This section shall apply to storage of materials representing the broad range of combustibles stored in racks. The requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply unless modified by this chapter. (See Section C.9.)
Sprinkler protection criteria for the storage of materials on racks shall be in accordance with Section 16.2 for storage up to 25 ft (7.6 m) and Section 16.3 for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m).
Protection criteria for Group A plastics shall be permitted for the protection of the same storage height and configuration of Class I, II, III, and IV commodities.
The ceiling design criteria for single-, double-, and multiple-row racks in Chapter 16 shall be based on open rack configurations as defined in 3.9.3.7.4.
Class I, II, III, IV commodities requiring a greater level of protection than is available from the overhead sprinkler system shall be permitted to be protected in accordance with 16.1.2.4.1 through 16.1.2.4.7.
Where the storage rack will not be solely dedicated to the storage of commodities requiring a greater level of protection than is available from the overhead sprinkler system, either of the following shall apply:
- Extend the protection prescribed by 16.1.2.4 horizontally one pallet load in all directions beyond the commodity storage area requiring the higher level of protection.
- Install a vertical barrier to segregate the commodities requiring the higher level of protection from any adjacent commodities.
Commodities that can be protected by the ceiling level sprinkler system shall be permitted to be stored vertically above and horizontally adjacent to the portions of the storage rack equipped as prescribed by 16.1.2.4.
Horizontal barriers shall be installed at every tier level of the dedicated storage rack where the rack is equipped with solid shelves.
Where the dedicated storage rack is open-frame, horizontal barriers shall be installed at vertical increments not exceeding 12 ft (3.6 m).
The barriers shall span horizontally so that all flue spaces within the rack bay are covered.
A maximum 3 in. (75 mm) wide gap shall be permitted at rack uprights.
The solid barrier shall be installed on a horizontal plane within a rack, beneath which in-rack sprinklers shall be installed, as follows:
- The barrier shall be constructed of minimum 22 gauge (0.7 mm) sheet metal or of minimum 3/8 in. (10 mm) plywood.
- The barrier shall extend to both aisle faces of the racks, covering up both the longitudinal and the transverse flue spaces of the rack bays in which they are installed.
- The barrier shall be fitted to within 3 in. (75 mm) of any vertical rack member or other equipment that would create an opening, such as vertical in-rack sprinkler pipe drops.
Minimum K-8.0 (K-115) quick-response sprinklers (ceiling-level or in-rack) shall be installed beneath each horizontal barrier. The deflector of the sprinkler shall be located as close to the underside of the horizontal barrier as possible.
For single-row racks, sprinklers shall be installed at each rack upright and at each rack mid-bay as shown in Figure 16.1.2.4.4.1(A).
FIGURE 16.1.2.4.4.1(A) Alternative Protection for Single-Row Racks.
The maximum linear spacing between sprinklers shall not exceed 5 ft (1.5 m).
For double-row racks, sprinklers shall be installed at each rack upright within the longitudinal flue space and at the face of the rack and at the mid-bay face of each rack bay as shown in Figure 16.1.2.4.4.2(A).
FIGURE 16.1.2.4.4.2(A) Alternative Protection for Double-Row Racks.
The maximum linear spacing between sprinklers shall not exceed 5 ft (1.5 m) at the rack face and 10 ft (3.0 m) within the longitudinal flue space.
For multiple-row racks, an alternating sprinkler arrangement shall be installed within adjacent transverse flue spaces as shown in Figure 16.1.2.4.4.3(A), with sprinklers at the face of each flue space.
FIGURE 16.1.2.4.4.3(A) Alternative Protection for Multiple-Row Racks.
The maximum linear spacing between sprinklers at the face and at each alternating bay shall not exceed 5 ft (1.5 m) and shall not exceed 10 ft (3.0 m) between sprinklers at every other bay.
The design of an in-rack sprinkler system shall be based on a minimum flow of 60 gpm (230 L/min) from the most remote six sprinklers for single-row racks or the most remote eight sprinklers for both double-row and multiple-row racks.
The in-rack sprinkler demand shall not be required to be hydraulically balanced with the ceiling-level sprinkler system.
The ceiling-level sprinkler system shall be designed based on the highest commodity hazard not protected by the criteria prescribed by 16.1.2.4.
Where fireproofing of building columns is not provided and storage heights are in excess of 15 ft (4.6 m), protection of building columns located wholly or partially within the rack footprint inclusive of flue spaces or within 12 in. (300 mm) of the footprint shall be protected in accordance with one of the following:
- In-rack sprinklers
- Sidewall sprinklers at the 15 ft (4.6 m) elevation, pointed toward one side of the steel column
- Provision of ceiling sprinkler density for a minimum of 2000 ft2 (186 m2) with ordinary 165°F (74°C) or high-temperature 286°F (140°C) rated sprinklers as shown in Table 16.1.4.1 for storage heights above 15 ft (4.6 m), up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m)
- Provision of CMSA or ESFR ceiling sprinkler protection
Table 16.1.4.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Densities for Protection of Steel Building Columns
| Commodity Classification | Aisle Width | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 ft (1.2 m) | 8 ft (2.4 m) | |||
| gpm/ft2 | (L/min)/m2 | gpm/ft2 | (L/min)/m2 | |
| Class I | 0.37 | 15.1 | 0.33 | 13.4 |
| Class II | 0.44 | 17.9 | 0.37 | 15.1 |
| Class III | 0.49 | 20.0 | 0.42 | 17.1 |
| Class IV | 0.68 | 27.7 | 0.57 | 23.2 |
The flow from a column sprinkler(s) shall be permitted to be omitted from the sprinkler system hydraulic calculations.
Where high-expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling sprinklers, the minimum ceiling sprinkler design density shall be 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8.1 mm/min) for Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities or 0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min) for Class IV commodities for the most hydraulically remote 2000 ft2 (186 m2) operating area.
Where high-expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling sprinklers, the maximum submergence time shall be 7 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities and 5 minutes for Class IV commodities.
Where high-expansion foam systems are used for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m) high up to and including 35 ft (11 m) high, they shall be used in combination with ceiling sprinklers.
The maximum submergence time for the high-expansion foam shall be 5 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities and 4 minutes for Class IV commodities.
