Standard pendent, upright, and sidewall sprinklers shall be selected for use and installation as indicated in this chapter and shall be positioned and spaced in accordance with Section 9.5.
All requirements of Section 9.5 shall apply to standard pendent and upright spray sprinklers except as modified in Section 10.2.
Upright and pendent spray sprinklers shall be permitted in all occupancy hazard classifications and building construction types unless the requirements of 9.3.2 apply.
Quick-response sprinklers shall not be permitted for use in extra hazard occupancies under the density/area design method.
Except as permitted by 10.2.4.1.2, the protection area of coverage per sprinkler (As) shall be determined in accordance with 9.5.2.1.
The protection area of coverage for each sprinkler in the small room shall be the area of the room divided by the number of sprinklers in the room.
The maximum allowable protection area of coverage for a sprinkler (As) shall be in accordance with the value indicated in Table 10.2.4.2.1(a) through Table 10.2.4.2.1(d).
Table 10.2.4.2.1(a) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for Light Hazard
| Construction Type | System Type | Maximum Protection Area | Maximum Spacing | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft2 | m2 | ft | m | ||
| Noncombustible unobstructed | Hydraulically calculated | 225 | 20 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Noncombustible unobstructed | Pipe schedule | 200 | 18 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Noncombustible obstructed | Hydraulically calculated | 225 | 20 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Noncombustible obstructed | Pipe schedule | 200 | 18 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible unobstructed with no exposed members | Hydraulically calculated | 225 | 20 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible unobstructed with no exposed members | Pipe schedule | 200 | 18 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible unobstructed with exposed members 3 ft (910 mm) or more on center | Hydraulically calculated | 225 | 20 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible unobstructed with exposed members 3 ft (910 mm) or more on center | Pipe schedule | 200 | 18 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible unobstructed with members less than 3 ft (910 mm) on center | All | 130 | 12 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible obstructed with exposed members 3 ft (910 mm) or more on center | All | 168 | 16 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible obstructed with members less than 3 ft (910 mm) on center | All | 130 | 12 | 15 | 4.6 |
| Combustible concealed spaces in accordance with 10.2.6.1.4 | All | 120 | 11 | 15 parallel to the slope 10 perpendicular to the slope* | 4.6 parallel to the slope 3.0 perpendicular to the slope* |
*See 10.2.6.1.4.4.
Table 10.2.4.2.1(b) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for Ordinary Hazard
| Construction Type | System Type | Protection Area | Maximum Spacing | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft2 | m2 | ft | m | ||
| All | All | 130 | 12 | 15 | 4.6 |
Table 10.2.4.2.1(c) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for Extra Hazard
| Construction Type | System Type | Protection Area | Maximum Spacing | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft2 | m2 | ft | m | ||
| All | Pipe schedule | 90 | 8.4 | 12* | 3.7* |
| All | Hydraulically calculated with density ≥0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min) | 100 | 9 | 12* | 3.7* |
| All | Hydraulically calculated with density <0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min) | 130 | 12 | 15 | 4.6 |
*In buildings where solid structural members create bays up to 25 ft (7.6 m) wide, maximum spacing between sprinklers is permitted up to 12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m).
Table 10.2.4.2.1(d) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for High-Piled Storage
| Construction Type | System Type | Protection Area | Maximum Spacing | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ft2 | m2 | ft | m | ||
| All | Hydraulically calculated with density ≥0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min) | 100 | 9 | 12* | 3.7* |
| All | Hydraulically calculated with density <0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min) | 130 | 12 | 15 | 4.6 |
*In buildings where solid structural members create bays up to 25 ft (7.6 m) wide, maximum spacing between sprinklers is permitted up to 12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m).
In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a sprinkler shall not exceed 225 ft2 (20 m2).
The maximum distance permitted between sprinklers shall comply with Table 10.2.4.2.1(a) through Table 10.2.4.2.1(d).
The distance from sprinklers to walls shall not exceed one-half of the allowable distance between sprinklers as indicated in Table 10.2.4.2.1(a) through Table 10.2.4.2.1(d).
