapter.

A building or structure undergoing alteration or a change of occupancy under the circumstances set forth in FC 501.4.3.1 and 501.4.3.2 shall comply with the requirements set forth in said sections.

Where the frontage space to a building does not directly front on a public street, a fire apparatus access road shall be provided from the public street to the frontage space of such building.

Except as otherwise provided in FC503.2.4, a fire apparatus access road shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the standards of the New York City Department of Transportation and in compliance with the following requirements:

Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed width of not less than 34 feet (10 363 mm) excluding shoulders, except as provided in FC 503.2.3.1 through 503.2.3.4, and an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 14 feet (4267 mm).

Where the main front entrance to a building is set back more than 40 feet (12 192 mm) from the curb line, a fire apparatus access road with the unobstructed roadway width required by FC503.2.3 shall be provided to the frontage space of the building, except as otherwise provided in FC 503.2.4.1 through 503.2.4.3.

Fire apparatus access roads shall not be obstructed in any manner that impedes vehicular access, except for lawful parking and approved traffic calming devices. The minimum widths and clearances required by FC503.2.3 shall be maintained at all times, except with prior department approval.

The commissioner may require more than one fire apparatus access road to one or more buildings where fire apparatus access is impeded to or on the primary access road as a result of substandard width public streets, substandard width fire apparatus access roads, traffic patterns, traffic calming devices, railroad crossings, and other conditions that would significantly delay an emergency response.

Motor vehicles shall not be parked on fire apparatus access roads except in lawful parking spaces that do not obstruct fire apparatus access. Curbside street parking that is lawfully established in accordance with the Zoning Resolution, Building Code and/or other applicable laws, rules and regulations is allowed on any fire apparatus access road if such curbside street parking does not reduce the usable roadway width to less than 18 feet (5486 mm). This requirement shall not be applicable to fire apparatus access roads whose design and use for parking was lawfully existing prior to the effective date of this section. For purposes of this usable roadway width determination, the dimensions of each parking space shall not be less than established by the department, consistent with the regulations of the New York City Department of Transportation for vehicles intended to be parked in such spaces, or, in the absence of such standard, as approved by the department.

The design of gates across a fire apparatus access road shall be in accordance with this section.

Dead-end fire apparatus access roads more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) in length, as measured from the curb line of the nearest public street which is not itself a dead-end, shall be provided with an approved means by which fire apparatus can turn around or otherwise exit the area in accordance with FC 503.2.9.1 or 503.2.9.2. Dead-end fire apparatus roads shall not exceed 400 feet (121 920 mm) in length unless approved by the commissioner.

Buildings on fire apparatus access roads that have an unobstructed roadway width of less than 34 feet (10 363 mm) shall be protected throughout by a sprinkler system. Buildings served by a substandard width fire apparatus access road that is a lawfully existing condition pursuant to FC 102.3, 102.4 and 102.5 shall comply with this requirement when undergoing alteration or a change of occupancy in accordance with FC501.4.3. This requirement shall not apply to any detached, unheated carport, garden shed, greenhouse, private parking garage for not more than three motor vehicles, tower or other accessory building, that is:

1. Classified by the Building Code as a Group U occupancy;
2. Not occupied or designed to be occupied for residential, commercial or office purposes; and
3. Accessory to a Group R-2 or Group R-3 occupancy.

Dead-end public streets in excess of 150 feet (45 720 mm) in length, as measured from the curb line of the nearest public street that is not a dead-end, shall be provided with an approved means by which fire apparatus can turn around or otherwise exit the street, in accordance with FC503.2.9.

Buildings on public streets that have an unobstructed width of less than 34 feet (10 363 mm) shall be protected throughout by a sprinkler system. Buildings on substandard width public streets that were not required prior to the effective date of this section to be protected throughout by a sprinkler system shall comply with this requirement when undergoing alteration or a change of occupancy subject to FC501.4.3. This requirement shall not apply to any Group U occupancy complying with the requirements of FC503.2.10.