In-rack sprinklers shall not be required where high-expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling sprinklers.
Detectors shall be listed and shall be installed in one of the following configurations:
- At the ceiling only where installed at one-half the listed linear spacing [e.g., 15 ft × 15 ft (4.6 m × 4.6 m) rather than at 30 ft × 30 ft (9.1 m × 9.1 m)]; at the ceiling at the listed spacing and in racks at alternate levels
- Where listed for rack storage installation and installed in accordance with the listing to provide response within 1 minute after ignition using an ignition source that is equivalent to that used in a rack storage testing program
Ceiling detectors alone shall not be used where the clearance to ceiling exceeds 10 ft (3.0 m) or the height of the storage exceeds 25 ft (7.6 m).
Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-row racks exceeds 20 ft2 (1.9 m2) in area but does not exceed 64 ft2 (5.9 m2) in area, sprinklers shall not be required below every shelf but shall be installed at the ceiling and below shelves at intermediate levels not more than 6 ft (1.8 m) apart vertically. (See Section C.11.)
Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-row racks exceeds 64 ft2 (5.9 m2) in area or where the levels of storage exceed 6 ft (1.8 m), sprinklers shall be installed at the ceiling and below each level of shelving.
Where multiple-row racks of any height have no longitudinal flue or where double-row racks with storage up 25 ft (7.6 m) in height have no longitudinal flue, the situation shall not be considered solid shelves where transverse flues exist at maximum 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals, and additional in-rack sprinklers shall not be required in accordance with 16.1.6.1 and 16.1.6.2.
Where the criteria in 16.1.6.6 are not met, the water demand for the in-rack sprinklers shall be based on a minimum flow of 30 gpm (115 L/min) discharging from the following number of sprinklers balanced to the ceiling sprinkler demand in accordance with 23.4.5:
- Six sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed to protect Class I, Class II, or Class III commodity
- Eight sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed to protect Class IV commodity
- Ten sprinklers (five on each of the top two levels) where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed to protect Class I, Class II, or Class III commodity
- Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each of the top two levels) where more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed to protect Class IV commodity
The water demand for in-rack sprinklers shall not be required to be balanced to the ceiling sprinkler demand where additional face sprinklers are installed under each solid shelf at rack uprights, and the in-rack sprinklers are calculated to discharge at least 60 gpm (230 L/min) from eight sprinklers.
Ceiling design criteria for CMDA, CMSA, and ESFR sprinklers shall be an applicable option for open racks combined with in-rack sprinklers installed in accordance with the criteria for solid shelving.
The protection of open-top containers shall be considered outside the scope of Chapter 16. See Section C.12.
The number of sprinklers and the pipe sizing on a line of sprinklers in racks shall be restricted only by hydraulic calculations and not by any piping schedule.
When in-rack sprinklers are necessary to protect a higher-hazard commodity that occupies only a portion of the length of a rack, in-rack sprinklers shall be extended a minimum of 8 ft (2.4 m) or one bay, whichever is greater, in each direction along the rack on either side of the higher hazard. The in-rack sprinklers protecting the higher hazard shall not be required to extend across the aisle.
In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersection of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding the maximum spacing rules.
Where distances between transverse flues exceed the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
Where required by other sections of this standard, horizontal barriers used in conjunction with in-rack sprinklers to impede vertical fire development shall be constructed of sheet metal, wood, or similar material and shall extend the full length and depth of the rack.
In double-row and multiple-row open racks, a longitudinal (back-to-back clearance between loads) flue space shall not be required.
Nominal 6 in. (150 mm) transverse flue spaces between loads and at rack uprights shall be maintained in single-row, double-row, and multiple-row racks.
Random variations in the width of flue spaces or in their vertical alignment shall be permitted.
Nominal 6 in. (150 mm) transverse flue spaces between loads and at rack uprights shall be maintained in single-row, double-row, and multiple-row racks.
Nominal 6 in. (150 mm) longitudinal flue spaces shall be provided in double-row racks.
Random variations in the width of the flue spaces or in their vertical alignment shall be permitted.
The area and density for the hydraulically remote area and the water supply shall be determined as specified in 16.2.1.2 for storage up to 12 ft (3.7 m) and 16.2.1.3 to 16.2.1.3.4 for storage over 12 ft (3.7 m).
The protection criteria for storage up to and including 12 ft (3.7 m) shall be the same as miscellaneous storage from Chapter 13.
The protection criteria in Chapter 13 shall be acceptable for storage of Class I through Class IV commodities up to and including 12 ft (3.7 m) in height. (See Table 13.2.1 for specific Class I through Class IV storage height protection criteria.)
For storage 12 ft (3.7 m) or less in height that does not meet the definition of Miscellaneous Storage that is on solid shelf racks, in-rack sprinklers shall be provided in accordance with 16.1.6, and ceiling sprinkler protection shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 13.
Ceiling sprinkler water demand shall be determined in accordance with 16.2.1.3.2 for single- and double-row racks or 16.2.1.3.3 for multiple-row racks. (See Section C.14.)
For single- or double-row racks for Class I, Class II, Class III, or Class IV commodities, encapsulated or nonencapsulated in single- or double-row racks, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density [gpm/ft2 (mm/min)] and area of sprinkler operation [ft2 (m2) of ceiling or roof] shall be selected from the density/area curves of Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g) that are appropriate for each commodity and configuration as shown in Table 16.2.1.3.2 and shall be modified as appropriate by 16.2.1.3.4. These requirements shall apply to portable racks arranged in the same manner as single- or double-row racks.
*See 16.2.1.3.2.1 for interpolation of aisle widths.