The requirements of 10.2.5.2.1 shall not apply where walls are angled or irregular, and the maximum horizontal distance between a sprinkler and any point of floor area protected by that sprinkler shall not exceed 0.75 times the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers, provided the maximum perpendicular distance is not exceeded.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located not more than 9 ft (2.7 m) from any single wall.
Sprinkler spacing limitations of 10.2.5 and area limitations of Table 10.2.4.2.1(a) shall not be exceeded.
Under curved surfaces, the horizontal distance shall be measured at the floor level from the wall, or the intersection of the curved surface and the floor to the nearest sprinkler shall not be greater than one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) from a wall.
Unless the requirements of 10.2.5.4.2 or 10.2.5.4.3 are met, sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center where the following conditions are satisfied:
- Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating elements.
- Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in place before and during sprinkler operation.
- Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (200 mm) long and 6 in. (150 mm) high.
- The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in. (50 mm and 75 mm) above the deflectors of upright sprinklers.
- The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at least even with the deflectors of pendent sprinklers.
In-rack sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center.
Under unobstructed construction, the distance between the sprinkler deflector and the ceiling shall be a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) and a maximum of 12 in. (300 mm) throughout the area of coverage of the sprinkler.
The requirements of 10.2.6.1.1.1 shall not apply where ceiling-type sprinklers (concealed, recessed, and flush types) have the operating element above the ceiling and the deflector located nearer to the ceiling where installed in accordance with their listing.
The requirements of 10.2.6.1.1.1 shall not apply for light and ordinary hazard occupancies with ceilings of noncombustible or limited-combustible construction where either 10.2.6.1.1.3(A) or 10.2.6.1.1.3(B) applies.
Where a vertical change in ceiling elevation within the area of coverage of the sprinkler creates a distance of more than 36 in. (900 mm) between the upper ceiling and the sprinkler deflector, a vertical plane extending down from the ceiling at the change in elevation shall be considered a wall for the purpose of sprinkler spacing as shown in Figure 10.2.6.1.1.3(A).
Where the distance between the upper ceiling and the sprinkler deflector is less than or equal to 36 in. (900 mm), the sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced as though the ceiling was flat, provided the obstruction rules are observed as shown in Figure 10.2.6.1.1.3(B).
FIGURE 10.2.6.1.1.3(A) Vertical Change in Ceiling Elevation Greater Than 36 in. (900 mm).
FIGURE 10.2.6.1.1.3(B) Vertical Change in Ceiling Elevation Less Than or Equal to 36 in. (900 mm).
Under obstructed construction, the sprinkler deflector shall be located in accordance with one of the following arrangements:
- Installed with the deflectors within the horizontal planes of 1 in. to 6 in. (25 mm to 150 mm) below the structural members and a maximum distance of 22 in. (550 mm) below the ceiling/roof deck
- Installed with the deflectors at or above the bottom of the structural member to a maximum of 22 in. (550 mm) below the ceiling/roof deck where the sprinkler is installed in conformance with 10.2.7.1.2
- Installed in each bay of obstructed construction, with the deflectors located a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) and a maximum of 12 in. (300 mm) below the ceiling
- Installed with the deflectors within the horizontal planes 1 in. to 6 in. (25 mm to 150 mm) below composite wood joists to a maximum distance of 22 in. (550 mm) below the ceiling/roof deck only where joist channels are fire-stopped to the full depth of the joists with material equivalent to the web construction so that individual channel areas do not exceed 300 ft2 (28 m2)
- * Installed with deflectors of sprinklers under concrete tee construction with stems spaced less than 71/2 ft (2.3 m) on centers, regardless of the depth of the tee, located at or above a horizontal plane 1 in. (25 mm) below the bottom of the stems of the tees and complying with Table 10.2.7.1.2
Upcodes Diagrams
Unless the requirements of 10.2.6.1.3.2 or 10.2.6.1.3.3 are met, sprinklers under or near the peak of a roof or ceiling shall have deflectors located not more than 36 in. (900 mm) vertically down from the peak as indicated in Figure 10.2.6.1.3.1(a) and Figure 10.2.6.1.3.1(b). 
FIGURE 10.2.6.1.3.1(a) Sprinklers Under Pitched Roof with Sprinkler Directly Under Peak; Branch Lines Run Up Slopes.
