Informative Annex F Availability and Reliability for Critical Operations Power Systems; And Development and Implementation of Functional Performance Tests (FPTs) for Critical Operations Power Systems

Informative Annex G Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Informative Annex H Administration and Enforcement

Informative Annex I Recommended Tightening Torque Tables From UL Standard 486A-486B

Informative Annex J ADA Standards for Accessible Design

Chapter 4 Equipment for General Use

Article 400 Flexible Cords and Flexible Cables

400.1 Scope

This article covers general requirements, applications, and construction specifications for flexible cords and flexible cables.

400.2 Other Articles

Flexible cords and flexible cables shall comply with this article and with the applicable provisions of other articles of this Code.

400.3 Suitability

Flexible cords and flexible cables and their associated fittings shall be suitable for the conditions of use and location.

Flexible cords and flexible cables shall conform to the description in Table 400.4. The use of flexible cords and flexible cables other than those in Table 400.4 shall require permission by the authority having jurisdiction.

Table 400.4 Flexible Cords and Flexible Cables

Trade Name	Type Letter	Voltage	AWG or kcmil	Number of Conductors	Insulation	AWG or kcmil	Nominal Insulation Thickness		Braid on Each Conductor	Outer Covering	Use
Trade Name	Type Letter	Voltage	AWG or kcmil	Number of Conductors	Insulation	AWG or kcmil	mm	mils	Braid on Each Conductor	Outer Covering	Use
Lamp cord	C	300	18—16	2 or more	Thermoset or thermoplastic	18—16	0.76	30	Cotton	None	Pendant or portable	Dry locations	Not hard usage
Lamp cord	C	600	15—10	2 or more	Thermoset or thermoplastic	15—10	1.14	45	Cotton	None	Pendant or portable	Dry locations	Not hard usage
Elevator cable	E^1,2,3,4	300 or 600	20—2	2 or more	Thermoset	20—16	0.51	20	Cotton	Three cotton; outer one flame-retardant and moisture-resistant	Elevator lighting and control	Unclassified locations
						15—12	0.76	30
						12—10	1.14	45
						8—2	1.52	60
						20—16	0.51	20	Flexible nylon jacket
						15—12	0.76	30
						12—10	1.14	45
						8—2	1.52	60
Elevator cable	EO^1,2,4	300 or 600	20—2	2 or more	Thermoset	20—16	0.51	20	Cotton	Three cotton; outer one flame-retardant and moisture-resistant	Elevator lighting and control	Unclassified locations
						15—12	0.76	30
						12—10	1.14	45
						8—2	1.52	60
										One cotton and a neoprene jacket		Hazardous (classified) locations
Elevator cable	ETP^2,4	300 or 600							Rayon	Thermoplastic	Hazardous (classified) locations
Elevator cable	ETT^2,4	300 or 600							None	One cotton or equivalent and a thermoplastic jacket	Hazardous (classified) locations
Electric vehicle cable	EV^5,6	1000	18—500	2 or more plus equipment grounding conductor(s), plus optional hybrid data, signal communications, and optical fiber cables	Thermoset with optional nylon	18—15	0.76 (0.51)	30 (20)	Optional	Oil-resistant thermoset	Electric vehicle charging	Wet locations	Extra-hard usage
						14—10	1.14 (0.76)	45 (30)
						8—2	1.52 (1.14)	60 (45)
						1—4/0	2.03 (1.52)	80 (60)
						250—500	2.41 (1.90)	95 (75)
	EVJ^5,6	300	18—12			18—12	0.76 (0.51)	30 (20)					Hard usage
	EVE^5,6	1000	18—500	2 or more plus equipment grounding conductor(s), plus optional hybrid data, signal communications, and optical fiber cables	Thermoplastic elastomer with optional nylon	18—15	0.76 (0.51)	30 (20)		Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer			Extra-hard usage
						14—10	1.14 (0.76)	45 (30)
						8—2	1.52 (1.14)	60 (45)
						1—4/0	2.03 (1.52)	80 (60)
						250—500	2.41 (1.90)	95 (75)
	EVJE^5,6	300	18—12			18—12	0.76 (0.51)	30 (20)					Hard usage