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(a) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage — Class I Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(b) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage — Class II Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(c) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage — Class III Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(d) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage — Class IV Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(e) Single- or Double-Row Racks — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage — Sprinkler System Design Curves — Class I and Class II Encapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(f) Single- or Double-Row Racks — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage — Sprinkler System Design Curves — Class III Encapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(g) Single- or Double-Row Racks — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage — Sprinkler System Design Curves — Class IV Encapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
Table 16.2.1.3.2 Single- or Double-Row Racks — Storage Height Over 12 ft (3.7 m) Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m)
| Height | Commodity Class | Encapsulated | Aisles* | Sprinklers Mandatory In-Rack | Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With In-Rack Sprinklers | Without In-Rack Sprinklers | ||||||||||
| ft | m | Figure | Curves | Apply Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 | Figure | Curves | Apply Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 | ||||
| Over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) | I | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | F and H | Yes |
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and G | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | G and H | Yes | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| II | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | G and H | Yes | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| III | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(f) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| IV | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(g) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| Over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and including 22 ft (6.7 m) | I | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | F and H | Yes |
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and G | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| II | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| III | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(f) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| IV | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(g) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| Over 22 ft (6.7 m) up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) | I | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | F and H | Yes |
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and G | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| II | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(e) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| III | No | 4 | 1.2 | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | C and D | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | G and H | Yes | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | E and F | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(f) | C and D | — | — | — | |||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| IV | No | 4 | 1.2 | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | C and D | — | — | — | ||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.2 | 16.2.1.3.2(g) | C and D | — | — | — | ||||
| 8 | 2.4 | A and B | |||||||||
Design densities for single- and double-row racks shall be selected to correspond to aisle width. (See Section C.15.)
For aisle widths between 4 ft (1.2 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m), the rules for 4 ft (1.2 m) aisle width shall be used or direct linear interpolation between the densities shall be permitted.
The density given for 8 ft (2.4 m) wide aisles shall be applied to aisles wider than 8 ft (2.4 m).
The density given for 4 ft (1.2 m) wide aisles shall be applied to aisles more narrow than 4 ft (1.2 m) down to 31/2 ft (1.1 m).
Where aisles are more narrow than 31/2 ft (1.1 m), racks shall be considered to be multiple-row racks.
For Class I, Class II, Class III, or Class IV commodities, encapsulated or nonencapsulated, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density [gpm/ft2 (mm/min)] and area of sprinkler operation [ft2 (m2) of ceiling or roof] shall be selected from the density/area curves of Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(d) that are appropriate for each commodity and configuration as shown in Table 16.2.1.3.3.1 and shall be modified as appropriate by 16.2.1.3.4. The protection criteria shall apply to portable racks arranged in the same manner as multiple-row racks.
Table 16.2.1.3.3.1 Multiple-Row Racks — Rack Depth Up to and Including 16 ft (4.9 m), Aisles 8 ft (2.4 m) or Wider and Storage Height Over 12 ft (3.7 m) Up to 25 ft (7.6 m)
| Height | Commodity Class | Encapsulated | Sprinklers Mandatory In-Rack | Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With In-Rack Sprinklers | Without In-Rack Sprinklers | ||||||||||
| Figure | Curves | Apply Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 | 1.25 × Density | Figure | Curves | Apply Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 | 1.25 × Density | ||||
| Over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 15 ft (4.6 m) | I | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | Yes | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | I and J | Yes | No |
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | I and J | Yes | ||||||
| II | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | I and J | Yes | No | ||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | I and J | Yes | ||||||
| III | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | I and J | Yes | No | |||
| Yes | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | Yes | NA | NA | NA | |||||
| IV | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | C and D | No | No | |||
| Yes | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | A and B | 1.50 × density | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Over 15 ft (4.6 m) up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) | I | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | Yes | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | I and J | Yes | No |
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | I and J | Yes | ||||||
| II | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | I and J | Yes | No | ||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | I and J | Yes | ||||||
| III | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | I and J | Yes | No | |||
| Yes | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| IV | No | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | No | |||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | A and B | 1.50 × density | ||||||||
| Over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) | I | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | I and J | Yes | No |
| Yes | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| II | No | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | No | |||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | Yes | |||||||||
| III | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | No | ||||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | Yes | |||||||||
| IV | No | 2 levels | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | No | |||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | A and B | 1.50 × density | ||||||||
| NA: Not applicable. | |||||||||||
For Class I, Class II, Class III, or Class IV commodities, encapsulated or nonencapsulated, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density [gpm/ft2 (mm/min)] and area of sprinkler operation [ft2 (m2) of ceiling or roof] shall be selected from the density/area curves of Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g) that are appropriate for each commodity and configuration as shown in Table 16.2.1.3.3.2 and shall be modified as appropriate by 16.2.1.3.4. The protection criteria shall apply to portable racks arranged in the same manner as multiple-row racks.
Table 16.2.1.3.3.2 Multiple-Row Racks — Rack Depth Over 16 ft (4.9 m) or Aisles Narrower Than 8 ft (2.4 m), Storage Height Over 12 ft (3.7 m) Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m)
| Height | Commodity Class | Encapsulated | Sprinklers Mandatory In-Rack | Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With In-Rack Sprinklers | Without In-Rack Sprinklers | ||||||||||
| Figure | Curves | Apply Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 | 1.25 × Density | Figure | Curves | Apply Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 | 1.25 × Density | ||||
| Over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 15 ft (4.6 m) | I | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | Yes | No | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | I and J | Yes | No |
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | I and J | Yes | ||||||
| II | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | I and J | Yes | No | ||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | I and J | Yes | ||||||
| III | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | I and J | Yes | No | ||||
| Yes | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | Yes | ||||||||
| IV | No | No | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | No | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | C and D | No | No | |||
| Yes | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | 1.50 × density | ||||||||
| Over 15 ft (4.6 m) up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) | I | No | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | Yes | No | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | Yes | |||||||||
| II | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | No | ||||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | Yes | |||||||||
| III | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | No | ||||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | Yes | |||||||||
| IV | No | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | No | ||||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | 1.50 × density | |||||||||
| Over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) | I | No | 1 level | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | C and D | No | No | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(a) | Yes | |||||||||
| II | No | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | No | ||||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(b) | Yes | |||||||||
| III | No | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | No | ||||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(c) | Yes | |||||||||
| IV | No | 2 levels | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | No | |||||||
| Yes | 16.2.1.3.2(d) | 1.50 × density | |||||||||
| NA: Not applicable. | |||||||||||
Where Class I, Class II, and Class III commodities are encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated.
Where Class IV commodities are encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 50 percent greater than for nonencapsulated.
For storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers only and for storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and minimum required in-rack sprinklers, densities obtained from design curves shall be adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1. 
FIGURE 16.2.1.3.4.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Density vs. Storage Height.
For storage height over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and minimum required in-rack sprinklers, densities obtained from design curves shall be used. Densities shall not be adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1.
For storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and with more than one level of in-rack sprinklers, but not in every tier, densities obtained from design curves and adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 shall be permitted to be reduced an additional 20 percent, as indicated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3.
Table 16.2.1.3.4.3 Adjustment to Ceiling Sprinkler Density for Storage Height and In-Rack Sprinklers
| Storage Height | In-Rack Sprinklers | Apply Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 for Storage Height Adjustment | Permitted Ceiling Sprinklers Density Adjustments Where In-Rack Sprinklers Are Installed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Over 12 ft (3.7 m) through 25 ft (7.6 m) | None | Yes | None |
| Over 12 ft (3.7 m) through 20 ft (6.1 m) | Minimum required | Yes | None |
| More than minimum, but not in every tier | Yes | Reduce density 20% from that of minimum in-rack sprinklers | |
| In every tier except above the top tier | Yes | Reduce density 40% from that of minimum in-rack sprinklers | |
| Over 20 ft (6.1 m) through 25 ft (7.3 m) | Minimum required | No | None |
| More than minimum, but not in every tier | No | Reduce density 20% from that of minimum in-rack sprinklers | |
| In every tier except above the top tier | No | Reduce density 40% from that of minimum in-rack sprinklers |
For storage height over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and with more than the minimum required level of in-rack sprinklers, but not in every tier, densities obtained from design curves shall be permitted to be reduced 20 percent, as indicated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3. Densities shall not be adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 for storage height.
For storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and in-rack sprinklers at each tier, densities obtained from design curves and adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 shall be permitted to be reduced an additional 40 percent, as indicated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3.
For storage height over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and in-rack sprinklers at each tier except above the top tier, densities obtained from design curves shall be permitted to be reduced 40 percent, as indicated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3. Densities shall not be adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 for storage height.
Where solid, flat-bottom, combustible pallets (slave pallets) are used with storage height up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m), the densities that are indicated in the design curves shown in Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g), based on conventional pallets, shall be increased 20 percent for the given area.
The percentage shall be applied to the density determined in accordance with 16.2.1.3.4.
In single- or double-row racks, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Table 16.2.1.3.2.
In multiple-row racks no deeper than 16 ft (4.9 m) with aisles 8 ft (2.4 m) or more in width, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Table 16.2.1.3.3.1.
In multiple-row racks deeper than 16 ft (4.9 m) or with aisles less than 8 ft (2.4 m) wide, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Table 16.2.1.3.3.2.
In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) high shall be located at the first tier level at or above one-half of the storage height.
In-rack sprinklers at two levels only for storage up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) high shall be located at the first tier level at or above one-third and two-thirds of the storage height.
Maximum horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers in single- or double-row racks up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) in height shall be in accordance with Table 16.2.1.4.2.1.
Table 16.2.1.4.2.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing for Class I, II, III, and IV Commodities Stored in Single- or Double-Row Racks Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected by Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers at the Ceiling
| Encapsulated | Aisle Widths | Commodity Class | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I and II | III | IV | |||||||||
| ft | m | ft | m | ft | m | ft | m | ||||
| No | 8 | 2.4 | 12 | 3.7 | 12 | 3.7 | 10 | 3.0 | |||
| No | 4 | 1.2 | 12 | 3.7 | 10 | 3.0 | 10 | 3.0 | |||
| Yes | — | — | 8 | 2.4 | 8 | 2.4 | 8 | 2.4 | |||
Maximum horizontal spacing and maximum area of coverage of in-rack sprinklers on branch lines, in multiple-row racks with storage up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) in height, shall be in accordance with Table 16.2.1.4.2.2.
Table 16.2.1.4.2.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing for Class I, II, III, and IV Commodities Stored in Multi-Row Racks Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected by Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers at the Ceiling
| Commodity Class | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I, II, III | IV | |||||||||
| Spacing | Area | Spacing | Area | |||||||
| ft | m | ft2 | m2 | ft | m | ft2 | m2 | |||
| 12 | 3.7 | 100 | 9.3 | 8 | 2.4 | 80 | 7.4 | |||
The aisles shall not be included in area calculations.
The elevation of in-rack sprinkler deflectors with respect to storage shall not be a consideration in single- or double-row rack storage up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) high. (See Section C.16.)
In single- or double-row racks without solid shelves with storage over 20 ft (6.1 m) high, or in multiple-row racks, or in single- or double-row racks with solid shelves and storage height up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m), a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the in-rack sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
For multiple-row racks, a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) shall be maintained between the in-rack sprinkler deflector and the top of a tier of storage.
The water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote sprinklers as follows:
- Six sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks with Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities
- Eight sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks with Class IV commodities
- Ten sprinklers (five on each two top levels) where more than one level is installed in racks with Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities
- Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each two top levels) where more than one level is installed in racks with Class IV commodities
Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1.0 bar) for all classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack storage for Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in accordance with Table 16.2.2.1.