FIGURE 10.2.6.1.3.1(b) Sprinklers at Pitched Roof; Branch Lines Run Up Slopes.
Under saw-toothed roofs, sprinklers at the highest elevation shall not exceed a distance of 36 in. (900 mm) measured down the slope from the peak.
Under a steeply pitched surface, the distance from the peak to the deflectors shall be permitted to be increased to maintain a horizontal clearance of not less than 24 in. (600 mm) from other structural members as indicated in Figure 10.2.6.1.3.3. 
FIGURE 10.2.6.1.3.3 Horizontal Clearance for Sprinkler at Peak of Pitched Roof.
Sprinklers under a roof or ceiling in combustible concealed spaces of wood joist or wood truss construction with members less than 3 ft (900 mm) on center with a slope having a pitch of 4 in 12 or greater shall be positioned in accordance with Figure 10.2.6.1.4 and the requirements of 10.2.6.1.4.1 through 10.2.6.1.4.6.
FIGURE 10.2.6.1.4 Sprinklers Under Roof or Ceiling in Combustible Concealed Spaces of Wood Joist or Wood Truss Construction with Members Less Than 3 ft (900 mm) on Center with a Slope Having a Pitch of 4 in 12 or Greater.
Sprinklers shall be quick-response.
Sprinklers shall be installed so that a row of sprinklers is installed within 12 in. (300 mm) horizontally of the peak and between 1 in. and 12 in. (25 mm and 300 mm) down from the bottom of the top chord member.
Sprinklers shall be installed so that the sprinklers installed along the eave are located not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) from the intersection of the upper and lower truss chords or the wood rafters and ceiling joists.
Sprinklers installed where the dimension perpendicular to the slope exceeds 8 ft (2.4 m) shall have a minimum pressure of 20 psi (1.4 bar).
The requirements of 10.2.6.1.4.3 or 10.2.6.1.4.4 shall not apply to sprinklers installed at the corner of the eave of a hip type roof where located directly under the hip line spaced in accordance with 10.2.5.2.2 or located on the slope plane not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) from the intersection of the upper and lower truss chords or the wood rafters and ceiling joists on the eave and no more than 5 ft (1.5 m) from the hip line.
The special requirements of 10.2.4.2.1 and 10.2.6.1.4 shall not apply when the exposed combustible sheathing in the roof or ceiling space are constructed of pressure impregnated fire retardant-treated wood as defined by NFPA 703.
Unless the requirements of 10.2.6.1.5.2 are met, where two sets of joists are under a roof or ceiling, and no flooring is over the lower set, sprinklers shall be installed above and below the lower set of joists where a clearance of 6 in. (150 mm) or more is between the top of the lower joist and the bottom of the upper joist as indicated in Figure 10.2.6.1.5.1. 
FIGURE 10.2.6.1.5.1 Arrangement of Sprinklers Under Two Sets of Open Joists — No Sheathing on Lower Joists.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from below the lower set of joists where at least 18 in. (450 mm) is maintained between the sprinkler deflector and the top of the lower joist.
Unless the requirements of 10.2.6.2.2 or 10.2.6.2.3 are met, deflectors of sprinklers shall be aligned parallel to ceilings, roofs, hips, or the incline of stairs.
Where sprinklers are installed in the peak below a sloped ceiling or roof surface, the sprinkler shall be installed with the deflector horizontal.
Roofs having a pitch not exceeding 2 in 12 (16.7 percent) are considered horizontal in the application of 10.2.6.2, and sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed with deflectors horizontal.
Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize obstructions to discharge as defined in 10.2.7.2 and 10.2.7.3, or additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate coverage of the hazard.
Sprinklers shall be arranged to comply with one of the following arrangements:
- Subsection 9.5.5.2, Table 10.2.7.1.2, and Figure 10.2.7.1.2(a) shall be followed.
- Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on opposite sides of obstructions not exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m) in width, provided the distance from the centerline of the obstruction to the sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers.
- Obstructions located against the wall and that are not over 30 in. (750 mm) in width shall be permitted to be protected in accordance with Figure 10.2.7.1.2(b).