Fire lanes subject to parking restriction shall be marked with permanent NO PARKING-FIRE LANE signs complying with FC Figure 503.4.1, and/or approved roadway markings. Signs shall have a minimum dimension of 12 inches (305 mm) wide by 18 inches (457 mm) high and have red letters on a white reflective background. Signs shall be posted on the sides of the fire lane upon which parking is prohibited.

The main front entrance of a building is the entrance that is designed to serve as the primary means of ingress and egress to the building, and which is located on a side of the building that contains windows, emergency escape and rescue openings, outdoor building corridors or other building openings that serve to afford firefighters access to the upper floors of the building. Where a building has more than one entrance that is so designed and situated, the owner may designate one such entrance as the main front entrance of the building, provided, however, that if such entrance does not provide an appropriate location for firefighting operations, the commissioner may require that another entrance be designated the main front entrance.

When a building contains more than one occupancy and separate entrances are provided for individual occupancies, there shall be a main front entrance for each such occupancy, and a separate frontage space shall be provided for each main front entrance, except that a second frontage space is not required for a two-family Group R-3 occupancy if unobstructed access, 5 feet (1524 mm) in width, is provided to the rear yard and to the main front entrance of any dwelling unit from either side of the building that is not directly accessible from the public street, fire apparatus access road, or driveway. An open accessory parking area not less than 5 feet (1524 mm) in width shall be sufficient to constitute unobstructed access to the rear yard, regardless of the presence of parked vehicles in such parking area.

An approved access walkway leading from the fire apparatus access road or driveway to the main front entrance of each occupancy or other exterior openings shall be provided when required by the commissioner.

Obstructions, such as planters, fences and bollards, shall not be placed in the required frontage space unless they have been approved by the Commissioner of Buildings, the Commissioner of Transportation, or the commissioner, as applicable.

Access to building rooftops shall be provided for fire operations by providing unobstructed access to the rooftop, including unobstructed passage across the building parapet, perimeter fence or other obstructions, and a safe landing. Such rooftop access shall be provided in compliance with the following required clearances:

1. For each 12 linear feet (3658 mm) of building perimeter accessible from the frontage space of the building and from any other exposure accessible to fire apparatus, a minimum clearance of 6 feet (1829 mm) in width and 6 feet (1829 mm) in depth from any obstruction shall be provided at the parapet wall or other perimeter of the rooftop.
2. Where such building perimeter is 24 linear feet (7315 mm) or greater, but less than 36 linear feet (10 973 mm), the required clearance openings shall be separated by a distance of not less than 12 linear feet (3658 mm).
3. Where such building perimeter is 36 linear feet (10 973 mm) or greater, the required clearance openings may be contiguous, provided, however, that such contiguous openings shall not exceed 12 linear feet (3658 mm) and shall be separated from other required clearance openings by a distance of not less than 12 linear feet (3658 mm).
4. Each exposure accessible by fire apparatus shall be treated separately for purposes of locating clearance openings and otherwise complying with the requirements of this provision.
5. Awnings, sun control devices, solar panels or other structures affixed to an exterior building wall below the roof line shall not obstruct fire apparatus aerial ladder access to the rooftop perimeter access locations.
6. Scaffolding obstructing rooftop access locations shall be designed to provide secure landings at such locations in an approved manner.
7. The rooftop parapet or other perimeter railing or barrier shall be designed to facilitate the safe dismounting of a firefighter from an aerial ladder. Any such parapet, railing or barrier on a building constructed after the effective date of this section, or installed pursuant to a work permit issued by the Department of Buildings after such date, shall be of substantial construction capable of supporting a minimum of 350 pounds (159 kg) and shall be designed with a level surface at least 5 inches in width (127 mm) so as to allow a firefighter to safely step on it, as prescribed by the department, or other approved design. Where the height of the rooftop parapet, railing or other enclosure is more than 48 inches (1219 mm), an approved landing platform and steps or ladder shall be provided to allow a firefighter to safely dismount and descend to the rooftop. Design and installation documents shall be submitted to the department for approval.
8. To the maximum extent practicable, wind turbines or other equipment with moving components shall be installed at rooftop location where they do not impede access or encroach up rooftop access landings, clear path, or required clearances, but in no case shall fan blades or other moving component operate within 3 feet (914 mm) of the rooftop access required by this section, including the 9-foot (2743 mm) height above the parapet or other rooftop perimeter railing or barrier and rooftop access landings. The tips of the fan blades and the edges of other moving components shall bear reflective markings and identified by caution warning signs or other means, to ensure that persons on the rooftop are aware of the presence of such equipment.