	EVT^5,6	1000	18—500	2 or more plus equipment grounding conductor(s), plus optional hybrid data, signal communications, and optical fiber cables	Thermoplastic with optional nylon	18—15	0.76 (0.51)	30 (20)		Oil-resistant thermoplastic			Extra-hard usage
						14—10	1.14 (0.76)	45 (30)
						8—2	1.52 (1.14)	60 (45)
						1—4/0	2.03 (1.52)	80 (60)
						250—500	2.41 (1.90)	95 (75)
	EVJT^5,6	300	18—12			18—12	0.76 (0.51)	30 (20)					Hard usage
Portable power cable	G	2000	12—500	2—6 plus equipment grounding conductor(s)	Thermoset	12—2	1.52	60		Oil-resistant thermoset	Portable and extra-hard usage
						1—4/0	2.03	80
						250—500	2.41	95
	G-GC⁷	2000	12—500	3—6 plus equipment grounding conductors and 1 ground check conductor	Thermoset	12—2	1.52	60		Oil-resistant thermoset
						1—4/0	2.03	80
						250—500	2.41	95
Heater cord	HPD	300	18—12	2, 3, or 4	Thermoset	18—16	0.38	15	None	Cotton or rayon	Portable heaters	Dry locations	Not hard usage
Heater cord	HPD	300	18—12	2, 3, or 4	Thermoset	15—12	0.76	30	None	Cotton or rayon	Portable heaters	Dry locations	Not hard usage
Parallel heater cord	HPN⁸	300	18—12	2 or 3	Oil-resistant thermoset	18—16	1.14	45	None	Oil-resistant thermoset	Portable	Damp locations	Not hard usage
						15	1.52	60
						14	2.41	95
						12
Thermoset jacketed heater cords	HSJ	300	18—12	2, 3, or 4	Thermoset	18—16	0.76	30	None	Cotton and thermoset	Portable or portable heater	Damp locations	Hard usage
	HSJ	300	18—12		Thermoset	15—12	0.14	45		Cotton and thermoset		Damp locations
	HSJW	300	18—12		Thermoset					Cotton and thermoset		Damp locations
	HSJO	300	18—12							Cotton and oil-resistant thermoset		Damp and wet Locations
	HSJOW⁹	300	18—12									Damp locations
	HSJOO	300	18—12		Oil-resistant thermoset							Damp locations
	HSJOOW⁹	300	18—12		Oil-resistant thermoset							Damp and wet Locations
Non-integral parallel cords	NISP-1	300	20—18	2 or 3	Thermoset	20—18	0.38	15	None	Thermoset	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Not hard usage
	NISP-2	300	18—16		Thermoset	18—16	0.76	30		Thermoset
	NISPE-1⁸	300	20—18		Thermoplastic elastomer	20—18	0.38	15		Thermoplastic elastomer
	NISPE-2⁸	300	18—16		Thermoplastic elastomer	18—16	0.76	30		Thermoplastic elastomer
	NISPT-1⁸	300	20—18		Thermoplastic	20—18	0.38	15		Thermoplastic
	NISPT-2⁸	300	18—16		Thermoplastic	18—16	0.76	30		Thermoplastic
Twisted portable cord	PD	300	18—16	2 or more	Thermoset or thermoplastic	18—16	0.76	30	Cotton	Cotton or rayon	Pendant or portable	Dry locations	Not hard usage
Twisted portable cord	PD	600	14—10	2 or more	Thermoset or thermoplastic	15—10	1.14	45	Cotton	Cotton or rayon	Pendant or portable	Dry locations	Not hard usage
Portable power cable	PPE⁷	2000	12—500	1-6 plus optional equipment grounding conductor(s)	Thermoplastic elastomer	12—2	1.52	60		Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer	Portable, extra-hard usage
						1—4/0	2.03	80
						250—500	2.41	95
Hard service cord	S⁷	600	18—2	2 or more	Thermoset	18—15	0.76	30	None	Thermoset	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Extra-hard usage
						14—10	1.14	45
						8—2	1.52	60
Flexible stage and lighting power cable	SC^7,10	600	8—250	1 or more	Thermoset	8—2	1.52	60		Thermoset	Portable, extra-hard usage
	SCE^7,10	600			Thermoplastic elastomer	1—4/0	2.03	80		Thermoplastic elastomer
	SCT^7,10	600			Thermoplastic	250	2.41	95		Thermoplastic
Hard service cord	SE⁷	600	18—2	2 or more	Thermoplastic elastomer	18—15 14—9 8—2	0.76 1.14 1.52	30 45 60	None	Thermoplastic elastomer	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Extra-hard usage
	SEW^7,9	600								Thermoplastic elastomer		Damp and wet Locations
	SEO⁷	600								Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer		Damp locations
	SEOW^7,9	600										Damp and wet Locations
	SEOO⁷	600			Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer							Damp locations