- Obstructions located against the wall and that are not over 24 in. (600 mm) in width shall be permitted to be protected in accordance with Figure 10.2.7.1.2(c). The maximum distance between the sprinkler and the wall shall be measured from the sprinkler to the wall behind the obstruction and not to the face of the obstruction.
Table 10.2.7.1.2 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions to Discharge [Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent (SSU/SSP)]
| Distance from Sprinklers to Side of Obstruction (A) | Maximum Allowable Distance of Deflector Above Bottom of Obstruction (B) [in (mm)] |
|---|---|
| Less than 1 ft (300 mm) | 0 (0) |
| 1 ft (300 mm) to less than 1 ft 6 in. (450 mm) | 21/2 (65) |
| 1 ft 6 in. (450 mm) to less than 2 ft (600 mm) | 31/2 (90) |
| 2 ft (600 mm) to less than 2 ft 6 in. (750 mm) | 51/2 (140) |
| 2 ft 6 (750 mm) in. to less than 3 ft (900 mm) | 71/2 (190) |
| 3 ft (900 mm) to less than 3 ft 6 in. (1.1 m) | 91/2 (240) |
| 3 ft 6 in. (1.1 m) to less than 4 ft (1.2 m) | 12 (300) |
| 4 ft (1.2 m) to less than 4 ft 6 in. (1.4 m) | 14 (350) |
| 4 ft 6 in. (1.4 m) to less than 5 ft (1.5 m) | 161/2 (415) |
| 5 ft (1.5 m) to less than 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) | 18 (450) |
| 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) to less than 6 ft (1.8 m) | 20 (500) |
| 6 ft (1.8 m) to less than 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) | 24 (600) |
| 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) to less than 7 ft (2.1 m) | 30 (750) |
| 7 ft (2.1 m) to less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) | 35 (875) |
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 10.2.7.1.2(a).
FIGURE 10.2.7.1.2(a) Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruction to Discharge (SSU/SSP).
FIGURE 10.2.7.1.2(b) Obstruction Against Wall (SSU/SSP).
FIGURE 10.2.7.1.2(c) Obstructions Against Walls (SSU/SSP).
Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less than or equal to 18 in. (450 mm) below the sprinkler deflector that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply with 10.2.7.2.
Regardless of the rules of 10.2.7.2, solid continuous obstructions, where the top of the obstruction is level with or above the plane of the deflector, shall meet the applicable requirements of 10.2.7.1.2.
Unless the requirements of 10.2.7.2.1.4 through 10.2.7.2.1.9 are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from obstructions a minimum distance of three times the maximum dimension of the obstruction (e.g., structural members, pipe, columns, and fixtures) in accordance with Figure 10.2.7.2.1.3(a) and Figure fixtures) in accordance with Figure 10.2.7.2.1.3(a) and Figure 10.2.7.2.1.3(b).
The maximum clear distance required shall be 24 in. (600 mm).
The maximum clear distance shall not be applied to obstructions in the vertical orientation (e.g., columns).
FIGURE 10.2.7.2.1.3(a) Minimum Distance from an Obstruction in the Vertical Orientation (SSU/SSP).
FIGURE 10.2.7.2.1.3(b) Minimum Distance from an Obstruction in the Horizontal Orientation (SSU/SSP).
For light and ordinary hazard occupancies, structural members only shall be considered when applying the requirements of 10.2.7.2.1.3.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on opposite sides of the obstruction not exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m) in width, where the distance from the centerline of the obstruction to the sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located one-half the distance between the obstructions where the obstruction consists of open trusses 20 in. (500 mm) or greater apart [24 in. (600 mm) on center], provided that all truss members are not greater than 4 in. (100 mm) (nominal) in width.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed on the centerline of a truss or bar joist or directly above a beam, provided that the truss chord or beam dimension is not more than 8 in. (200 mm) and the sprinkler deflector is located at least 6 in. (150 mm) above the structural member and where the sprinkler is positioned at a distance three times greater than the maximum dimension of the web members away from the web members.
The requirements of 10.2.7.2.1.3 shall not apply to sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
The requirements of 10.2.7.2.1.3 shall not apply to sprinklers positioned with respect to obstructions in accordance with 10.2.7.1.2.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed without regard to the blades of ceiling fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m) in diameter, provided the plan view of the fan is at least 50 percent open.