Table 16.2.2.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities (Encapsulated and Nonencapsulated) Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
| Storage Arrangement | Commodity Class | Maximum Storage Height | Maximum Ceiling/Roof Height | K-Factor/Orientation | Type of System | Number of Design Sprinklers | Minimum Operating Pressure | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft | m | ft | m | psi | bar | |||||
| Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks (no open-top containers) | Class I or II | 20 | 6.1 | 30 | 9.1 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 15 | 25 | 1.7 |
| Dry | 25 | 25 | 1.7 | |||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 | 10 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Dry | 25 | 15 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 16 | 1.1 | ||||||
| 25 | 7.6 | 30 | 9.1 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 20 | 25 | 1.7 | ||
| Dry | 30 | 25 | 1.7 | |||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 | 10 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Dry | 30 | 15 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 16 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Class III | 20 | 6.1 | 30 | 9.1 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 15 | 25 | 1.7 | |
| Dry | 25 | 25 | 1.7 | |||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 | 15 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Dry | 25 | 15 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 16 | 1.1 | ||||||
| 25 | 7.6 | 30 | 9.1 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 15 + 1 level of in-rack | 25 | 1.7 | ||
| Dry | 25 + 1 level of in-rack | 25 | 1.7 | |||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 | 22 | 1.5 | ||||||
| Dry | 25 + 1 level of in-rack | 15 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 16 | 1.1 | ||||||
| 35 | 10.7 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 15 + 1 level of in-rack | 25 | 1.7 | ||||
| Dry | 25 + 1 level of in-rack | 25 | 1.7 | |||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 + 1 level of in-rack | 15 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Dry | 25 + 1 level of in-rack | 15 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 25 | 1.7 | ||||||
| 40 | 12.2 | 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 30 | 2.1 | ||||
| Class IV | 20 | 6.1 | 25 | 7.6 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 15 | 50 | 3.4 | |
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 | 22 | 1.5 | ||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 16 | 1.1 | ||||||
| 30 | 9.1 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 20 | 50 | 3.4 | ||||
| 15 | 75 | 5.2 | ||||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 | 22 | 1.5 | ||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 16 | 1.1 | ||||||
| 25 | 7.6 | 30 | 9.1 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 15 + 1 level of in-rack | 50 | 3.4 | ||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 15 | 22 | 1.5 | ||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 16 | 1.1 | ||||||
| 35 | 10.7 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 20 + 1 level of in-rack | 50 | 3.4 | ||||
| 15 + 1 level of in-rack | 75 | 5.2 | ||||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 20 + level of in-rack | 22 | 1.5 | ||||||
| 15 + level of in-rack | 35 | 2.4 | ||||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 25 | 1.7 | ||||||
| 40 | 12.2 | 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 30 | 2.1 | ||||
CMSA sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect storage on solid shelf racks unless the solid shelf racks are protected within-rack sprinklers in accordance with 16.1.6.
Where solid shelves are used, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in every level below the highest solid shelf.
Where each joist channel of open wood joist construction is fully firestopped to its full depth at intervals not exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m), the lower pressures specified in Table 16.2.2.1 shall be permitted to be used.
For the purpose of using Table 16.2.2.1, preaction systems shall be classified as dry pipe systems.
Building steel shall not require special protection where Table 16.2.2.1 is applied as appropriate for the storage configuration.
The minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersection of transverse and longitudinal flues.
The maximum horizontal distance between inrack sprinklers shall be 8 ft (2.4 m).
Where distances between transverse flues exceed the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues, and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
The water demand for in-rack sprinklers shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote eight sprinklers.
In-rack sprinklers shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1.0 bar) for all classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack storage of Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in accordance with Table 16.2.3.1.
Table 16.2.3.1 ESFR Sprinkler Protection of Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
| Storage Arrangement | Commodity | Maximum Storage Height | Maximum Ceiling/Roof Height | Nominal K-Factor | Orientation | Minimum Operating Pressure | In-Rack Sprinkler Requirements | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft | m | ft | m | psi | bar | |||||
| Single-row, double-row, and multiple-row racks (no open-top containers) | Class I, II, III, or IV, encapsulated or unencapsulated | 20 | 6.1 | 25 | 7.6 | 14.0 (200) | Upright/pendent | 50 | 3.4 | No |
| 16.8 (240) | Upright/pendent | 35 | 2.4 | No | ||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 25 | 1.7 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 15 | 1.0 | No | ||||||
| 30 | 9.1 | 14.0 (200) | Upright/pendent | 50 | 3.4 | No | ||||
| 16.8 (240) | Upright/pendent | 35 | 2.4 | No | ||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 25 | 1.7 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 15 | 1.0 | No | ||||||
| 35 | 10.7 | 14.0 (200) | Upright/pendent | 75 | 5.2 | No | ||||
| 16.8 (240) | Upright/pendent | 52 | 3.6 | No | ||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 35 | 2.4 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 20 | 1.4 | No | ||||||
| 40 | 12.2 | 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 52 | 3.6 | No | ||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 25 | 1.7 | No | ||||||
| 45 | 13.7 | 14.0 (200) | Pendent | 90 | 6.2 | Yes | ||||
| 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 63 | 4.4 | Yes | ||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | ||||||
| 25 | 7.6 | 30 | 9.1 | 14.0 (200) | Upright/pendent | 50 | 3.4 | No | ||
| 16.8 (240) | Upright/pendent | 35 | 2.4 | No | ||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 25 | 1.7 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 15 | 1.0 | No | ||||||
| 32 | 9.8 | 14.0 (200) | Upright/pendent | 60 | 4.1 | No | ||||
| 16.8 (240) | Upright/pendent | 42 | 2.9 | No | ||||||
| 35 | 10.7 | 14.0 (200) | Upright/pendent | 75 | 5.2 | No | ||||
| 16.8 (240) | Upright/pendent | 52 | 3.6 | No | ||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 35 | 2.4 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 20 | 1.4 | No | ||||||
| 40 | 12.2 | 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 52 | 3.6 | No | ||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 25 | 1.7 | No | ||||||
| 45 | 13.7 | 14.0 (200) | Pendent | 90 | 6.2 | Yes | ||||
| 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 63 | 4.3 | Yes | ||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | ||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | ||||||
ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect storage on solid shelf racks unless the solid shelf racks are protected with in-rack sprinklers in accordance with 16.1.6.
Where solid shelves are used, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in every level below the highest solid shelf.
ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect storage with open top containers.
ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that the minimum operating pressure is not less than that indicated in Table 16.2.3.1 for type of storage, commodity, storage height, and building height involved.
The design area shall consist of the most hydraulically demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprinklers on each of three branch lines.
Where required by Table 16.2.3.1, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed at the first tier level at or above one-half of the storage height.
In-rack sprinklers shall be K-8.0 (115) or K-11.2 (160) quick-response, ordinary-temperature sprinklers.
The minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
The maximum horizontal distance between in-rack sprinklers shall be 5 ft (1.5 m).
In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersection of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding the maximum spacing rules.
Where distances between transverse flues exceed the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues, and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
The water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote eight sprinklers.
Each of the in-rack sprinklers described in 16.2.3.6.8 shall discharge at a minimum of 60 gpm (230 L/min).
Slatted rack shelves shall be considered equivalent to solid rack shelves where the shelving is not considered open rack shelving or where the requirements of 16.2.4.1.2 are not met. (See Section C.20.)