	SEOOW^7,9	600			Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer							Damp and wet Locations
Junior hard service cord	SJ	300	18—10	2-6	Thermoset	18—11 10	0.76 1.14	30 45	None	Thermoset	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Hard usage
	SJE	300			Thermoplastic elastomer					Thermoplastic elastomer		Damp locations
	SJEW⁹	300								Thermoplastic elastomer		Damp and wet Locations
	SJEO	300								Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer		Damp locations
	SJEOW⁹	300										Damp and wet Locations
	SJEOO	300			Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer							Damp locations
	SJEOOW⁹	300			Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer							Damp and wet Locations
	SJO	300			Thermoset					Oil-resistant thermoset		Damp locations
	SJOW⁹	300			Thermoset							Damp and wet Locations
	SJOO	300			Oil-resistant thermoset							Damp locations
	SJOOW⁹	300			Oil-resistant thermoset							Damp and wet Locations
	SJT	300			Thermoplastic					Thermoplastic		Damp locations
	SJTW⁹	300								Thermoplastic		Damp and wet locations
	SJTO	300				18—12 10	0.76 1.14	30 45		Oil-resistant thermoplastic		Damp locations
	SJTOW⁹	300										Damp and wet locations
	SJTOO	300			Oil-resistant thermoplastic							Damp locations
	SJTOOW⁹	300			Oil-resistant thermoplastic							Damp and wet locations
Hard service cord	SO⁷	600	18—2	2 or more	Thermoset	18—15	0.76	30	None	Oil-resistant thermoset	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Extra-hard usage
	SOW^7,9	600			Thermoset	18—15	0.76	30				Damp and wet locations
	SOO⁷	600			Oil-resistant thermoset	14—9 8—2	1.14 1.52	45 60				Damp locations
	SOOW^7,9	600			Oil-resistant thermoset	14—9 8—2	1.14 1.52	45 60				Damp and wet locations
All thermoset parallel cord	SP-1	300	20—18	2 or 3	Thermoset	20—18	0.76	30	None	None	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Not hard usage
	SP-2	300	18—16			18—16	1.14	45			Pendant or portable
	SP-3	300	18—10			18—16 15—14 12 10	1.52 2.03 2.41 2.80	60 80 95 110			Refrigerators, room air conditioners, and as permitted in 422.16(B)
All elastomer (thermoplastic) parallel cord	SPE-1⁸	300	20—18	2 or 3	Thermoplastic elastomer	20—18	0.76	30	None	None	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Not hard usage
	SPE-2⁸	300	18—16			18—16	1.14	45			Pendant or portable
	SPE-3⁸	300	18—10			18—16 15 14 12 10	1.52 2.03 2.41 2.80	60 80 95 110			Refrigerators, room air conditioners, and as permitted in 422.16(B)
All thermoplastic parallel cord	SPT-1	300	20—18	2 or 3	Thermoplastic	20—18	0.76	30	None	None	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Not hard usage
	SPT-1W⁹	300	20—18	2		20—18	0.76	30				Damp and wet locations
	SPT-2	300	18—16	2 or 3		18—16	1.14	45				Damp locations
	SPT-2W⁹	300	18—16	2		18—16	1.14	45				Damp and wet locations
	SPT-3	300	18—10	2 or 3		18—16 15—14 12 10	1.52 2.03 2.41 2.80	60 80 95 110			Refrigerators, room air conditioners, and as permitted in 422.16(B)	Damp locations	Not hard usage
Range, dryer cable	SRD	300	10—4	3 or 4	Thermoset	10—4	1.14	45	None	Thermoset	Portable	Damp locations	Ranges, dryers
	SRDE	300	10—4	3 or 4	Thermoplastic elastomer				None	Thermoplastic elastomer
	SRDT	300	10—4	3 or 4	Thermoplastic				None	Thermoplastic
Hard service cord	ST⁷	600	18—2	2 or more	Thermoplastic	18—15 14—9 8—2	0.76 1.14 1.52	30 45 60	None	Thermoplastic	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Extra-hard usage
	STW^7,9	600								Thermoplastic		Damp and wet locations
	STO⁷	600								Oil-resistant thermoplastic		Damp locations
	STOW^{7, 9}	600										Damp and wet locations
	STOO⁷	600			Oil-resistant thermoplastic							Damp locations
	STOOW⁷	600			Oil-resistant thermoplastic							Damp and wet locations