The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, freestanding partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in light hazard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 10.2.7.2.2 and Figure 10.2.7.2.2.
Table 10.2.7.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions in Light Hazard Occupancies Only (SSU/SSP)
| Horizontal Distance (A) | Minimum Vertical Distance Below Deflector (B) [in. (mm)] |
|---|---|
| 6 in. (150 mm) or less | 3 (75) |
| More than 6 in. (150 mm) to 9 in. (225 mm) | 4 (100) |
| More than 9 in. (225 mm) to 12 in. (300 mm) | 6 (150) |
| More than 12 in. (300 mm) to 15 in. (375 mm) | 8 (200) |
| More than 15 in. (375 mm) to 18 in. (450 mm) | 91/2 (240) |
| More than 18 in. (450 mm) to 24 in. (600 mm) | 121/2 (315) |
| More than 24 in. (600 mm) to 30 in. (750 mm) | 151/2 (390) |
| More than 30 in. (750 mm) | 18 (450) |
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 10.2.7.2.2.
FIGURE 10.2.7.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruction in Light Hazard Occupancies Only (SSU/SSP).
In light hazard occupancies, privacy curtains, as shown in Figure 10.2.7.2.2, shall not be considered obstructions where all of the following are met:
- The curtains are supported by fabric mesh on ceiling track.
- Openings in the mesh are equal to 70 percent or greater.
- The mesh extends a minimum of 22 in. (550 mm) down from ceiling.
Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that interrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than 18 in. (450 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard shall comply with 10.2.7.3.
Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstructions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide.
Sprinklers installed under open gratings shall be of the intermediate level/rack storage type or otherwise shielded from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
The deflector of automatic sprinklers installed under fixed obstructions shall be positioned no more than 12 in. (300 mm) below the bottom of the obstruction.
Sprinklers installed under round ducts shall be of the intermediate level/rack storage type or otherwise shielded from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
The clearance between the deflector and the top of storage shall be 18 in. (450 mm) or greater.
Where shelving is installed on a wall and is not directly below sprinklers, the shelves, including storage thereon, shall be permitted to extend above the level of a plane located 18 in. (450 mm) below ceiling sprinkler deflectors.
Shelving, and any storage thereon, directly below the sprinklers shall not extend above a plane located 18 in. (450 mm) below the ceiling sprinkler deflectors.
Sprinklers shall not be required in ceiling pockets where all of the following are met:
- The total volume of the unprotected ceiling pocket does not exceed 1000 ft3 (28 m3).
- The depth of the unprotected ceiling pocket does not exceed 36 in. (900 mm).
- The entire floor under the unprotected ceiling pocket is protected by sprinklers at the lower ceiling elevation.
- * The total size of all unprotected ceiling pockets in the same compartment within 10 ft (3 m) of each other does not exceed 1000 ft3 (28 m3).
- The unprotected ceiling pocket has noncombustible or limited-combustible finishes.
- Quick-response sprinklers are utilized throughout the compartment.
All requirements of Section 9.5 shall apply to sidewall standard spray sprinklers except as modified in Section 10.3.
Sidewall sprinklers shall only be installed as follows:
- Light hazard occupancies with smooth, horizontal or sloped, flat ceilings
- Ordinary hazard occupancies with smooth, flat ceilings where specifically listed for such use
- To protect areas below overhead doors
- At the top and bottom of elevator hoistways
- For the protection of steel building columns
- Under obstructions that require sprinklers
The protection area of coverage per sprinkler (As) shall be determined as follows:
- Along the wall as follows:
- Determine the distance between sprinklers along the wall (or to the end wall or obstruction in the case of the end sprinkler on the branch line) upstream and downstream
- Choose the larger of either twice the distance to the end wall or the distance to the next sprinkler
- Define dimension as S
- Across the room as follows:
- Determine the distance from the wall on which the sprinkler is installed to the wall opposite the sprinklers or to the midpoint of the room where sprinklers are installed on two opposite walls (see 10.3.4.1.5 and 10.3.4.1.6)
- Define dimension as L
The protection area of the sprinkler shall be established by multiplying the S dimension by the L dimension, as follows: 
The maximum allowable protection area of coverage for a sprinkler (As) shall be in accordance with the value indicated in Table 10.3.3.2.1.