A wet pipe system that is designed to provide a minimum of 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.4 mm/min) density over a minimum area of 2000 ft2 (186 m2) or K-14.0 (200) ESFR sprinklers operating at a minimum of 50 psi (3.4 bar), K-16.8 (240) sprinklers operating at a minimum of 32 psi (2.2 bar), K-22.4 (320) ESFR sprinklers operating at a minimum of 25 psi (1.7 bar), or K-25.2 (360) ESFR sprinklers operating at a minimum of 15 psi (1.0 bar) shall be permitted to protect single-row and double-row racks with slatted rack shelving where all of the following conditions are met:
- Sprinklers shall be K-11.2 (160), K-14.0 (200), or K-16.8 (240) orifice spray sprinklers with a temperature rating of ordinary, intermediate, or high and shall be listed for storage occupancies or shall be K-14.0 (200), K-16.8 (240), K-22.4 (320) ESFR, or K-25.2 (360) ESFR.
- The protected commodities shall be limited to Class I through Class IV, Group B plastics, Group C plastics, cartoned (expanded and unexpanded) Group A plastics, and exposed (unexpanded) Group A plastics.
- Slats in slatted rack shelving shall be a minimum nominal 2 in. (50 mm) thick by maximum nominal 6 in. (150 mm) wide, with the slats held in place by spacers that maintain a minimum 2 in. (50 mm) opening between each slat.
- Where K-11.2 (160), K-14.0 (200), or K-16.8 (240) orifice sprinklers are used, there shall be no slatted shelf levels in the rack above 12 ft (3.7 m). Open rack shelving using wire mesh shall be permitted for shelf levels above 12 ft (3.7 m).
- Transverse flue spaces at least 3 in. (75 mm) wide shall be provided at least every 10 ft (3.0 m) horizontally.
- Longitudinal flue spaces at least 6 in. (150 mm) wide shall be provided for double-row racks. Longitudinal flue spaces shall not be required where ESFR sprinklers are used.
- The aisle widths shall be at least 71/2 ft (2.3 m).
- The maximum roof height shall be 27 ft (8.2 m) or 30 ft (9.1 m) where ESFR sprinklers are used.
- The maximum storage height shall be 20 ft (6.1 m).
- Solid plywood or similar materials shall not be placed on the slatted shelves so that they block the 2 in. (50 mm) spaces between slats, nor shall they be placed on wire mesh shelves.
For single- and double-row racks, the water demand for nonencapsulated storage separated by aisles at least 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and with a clearance to ceiling up to and including 10 ft (3.0 m) shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1.
Table 16.3.1.1 Single- or Double-Row Racks of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height with Aisles 4 ft (1.2 m) or More in Width
| Commodity Class | In-Rack Sprinklers Approximate Vertical Spacing at Tier Nearest the Vertical Distance and Maximum Horizontal Spacinga,b,c | Figure | Maximum Storage Height | Stagger | Ceiling Sprinkler Operating Area | Ceiling Sprinkler Density Clearance to Ceiling Up to 10 ft (3.0 m)g | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ordinary Temperature | High Temperature | ||||||||||
| Longitudinal Flued | Facee,f | ft2 | m2 | gpm/ft2 | mm/min | gpm/ft2 | mm/min | ||||
| I | Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.0 m) under horizontal barriers | None | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) | 30 ft (9.1 m) | No | 2000 | 186 | 0.25 | 10.2 | 0.35 | 14.2 |
| Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.0 m) | Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.0 m) | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(b) | Higher than 25 ft (7.6 m) | Yes | 0.25 | 10.2 | 0.35 | 14.2 | |||
| I, II, III | Vertical 10 ft (3.0 m) or at 15 ft (4.6 m) and 25 ft (7.6 m) | None | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(c) | 30 ft (9.1 m) | Yes | 2000 | 186 | 0.3 | 12.2 | 0.4 | 16.3 |
| Vertical 10 ft (3.0 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.0 m) | Vertical 30 ft (9.1 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.0 m) | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(d) | Higher than 25 ft (7.6 m) | Yes | 0.3 | 12.2 | 0.4 | 16.3 | |||
| Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.0 m) | Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 5 ft (1.5 m) | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(e) | Yes | 0.3 | 12.2 | 0.4 | 16.3 | ||||
| Vertical 25 ft (7.6 m) Horizontal 5 ft (1.5 m) | Vertical 25 ft (7.6 m) Horizontal 5 ft (1.5 m) | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(f) | No | 0.3 | 12.2 | 0.4 | 16.3 | ||||
| Horizontal barriers at 20 ft (6.1 m) Vertical intervals — two lines of sprinklers under barriers — maximum horizontal spacing 10 ft (3.0 m), staggered | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(g) | Yes | 0.3 | 12.2 | 0.4 | 16.3 | |||||
| I, II, III, IV | Vertical 15 ft (4.6 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.1 m) | Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 10 ft (3.0 m) | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(h) | Higher than 25 ft (7.6 m) | Yes | 2000 | 186 | 0.35 | 14.3 | 0.45 | 18.3 |
| Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 5 ft (1.5 m) | Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m) Horizontal 5 ft (1.5 m) | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(i) | No | 0.35 | 14.2 | 0.45 | 18.3 | ||||
| Horizontal barriers at 15 ft (4.6 m) Vertical intervals — two lines of sprinklers under barriers — maximum horizontal spacing 10 ft (3.0 m), staggered | 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j) | Yes | 0.35 | 14.2 | 0.45 | 18.3 | |||||
| aMinimum in-rack sprinkler discharge, 30 gpm (114 L/min). | |||||||||||
| bWalter shields required. | |||||||||||
| cAll in-rack sprinkler spacing dimensions start from the floor. | |||||||||||
| dInstall sprinklers at least 3 in. (75 mm) from uprights. | |||||||||||
| eFace sprinklers shall not be required for a Class I commodity consisting of noncombustible products on wood pallets (without combustible containers), except for arrays shown in Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(g) and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j). | |||||||||||
| fIn Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j), each square represents a storage cube that measures 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (450 mm to 3.0 m). Therefore, there can be one load to six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically. | |||||||||||
| gFor encapsulated commodity, increase density 25 percent. | |||||||||||
Where storage as described in 16.3.1.1 is encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated storage.
For multiple-row racks, the water demand for nonencapsulated storage separated by aisles at least 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and with a clearance to ceiling up to and including 10 ft (3.0 m) shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.1.2.