Where required by the department, a sign, decal or approved marking shall be provided on the exterior wall of a building, at an approved location on a lower story, directly below the rooftop perimeter access landings, to identify the location of such rooftop access. The department may require such signs or markings when rooftop conditions not apparent from the street make rooftop access unsafe at locations other than the approved building perimeter access landings, or do not allow for access to the roof.

At each rooftop perimeter access location, there shall be a safe landing area not less than 6 feet (1829 mm) in any dimension, and 9 feet (2743 mm) in height above the parapet or other rooftop perimeter railing or barrier. The access landing shall be connected to the clear path required by FC504.4.4. The landing shall not be obstructed by a fence, except as approved. If approved, such fence shall be provided with a standard 3-foot-wide (914 mm) gate that swings inward. Such gate may be secured by a padlock and chain capable of being cut by standard bolt cutters from either side of the gate, or secured by other approved device.

A clear path of not less than 6 feet (1829 mm) horizontal width and 9 feet (2743 mm) in height shall be provided from the front of the building to the rear of the building; from one side of the building to the other for each 100 linear feet (30 480 mm) of rooftop width and depth such that the maximum distance between clear paths 25 is 100 feet (30 480) mm. Such path shall comply with the following requirements:

1. Such clear path shall be accessible from each rooftop perimeter access landing required pursuant to FC504.4.3.
2. Such clear path shall afford reasonable access to bulkhead doors, fire escapes, access ladders, cockloft vents, skylights, scuttles, shafts and rooftop stationary energy storage systems. Such access shall include, to the maximum extent practicable, 3-feet (914 mm) clearance on three sides of the skylight or scuttle. On buildings constructed after the effective date of this section, the clear path shall afford reasonable access, to the maximum extent practicable, to windowed areas on any side of the building that is not fire apparatus accessible.
3. A conduit or pipe may cross such clear path in accordance with FC504.4.7.
4. Any lawful fence obstructing such clear path shall be provided with a standard 3-foot-wide (914 mm) gate, which may be secured by padlock or chain capable of being cut by standard bolt cutters, or secured by other approved device.
5. When the main building rooftop has more than one level, a fixed ladder or other approved means shall be provided to afford access along the clear path from one roof level to the next, excluding any height differential between levels exceeding one story or 16 feet (4077 mm), and any level with a rooftop area that is less than 6 feet (1829 mm) in any dimension.
6. On an "H"-shaped building or other building whose irregular configuration renders a single clear path inadequate to provide access to each wing of the building or other rooftop area, the commissioner may require one or more additional clear paths to provide adequate access to such rooftop areas.
7. The rooftop surface serving as the clear path shall not be constructed of glass or other transparent or translucent material, nor shall it require a firefighter to walk upon any flush-mounted solar panels or other energized equipment.
8. Rooftop stationary energy storage systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with FC608 and the rules, including ensuring that the deflagration zone is not in the clear path and the exhaust system does not vent into the clear path.
9. The requirements for wind turbines and other equipment with moving components set forth in FC504.4.1(8) shall be applicable to the rooftop clear path.

Adequate protection, in the form of a securely affixed protective railing or barrier that is at least 42 inches (1067 mm) above the roof surface in height along the clear path, shall be provided for any shaft, building perimeter or elevation adjoining the clear path or rooftop perimeter access landing (except the rooftop access landing itself).

A minimum clearance of 6 feet (1829 mm) in all directions shall be provided from each door opening onto a rooftop from a dwelling unit, stairway, bulkhead, or other occupied space or means of egress, as measured from the door hinge. A minimum clearance of 3 feet (914 mm) in all directions shall be provided from any fire escape or rooftop access ladder, as measured from each side of the ladder or landing.