Table 10.3.3.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinkler)
| Light Hazard | Ordinary Hazard | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combustible Ceiling Finish | Noncombustible or Limited-Combustible Ceiling Finish | Combustible Ceiling Finish | Noncombustible or Limited-Combustible Ceiling Finish | |
| Maximum distance along the wall (S) (ft) [m] | 14 [4.3] | 14 [4.3] | 10 [3.0] | 10 [3.0] |
| Maximum room width (L) (ft) [m] | 12 [3.7] | 14 [4.3] | 10 [3.0] | 10 [3.0] |
| Maximum protection area (ft2) [m2] | 120 [11] | 196 [18] | 80 [7.4] | 100 [9.3] |
In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a sprinkler shall not exceed 196 ft2 (18 m2)
The maximum distance permitted between sidewall spray sprinklers shall be based on the centerline distance between sprinklers on the branch line.
The maximum distance between sidewall spray sprinklers or to a wall shall be measured along the slope of the ceiling.
Where sidewall spray sprinklers are installed along the length of a single wall of rooms or bays, they shall be spaced in accordance with the maximum spacing provisions of Table 10.3.3.2.1.
Sidewall spray sprinklers shall not be installed back-to-back without being separated by a continuous lintel or soffit.
The maximum width of the lintel or soffit shall not exceed 16 in. (400 mm).
The maximum width of the lintel or soffit can exceed 16 in. (400 mm) when a pendent sprinkler is installed under the lintel or soffit.
Where sidewall spray sprinklers are installed on two opposite walls or sides of bays, the maximum width of the room or bay shall be permitted to be up to 24 ft (7.3 m) for light hazard occupancy or 20 ft (6.1 m) for ordinary hazard occupancy, with spacing as required by Table 10.3.3.2.1.
Sidewall spray sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed on opposing or adjacent walls, provided no sprinkler is located within the maximum protection area of another sprinkler.
Where sidewall standard spray sprinklers are installed to protect areas below overhead doors within ordinary hazard occupancy spaces or rooms, protection area and maximum sprinkler spacing for light hazard as specified in Table 10.3.3.2.1 shall be permitted under the overhead doors.
The distance from sprinklers to the end walls shall not exceed one-half of the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers as indicated in Table 10.3.3.2.1.
Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) from an end wall.
Sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center unless required by 10.3.5.1.3.1 or unless the sprinklers are separated by baffles that comply with the following:
- Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating elements.
- Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in place before and during sprinkler operation.
- Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (200 mm) long and 6 in. (150 mm) high.
- The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in. (50 mm and 75 mm) above the deflectors.
- The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at least even with the deflectors.
Unless the requirements of 10.3.5.1.1.2 are met, sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located not more than 6 in. (150 mm) or less than 4 in. (100 mm) from ceilings.
Horizontal sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be located in a zone 6 in. to 12 in. (150 mm to 300 mm) or 12 in. to 18 in. (300 mm to 450 mm) below noncombustible and limited-combustible ceilings where listed for such use.
Vertical sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located not more than 6 in. (150 mm) or less than 4 in. (100 mm) from the wall from which they are projecting.
Horizontal sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located no more than 6 in. (150 mm), and shall be permitted to be located with their deflectors less than 4 in. (100 mm), from the wall on which they are mounted.
Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall sprinklers exceed 8 in. (200 mm) in width or projection from the wall, additional sprinklers shall be installed below the soffit.
Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall sprinklers are less than or equal to 8 in. (200 mm) in width or projection from the wall, additional sprinklers shall not be required below the soffit when the sidewall sprinkler is installed on the soffit.
A sidewall sprinkler shall be permitted to be installed under a soffit when both the minimum distance from the sprinkler deflector to the bottom of the soffit and maximum distance from the sprinkler deflector to the high ceiling is maintained.
Where soffits are used for the installation of sidewall sprinklers, the sprinklers and soffits shall be installed in accordance with 10.3.5.1.4.1, 10.3.5.1.4.2, or 10.3.5.1.4.3.