Table 16.3.1.2 Multiple-Row Racks of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
| Commodity Class | Encapsulated | In-Rack Sprinklersa,b,c | Height Limit (ft) | Stagger | Figure | Maximum Spacing from Top of Storage to Highest In-Rack Sprinklers | Ceiling Sprinkler Operating Area | Ceiling Sprinklers Density Clearance to Ceiling Up to 10 ft | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum Vertical Spacing | Maximum Horizontal Spacing in A Flue | Maximum Horizontal Spacing across Flue | 165° (74°C) Rating | 286° (141°C) Rating | ||||||||||||||
| ft | m | ft | m | ft | m | ft | m | ft2 | m2 | gpm/ft2 | mm/min | gpm/ft2 | mm/min | |||||
| I | No | 20 | 6.1 | 12 | 3.7 | 10 | 3.0 | None | Between adjacent flues | 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) | 10 | 3.0 | 2000 | 186 | 0.25 | 10.2 | 0.35 | 14.3 |
| Yes | 0.31 | 12.6 | 0.44 | 17.9 | ||||||||||||||
| I, II, and III | No | 15 | 4.6 | 10 | 3.0 | 10 | 3.0 | 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(b) | 10 | 3.0 | 0.30 | 12.2 | 0.40 | 16.3 | ||||
| Yes | 0.37 | 15.1 | 0.50 | 20.4 | ||||||||||||||
| I, II, III, and IV | No | 10 | 3.1 | 10 | 3.0 | 10 | 3.0 | 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c) | 5 | 1.5 | 0.35 | 14.2 | 0.45 | 18.3 | ||||
| Yes | 0.44 | 17.9 | 0.56 | 22.8 | ||||||||||||||
| For SI units, °C = 5/9 (°F-32); 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 mm/min. | ||||||||||||||||||
| aAll four rack faces shall be protected by sprinklers located within the racks and no more than 18 in. (450 mm) from the faces, as indicated in Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c). It shall not be required for each sprinkler level to protect all faces. | ||||||||||||||||||
| bAll in-rack sprinkler spacing dimensions start from the floor. | ||||||||||||||||||
| cIn Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c), each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (450 mm to 3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically. | ||||||||||||||||||
Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated storage.
(In double-row racks and with a maximum of 10 ft (3.0 m) between the top of storage and the ceiling, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1 and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j). The highest level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.0 m) below the top of storage. Where a single-row rack is mixed with double-row racks, Table 16.3.1.1 and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j) shall be used.
Notes:
- Symbol × Indicates in-rack sprinklers.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodities, Storage Height 25 ft to Maximum 30 ft (7.6 m to Maximum 9.1 m).
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C or D represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E or F represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
Notes:
- Alternate location of in-rack sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed above loads A and C or above loads B and D.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Storage Height 25 ft to Maximum 30 ft (7.6 m to Maximum 9.1 m).
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 shall be required where loads labeled A represent the top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled B or C represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 3 shall be required where loads labeled D or E represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 shall be required where loads labeled F or G represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 shall be required where loads labeled H represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled H, the cycle defined by Notes 3, 4, and 5 is repeated with stagger as indicated.
- The indicated face sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted where commodity consists of unwrapped or unpackaged metal parts on wood pallets.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(d) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C or D represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E or F represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(e) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C or D represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 4 shall be required where loads labeled F or G represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled G, the cycle defined by Notes 2, 3, and 4 is repeated.
- Symbol × indicates face and in-rack sprinklers.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(f) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3.
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C or D represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E or F represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
- Symbols ∘, Δ, and × indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(g) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 4.
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C or D represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E or F represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 shall be required where loads labeled G represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 shall be required where loads labeled H represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 (not 5) shall be required where loads labeled I or J represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 shall be required where loads labeled K represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 shall be required where loads labeled L represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9 shall be required where loads labeled M or N represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled N, the cycle defined by Notes 1 through 9 is repeated, with stagger as indicated. In the cycle, loads labeled M are equivalent to loads labeled A.
- Symbols ∘, × and Δ indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(h) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C or D represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E or F represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
- Symbol × indicates face and in-rack sprinklers.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(i) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 and barrier labeled 1 shall be required where loads labeled C represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers and barriers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled D or E represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E, the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Symbol ∘ indicates longitudinal flue space sprinklers.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1 (A)(j) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3.
(Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(c) shall be permitted to be used for the protection of the single-row racks.
Notes:
- For all storage heights, sprinklers shall be Installed In every other tier and staggered as indicated.
- Symbol Δ or × Indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(d) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(e) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3.
In single-row racks with storage height over 25 ft (7.6 m) and a maximum of 10 ft (3.0 m) between the top of storage and the ceiling, sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(e).
In single-row racks, where figures show in-rack sprinklers in transverse flue spaces centered between the rack faces, it shall be permitted to position these in-rack sprinklers in the transverse flue at any point between the load faces.
In multiple-row racks with a maximum of 10 ft (3.0 m) between the top of storage and the ceiling, protection shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.1.2 and in-rack sprinklers shall be installed as indicated in Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c).
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 shall be required if loads labeled A represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required if loads labeled B or C represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required if loads labeled D or E represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E, the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodities, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required if loads labeled A represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required if loads labeled B or C represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled C, the cycle defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
Notes:
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 3 shall be required if loads labeled A represent top of storage.
- Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 4 shall be required if loads labeled B represent top of storage.
- For storage higher than represented by loads labeled B, the cycle defined by Notes 1 and 2 is repeated, with stagger as Indicated.
- Symbol Δ or × indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
- Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (450 mm) up to 10 ft (3.0 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.0 m) apart vertically.
FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
The highest level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.0 m) below maximum storage height for Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities or 5 ft (1.5 m) below the top of storage for Class IV commodities.
In-rack sprinklers shall be staggered horizontally and vertically where installed in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1, Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j), and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(e).
In-rack sprinklers for storage higher than 25 ft (7.6 m) in double-row racks shall be spaced horizontally and located in the horizontal space nearest the vertical intervals specified in Table 16.3.1.1 and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j).
Maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers in multiple-row racks with storage higher than 25 ft (7.6 m) shall be in accordance with Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c).