To the maximum extent practicable, conduits, including cable trays, and piping, shall be installed at rooftop locations where they do not obstruct rooftop access landings, clear path or required clearances. If it is impracticable to avoid these areas, conduits and piping shall be designed and installed to facilitate access and minimize tripping hazards. Steps or ramps (or platforms with steps, ramps or ladders) shall be provided that are constructed of noncombustible material, equipped with railings, and designed to allow any conduit or piping installations that exceed 1 foot (305 mm) in height above the roof surface, or more than 24 inches (610 mm) in width, to be readily traversed. Steps, ramps, platforms and ladders shall not be placed in areas or in a manner that would obstruct any door or means of egress. All conduits and piping installations shall be color-coded with continuous, durable and weatherproof reflective or luminescent markings as follows, and for conduit and piping installed after July 1, 2014, shall be continuously labeled in an approved manner to indicate its contents:

1. High voltage wiring — Red.
2. Low voltage wiring — Orange.
3. Natural gas piping — Yellow.
4. Other compressed gas piping — Yellow, labeled at regular intervals with the type of gas.
5. Fuel oil piping — Yellow with black stripes.

Where a building is constructed directly above another building, including a building cantilevered over another building, a vertical clearance from the rooftop of the building below shall be provided for firefighting operations in accordance with the following requirements. Design and installation documents documenting compliance with this section, including the fire analysis filed with the Department of Buildings, shall be submitted for Fire Department review and approval. Such vertical clearance:

1. shall be at least 12 feet (3658 mm); and
2. shall be at least 9 feet (2743 mm) above the highest building feature on the rooftop when the building feature is 25 feet (7620 mm) or less from the closest exterior surface of the building constructed above; but
3. shall not apply to rooftop areas above which a noncombustible screen wall or other similar structure has been constructed for purposes of zoning compliance, provided that such structure extends below the cantilever from the side wall of the new building facing a street for a width not to exceed 8 feet (2438 mm) and a depth not to exceed 12 feet (3658 mm).

A Group R-3 occupancy that is primarily a building with a roof pitch of less than 9.5 degrees shall comply with FC504.4, notwithstanding the presence of a pitched roof element such as a mansard or a penthouse with a pitched roof. A Group R-3 occupancy with a roof pitch of 9.5 degrees or more shall comply 31 with FC512.3, not FC504.4.

Telecommunications installations on building rooftops, including cellular antenna installations, shall additionally comply with the following requirements:

1. Transmitting antennas shall be identified by affixing to the antenna, the antenna mounting, or a conspicuous location near the antenna, continuous, durable and weatherproof reflective or luminescent markings and not less than 3-inch (76-mm) lettering that reads, "TRANSMITTER." If the antenna is enclosed or screened, such marking shall be placed on the exterior of the enclosure or screening.
2. A durable sign shall be conspicuously posted near the main building electrical panel, on the side of the bulkhead or rooftop hatch, and on or near any equipment closet, roof base station or similar telecommunications antenna installation, identifying the owner of the installation, providing a 24-hour/7-day per week telephone number by which such owner can be contacted, and identifying the installation, including antennas and other powered equipment associated with the installation, by number or other unique designation.
3. Transmitting antennas and other rooftop installations subject to radiofrequency exposure limits, as set forth in the regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, shall be installed in a manner that complies with the applicable exposure limits, including those applicable to rooftop access, landing, clear path and clearance areas and other rooftop areas to which the general population has uncontrolled access. Certification of compliance, in an approved format, by a qualified person trained and knowledgeable in the measurement of Federal Communications Commission radiofrequency exposure limits shall be submitted to the department with rooftop access applications and upon request in connection with rooftop access inspections.

Rooftop gardens and landscaping, including living walls, shall be designed, installed, operated and maintained in compliance with the requirements of the construction codes, including the Building Code and this section.

Rooftop solar installations shall be designed, installed, operated and maintained in accordance with FC512.

Rooftop installations shall not obstruct the function, use or accessibility of any rooftop building features, including those listed in FC504.4.4(2). Such rooftop building features shall be maintained in good working order to facilitate firefighting operations.