Where soffits exceed more than 8 in. (200 mm) in width or projection from the wall, pendent sprinklers shall be installed under the soffit.
Sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed in the face of a soffit located directly over cabinets, without requiring additional sprinklers below the soffit or cabinets, where the soffit does not project horizontally more than 12 in. (300 mm) from the wall.
Where sidewall sprinklers are more than 36 in. (900 mm) above the top of cabinets, the sprinkler shall be permitted to be installed on the wall above the cabinets where the cabinets are no greater than 12 in. (300 mm) from the wall.
Sidewall sprinklers, where installed under a sloped ceiling with a slope exceeding 2 in 12, shall be located at the high point of the slope and positioned to discharge downward along the slope.
Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize obstructions to discharge as defined in 9.5.5.2 and 9.5.5.3, or additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate coverage of the hazard.
Sidewall sprinklers shall not be installed less than 4 ft (1.2 m) from light fixtures or similar obstructions unless the requirements of 10.3.6.1.2.1 or 10.3.6.1.2.2 are met.
For obstructions such as light fixtures, where the greatest dimension of the obstruction is less than 2 ft (0.6 m), sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed at a minimum distance of three times the greatest dimension.
The bottom of light fixtures and similar obstructions located less than 4 ft (1.2 m) from the sprinkler shall be above the plane of the sprinkler deflector.
The distance between light fixtures or similar obstructions located 4 ft (1.2 m) or greater from the sprinkler shall be in conformity with Table 10.3.6.1.3 and Figure 10.3.6.1.3.
Table 10.3.6.1.3 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)
| Distance from Sidewall Sprinkler to Side of Obstruction (A) | Maximum Allowable Distance of Deflector Above Bottom of Obstruction (B) [in. (mm)] |
|---|---|
| 4 ft (1.2 m) to less than 5 ft (1.5 m) | 1 (25) |
| 5 ft (1.5 m) to less than 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) | 2 (50) |
| 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) to less than 6 ft (1.8 m) | 3 (75) |
| 6 ft (1.8 m) to less than 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) | 4 (100) |
| 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) to less than 7 ft (2.1 m) | 6 (150) |
| 7 ft (2.1 m) to less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) | 7 (175) |
| 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) to less than 8 ft (2.4 m) | 9 (225) |
| 8 ft (2.4 m) to less than 8 ft 6 in. (2.6 m) | 11 (275) |
| 8 ft 6 in. (2.6 m) or greater | 14 (350) |
Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 10.3.6.1.3.
FIGURE 10.3.6.1.3 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruction (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
Obstructions projecting from the same wall as the one on which the sidewall sprinkler is mounted shall be in accordance with Table 10.3.6.1.4 and Figure 10.3.6.1.4.
Table 10.3.6.1.4 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions Along Wall (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)
| Distance from Sidewall Sprinkler to Side of Obstruction (A) | Maximum Allowable Distance of Deflector Above Bottom of Obstruction (B) [in. (mm)] |
|---|---|
| 4 in. (100 mm) to less than 6 in. (150 mm) | 1 (25) |
| 6 in. (150 mm) to less than 1 ft (300 mm) | 2 (50) |
| 1 ft (300 mm) to less than 1 ft 6 in. (450 mm) | 3 (75) |
| 1 ft 6 in. (450 mm) to less than 2 ft (600 mm) | 41/2 (115) |
| 2 ft (600 mm) to less than 2 ft 6 in. (750 mm) | 53/4 (145) |
| 2 ft 6 in. (750 mm) to less than 3 ft (900 mm) | 7 (175) |
| 3 ft (900 mm) to less than 3 ft 6 in. (1.1 m) | 8 (200) |
| 3 ft 6 in. (1.1 m) to less than 4 ft (1.2 m) | 91/4 (230) |
| 4 ft (1.2 m) to less than 4 ft 6 in. (1.4 m) | 10 (250) |
| 4 ft 6 in. (1.4 m) to less than 5 ft (1.5 m) | 111/2 (290) |
| 5 ft (1.5 m) to less than 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) | 123/4 (320) |
| 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) to less than 6 ft (1.8 m) | 14 (350) |
| 6 ft (1.8 m) to less than 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) | 15 (375) |
| 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) to less than 7 ft (2.2 m) | 161/4 (410) |
| 7 ft (2.2 m) to less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) | 171/2 (440) |
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 10.3.6.1.4.