In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersection of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding the maximum spacing rules.
Where distances between transverse flues exceed the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues, and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
The minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
Face sprinklers in such racks shall be located within the rack a minimum of 3 in. (75 mm) from rack uprights and no more than 18 in. (450 mm) from the aisle face of storage.
The water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote sprinklers as follows:
- Six sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks with Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities
- Eight sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks with Class IV commodities
- Ten sprinklers (five on each two top levels) where more than one level is installed in racks with Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities
- Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each two top levels) where more than one level is installed in racks with Class IV commodities
Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at a rate not less than 30 gpm (115 L/min) for all classes of commodities.
Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack storage Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.2.1.
Table 16.3.2.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height (Encapsulated and Nonencapsulated)
| Storage Arrangement | Commodity Class | Maximum Storage Height | Maximum Ceiling/Roof Height | K-Factor/Orientation | Type of System | Number of Design Sprinklers | Minimum Operating Pressure | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft | m | ft | m | psi | bar | |||||
| Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks (no open-top containers) | Class I or II | 30 | 9.1 | 35 | 10.7 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Wet | 20 + 1 level of in-rack | 25 | 1.7 |
| Dry | 30 + 1 level of in-rack | 25 | 1.7 | |||||||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Wet | 20 + 1 level of in-rack | 15 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Dry | 30 + 1 level of in-rack | 15 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 25 | 1.7 | ||||||
| 35 | 10.7 | 40 | 12.2 | 11.2 (160) Upright | Dry* | 36 | 55 | 3.8 | ||
| 16.8 (240) Upright | Dry* | 36 | 22 | 1.5 | ||||||
| 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 30 | 2.1 | ||||||
| Class III or IV | 30 | 9.1 | 35 | 10.7 | 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 25 | 1.7 | |
| 35 | 10.7 | 40 | 12.2 | 19.6 (280) Pendent | Wet | 15 | 30 | 2.1 | ||
| *High temperature-rated sprinklers shall be used. Dry system water delivery shall be determined in accordance with 7.2.3.6 with a maximum time of water delivery of 30 seconds with four sprinklers initially open. | ||||||||||
CMSA sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect storage on solid shelf racks unless the solid shelf racks are protected with in-rack sprinklers in accordance with 16.1.6.
Where solid shelves are used, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in every level below the highest solid shelf.
Where each joist channel of open wood joist construction is fully firestopped to its full depth at intervals not exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m), the lower pressures specified in Table 16.3.2.1 shall be permitted to be used.
For the purpose of using Table 16.3.2.1, preaction systems shall be classified as dry pipe systems.
Building steel shall not require special protection where Table 16.3.2.1 are applied as appropriate for the storage configuration.
The minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
Face sprinklers in such racks shall be located within the rack a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm) from rack uprights and no more than 18 in. (460 mm) from the aisle face of storage.
In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersection of transverse and longitudinal flues.
The maximum horizontal distance between in-rack sprinklers shall be 5 ft (1.5 m).
Where distances between transverse flues exceed the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues, and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
The water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote eight sprinklers.
Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1.0 bar) for all classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack storage of Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.3.1.
Table 16.3.3.1 ESFR Sprinkler Protection of Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
| Storage Arrangement | Commodity | Maximum Storage Height | Maximum Ceiling/Roof Height | Nominal K-Factor | Orientation | Minimum Operating Pressure | In-Rack Sprinkler Requirements | Water Supply Duration (hours) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft | m | ft | m | psi | bar | ||||||
| Single-, double-, and multiple-row rack (no open-top containers) | Class I, II, III, or IV, encapsulated or nonencapsulated | 30 | 9.1 | 35 | 10.7 | 14.0 (200) | Upright/pendent | 75 | 5.2 | No | 1 |
| 16.8 (240) | Upright/pendent | 52 | 3.6 | No | |||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 35 | 2.4 | No | |||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 20 | 1.4 | No | |||||||
| 40 | 12.2 | 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 52 | 3.6 | No | |||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 25 | 1.7 | No | |||||||
| 45 | 13.7 | 14.0 (200) | Pendent | 90 | 6.2 | Yes | |||||
| 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 63 | 4.3 | Yes | |||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
| 35 | 10.7 | 40 | 12.2 | 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 52 | 3.6 | No | |||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 25 | 1.7 | No | |||||||
| 45 | 13.7 | 14.0 (200) | Pendent | 90 | 6.2 | Yes | |||||
| 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 63 | 4.3 | Yes | |||||||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
| 40 | 12 | 45 | 13.7 | 16.8 (240) | Pendent | 63 | 4.3 | Yes | |||
| 22.4 (320) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
| 25.2 (360) | Pendent | 40 | 2.8 | No | |||||||
ESFR protection as defined shall not apply to the following:
- Rack storage involving solid shelves, except for situations complying with 16.3.3.2.1
- Rack storage involving open-top cartons or containers
ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect storage on solid shelf racks unless the solid shelf racks are protected with in-rack sprinklers in accordance with 16.1.6.
Where solid shelves are used, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in every level below the highest solid shelf.
ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that the minimum operating pressure is not less than that indicated in Table 16.3.3.1 for type of storage, commodity, storage height, and building height involved.
The design area shall consist of the most hydraulically demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprinklers on each of three branch lines.
Where required by Table 16.3.3.1, one level of K-8.0 (115) or K-11.2 (160) quick-response, ordinary-temperature in-rack sprinklers shall be installed at the tier level closest to but not exceeding one-half of the maximum storage height.
In-rack sprinkler hydraulic design criteria shall be the most hydraulically remote eight sprinklers at 60 gpm (230 L/min).
In-rack sprinklers shall be located at the intersection of the longitudinal and transverse flue space.
Horizontal spacing shall not be permitted to exceed 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals.
The minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersection of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding the maximum spacing rules.
Where distances between transverse flues exceed the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues, and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
Face sprinklers in such racks shall be located within the rack a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm) from rack uprights and no more than 18 in. (460 mm) from the aisle face of storage.
Where high-expansion foam systems are used for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m) high up to and including 35 ft (11 m) high, they shall be used in combination with ceiling sprinklers.
The maximum submergence time for the high-expansion foam shall be 5 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities and 4 minutes for Class IV commodities.