Buildings located within outdoor shopping malls, office parks, housing complexes or other developments shall be identified in compliance with the requirements of FC505.1. Where required by the commissioner, approved signage identifying the street address of each building in the development and, in outdoor shopping malls, each tenant space or similar occupancy, and the direction to such building or tenant space, shall be provided. Such signage shall be clearly visible at the intersection of the public street and any fire apparatus access road that provides access to buildings in the development. In any development in which one or more buildings does not have a separate street address, or in any outdoor shopping mall in which one or more tenant spaces or similar occupancies does not have a separate street address, the commissioner may require approved signage indicating the location and direction to each such building or tenant space upon a determination that such signage is necessary to enable firefighting or other emergency response personnel to expeditiously locate such buildings or tenant spaces within the development.

Each dwelling unit shall be identified on the public corridor side of the door by a room number and/or letter marking or sign conspicuously and durably printed or posted on or adjacent to at least one entrance door.

In a Group R-1 or R-2 building or occupancy with more than eight dwelling units on a floor, a sign shall be conspicuously posted in the elevator lobby or other public entry on each floor, and in the public corridor opposite each stairwell entrance, identifying by directional arrows and dwelling unit numbers and/or letters, the direction to each dwelling unit. Such signage need not be provided in the public entry or opposite any stairwell entrance in any building or on any floor where the entrances to dwelling units are located in a single direction from such entry or stairwell entrance.

Existing buildings and occupancies shall comply with the operational requirements for marking and signage set forth in FC 505.3.1 and 505.3.2 within 2 years of the effective date of this section.

The entrance door to a multi-floor dwelling unit in a Group R-1 or Group R-2 building or occupancy shall be identified on the door jamb on the public corridor side of the door by an approved fire emergency marking, not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from the bottom of the door, indicating the dwelling unit number and/or letter. In addition, every door of each such multi-floor dwelling unit that opens to a public corridor or other means of egress shall be identified on the public corridor side of the door by one or more upward or downward-pointing arrows indicating the direction(s) of the other floor(s) to which the multi-floor dwelling unit is connected.

Except as otherwise provided in FC505.4.1, and except in buildings protected throughout by a sprinkler system, in a Group R-1 or R-2 building or occupancy with more than eight dwelling units on a floor, each dwelling unit shall be identified on the door jamb on the public corridor side of the door by an approved fire emergency marking, not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from the bottom of the door, indicating the dwelling unit number and/or letter.

Except in buildings protected throughout by a sprinkler system, each stairwell door in a building or occupancy subject to compliance with the requirements of FC505.4.1 or FC505.4.2 shall be identified as a stairwell door on the door jamb on the public corridor side of the door with an approved marking or sign not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from the bottom of the door, unless such stairwell entrance has been marked in compliance with Section 1024 of the Building Code.

The fire emergency markings for dwelling unit entrance doors shall be of photoluminescent, retroreflective or other approved material, durable, water-resistant and securely affixed and shall use Arabic numerals and/or English alphabet letters. The fire emergency marking on multi-floor dwelling units shall be a minimum of 3 inches (76 mm) high and 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm) wide with a stroke width of ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm) and the fire emergency markings required by FC 505.4.2 and 505.4.3 shall be in accordance with the rules. Any approved fire emergency marking may be used provided that the same type of marking is consistently used throughout the building. Photoluminescent markings and signs shall comply with the Building Code requirements for photoluminescent exit path markings.

Existing buildings and occupancies shall comply with the operational requirements for marking and signage set forth in FC505.4.1 within 2 years of the effective date of this section, and with the operational requirements for marking and signage as set forth in FC 505.4.2 and 505.4.3 within 3 years of the effective date of this section.

Firefighter service elevator key switches shall be operable by a citywide standard key.

Where access to or within a building, structure or premises is restricted because of locked doors or other building openings, or where immediate access would be needed for lifesaving or firefighting purposes in the event of a fire or other emergency, the department may require that keys be kept in a key box installed in an approved location. The owner shall ensure that the key kept in the lock box is replaced whenever a lock securing the area, box or cabinet is changed or rekeyed.

Wherever a gate or similar barrier obstructs fire department access or fire apparatus access to a premises, and a lock is installed on such gate or barrier, the lock shall be of an approved type and operable by a citywide standard key.