FIGURE 10.3.6.1.4 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruction Along Wall (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
Isolated obstructions projecting from the same wall as the one on which the sidewall sprinkler is mounted shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) from the sidewall sprinkler.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on opposite sides of obstructions less than 4 ft (1.2 m) in width where the distance from the centerline of the obstruction to the sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
Obstructions on the wall opposite from the sidewall sprinkler shall be permitted where the obstruction is up to 2 ft (600 mm) deep and 2 ft (600 mm) wide.
Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less than or equal to 18 in. (450 mm) below the sprinkler deflector that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply with this section.
Regardless of the rules of this section, solid continuous obstructions shall meet the requirements of 10.3.6.1.2 and 10.3.6.1.3.
Unless the requirements of 10.3.6.2.1.4 or 10.3.6.2.1.5 are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from obstructions a minimum distance of three times the maximum dimension of the obstruction (e.g., truss webs and chords, pipe, columns, and fixtures) in accordance with Figure 10.3.6.2.1.3(a) and Figure 10.3.6.2.1.3(b).
The maximum clear distance required to obstructions in the horizontal orientation (e.g., light fixtures and truss chords) shall be 24 in. (600 mm).
The maximum clear distance shall not be applied to obstructions in the vertical orientation (e.g., columns).
FIGURE 10.3.6.2.1.3(a) Minimum Distance from an Obstruction in the Vertical Orientation (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)
FIGURE 10.3.6.2.1.3(b) Minimum Distance from an Obstruction in the Horizontal Orientation (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
The requirements of 10.3.6.2.1.3 shall not apply to sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
The requirements of 10.3.6.2.1.3 shall not apply where sprinklers are positioned with respect to obstructions in accordance with 10.3.6.1.2, 10.3.6.1.3, and 10.3.6.1.4.
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed without regard to the blades of ceiling fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m) in diameter, provided the plan view of the fan is at least 50 percent open.
The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, free-standing partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in light hazard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 10.3.6.2.2 and Figure 10.3.6.2.2.
Table 10.3.6.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers) in Light Hazard Occupancies Only
| Horizontal Distance (A) | Minimum Vertical Distance Below Deflector (B) [in. (mm)] |
|---|---|
| 6 in. (150 mm) or less | 3 (75) |
| More than 6 in. (150 mm) to 9 in. (225 mm) | 4 (100) |
| More than 9 in. (225 mm) to 12 in. (300 mm) | 6 (150) |
| More than 12 in. (300 mm) to 15 in. (375 mm) | 8 (200) |
| More than 15 in. (375 mm) to 18 in. (450 mm) | 91/2 (240) |
| More than 18 in. (450 mm) to 24 in. (600 mm) | 121/2 (315) |
| More than 24 in. (600 mm) to 30 in. (750 mm) | 151/2 (390) |
| More than 30 in. (750 mm) | 18 (450) |
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 10.3.6.2.2.
FIGURE 10.3.6.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruction (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers) in Light Hazard Occupancy Only.
In light hazard occupancies, privacy curtains, as shown in Figure 10.3.6.2.2, shall not be considered obstructions where all of the following are met:
- The curtains are supported by fabric mesh on ceiling track.
- Openings in the mesh are equal to 70 percent or greater.
- The mesh extends a minimum of 22 in. (550 mm) down from ceiling.
Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that interrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than 18 in. (450 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard shall comply with this section.
Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstructions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide.
The clearance between the deflector and the top of storage shall be 18 in. (450 mm) or greater.
The 18 in. (450 mm) dimension shall not limit the height of shelving on a wall or shelving against a wall in accordance with 10.3.7.
Where shelving is installed on a wall and is not directly below sprinklers, the shelves, including storage thereon, shall be permitted to extend above the level of a plane located 18 in. (450 mm) below ceiling sprinkler deflectors.
Shelving, and any storage thereon, directly below the sprinklers shall not extend above a plane located 18 in. (450 mm) below the ceiling sprinkler deflectors.