The department may require that a locked box operable by a citywide standard key be provided in a designated area in a building, structure or premises to store plans, building information cards or other materials that will assist firefighting personnel responding to a fire or other emergency at the premises.

Private fire service mains and appurtenances shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 24 and the requirements of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection.

Water tanks for private hydrant systems and yard hydrant systems shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 22.

Outdoor amusement parks, bulk plants or terminals, lumber yards, trailer camps, industrial parks, and similar occupancies shall be provided with a yard hydrant system installed in compliance with the requirements of the construction codes, including the Building Code, this section and FC914. Yard hydrants shall be installed such that the entire area may be reached by 250 feet (76.2 m) of hose from a yard hydrant or a street hydrant supplied from a direct connection to a city water main or other approved water supply.

Where the front entrance of a building is more than 250 feet (76.2 m) from a hydrant on a public street, as measured by an approved route, private fire hydrants and mains shall be provided as required by the commissioner.

Private fire hydrant systems shall be subject to periodic tests as required by the commissioner. Private fire hydrant systems shall be maintained in good working order at all times and shall be repaired when defective. Additions, repairs, alterations and servicing shall comply with approved standards.

Private fire service mains and water tanks shall be periodically inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25 at the following intervals:

1. Private fire hydrants (all types): Inspection annually and after each operation; flow test and maintenance annually.
2. Fire service main piping: Inspection of exposed, annually; flow test every 5 years.
3. Fire service main piping strainers: Inspection and maintenance after each use.

Posts, fences, vegetation, rubbish containers, vehicles and other items shall not be installed, planted, placed, parked or stored near fire hydrants, fire department connections or fire protection system control valves in a manner that would obscure the location of such fire hydrants, connections or valves, or that would hinder immediate access thereto by firefighting personnel.

A 3-foot (914 mm) radius clear space shall be maintained around the circumference of fire hydrants to allow unobstructed operation of the hydrant operating nut, except as otherwise required or approved.

Where fire hydrants are subject to impact by motor vehicles, posts that comply with the requirements of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection shall be installed. Notwithstanding the requirements of FC507.5.5, these posts may be installed no less than 2 feet (610 mm) from the hydrant if they do not obstruct the use of a 24-inch (610-mm) wrench on the hydrant operating nut.

In-building auxiliary radio communication systems for fire department use shall be installed by a master electrician licensed by the Department of Buildings and such other qualifications as may be prescribed by rule.

In-building auxiliary radio communication systems for fire department use shall be tested for department acceptance in compliance with the requirements of this section and the rules.

In-building auxiliary radio communication systems for fire department use shall be maintained in good working order.

The department shall be notified immediately if an in-building auxiliary radio communication system for fire department use, or part thereof, is out of service. A tag identifying the system as out of service shall be placed on the fire command center or other approved location when the system is out of service.

Solar panel installations shall provide a 3 foot (914 mm) wide clear access area along the ridge on each roof slope upon which solar panels are installed.

Solar panels shall not be installed closer than 3 feet (914 mm) to the ridge line.

Direct current conduit, wiring systems, and raceways for photovoltaic circuits installed on pitched roofs subject to the requirements of FC512.3 shall be located along hips and valleys, away from the ridge, and on outside walls, to maximize ventilation opportunities. Conduit runs between sub-arrays and to direct current combiner boxes shall be installed in a manner that minimizes the total amount of conduit on the roof by taking the shortest path from the array to the direct current combiner box, except as necessary to minimize the tripping hazard. The direct current combiner boxes shall be located such that conduit runs are minimized in the pathways between arrays.

Indoor and outdoor direct current conduit, enclosures, raceways, cable assemblies, junction boxes, combiner boxes, and main service and other disconnects shall have durable, retroreflective and, if outdoors, weatherproof, markings, in white capital letters with a height of not less than ³/₈ inch (9.5 mm) on a red background, reading "WARNING: PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE." Continuous installations, including conduit, raceways, enclosures and cable assemblies, shall be marked every 10 feet (3048 mm), within 1 foot (305 mm) of all turns or bends, and within 1 foot (305 mm) above and below all penetrations of roof or ceiling assemblies and all walls.