Vacuum cleaner cord	SV	300	18—16	2 or 3	Thermoset	18—16	0.38	15	None	Thermoset	Pendant or portable	Damp locations	Not hard usage
	SVE	300			Thermoplastic elastomer					Thermoplastic elastomer
	SVEO	300			Thermoplastic elastomer					Oil-resistant Thermoplastic elastomer
	SVEOO	300			Oil-resistant thermoplastic elastomer					Oil-resistant Thermoplastic elastomer
	SVO	300			Thermoset					Oil-resistant thermoset
	SVOO	300			Oil-resistant thermoset					Oil-resistant thermoset
	SVT	300			Thermoplastic					Thermoplastic
	SVTO	300			Thermoplastic					Oil-resistant Thermoplastic
	SVTOO	300			Oil-resistant thermoplastic					Oil-resistant Thermoplastic
Parallel tinsel cord	TPT¹¹	300	27	2	Thermoplastic	27	0.76	30	None	Thermoplastic	Attached to an appliance	Damp locations	Not hard usage
Jacketed tinsel cord	TST¹¹	300	27	2	Thermoplastic	27	0.38	15	None	Thermoplastic	Attached to an appliance	Damp locations	Not hard usage
Portable power cable	W⁷	2000	12—500	1—6	Thermoset	12—2	1.52	60		Oil-resistant thermoset	Portable, extra-hard usage
			501—1000	1		1—4/0	2.03	80
						250—500	2.41	95
						501—1000	2.80	110
Notes: All types listed in Table 400.4 shall have individual conductors twisted together, except for Types HPN, SP-1, SP-2, SP-3, SPE-1, SPE-2, SPE-3, SPT-1, SPT-2, SPT-3, SPT-1W, SPT-2W, TPT, NISP-1, NISP-2, NISPT-1, NISPT-2, NISPE-1, NISPE-2, and three-conductor parallel versions of SRD, SRDE, and SRDT.
The individual conductors of all cords, except those of heat-resistant cords, shall have a thermoset or thermoplastic insulation, except that the equipment grounding conductor, where used, shall be in accordance with 400.23(B).
¹Rubber-filled or varnished cambric tapes shall be permitted as a substitute for the inner braids.
²Elevator traveling cables for operating control and signal circuits shall contain nonmetallic fillers as necessary to maintain concentricity. Cables shall have steel supporting members as required for suspension by 620.41. In locations subject to excessive moisture or corrosive vapors or gases, supporting members of other materials shall be permitted. Where steel supporting members are used, they shall run straight through the center of the cable assembly and shall not be cabled with the copper strands of any conductor.
In addition to conductors used for control and signaling circuits, Types E, EO, ETP, and ETT elevator cables shall be permitted to incorporate in the construction one or more 20 AWG telephone conductor pairs, one or more coaxial cables, or one or more optical fibers. The 20 AWG conductor pairs shall be permitted to be covered with suitable shielding for telephone, audio, or higher frequency communications circuits; the coaxial cables shall consist of a center conductor, insulation, and a shield for use in video or other radio frequency communications circuits. The optical fiber shall be suitably covered with flame-retardant thermoplastic. The insulation of the conductors shall be rubber or thermoplastic of a thickness not less than specified for the other conductors of the particular type of cable. Metallic shields shall have their own protective covering. Where used, these components shall be permitted to be incorporated in any layer of the cable assembly but shall not run straight through the center.
³Insulations and outer coverings that meet the requirements as flame retardant, limited smoke, and are so listed, shall be permitted to be marked for limited smoke after the Code type designation.
⁴Elevator cables in sizes 20 AWG through 14 AWG are rated 300 volts, and sizes 10 AWG through 2 AWG are rated 600 volts. 12 AWG is rated 300 volts with a 0.76 mm (30 mil) insulation thickness and 600 volts with a 1.14 mm (45 mil) insulation thickness.
⁵Conductor size for Types EV, EVJ, EVE, EVJE, EVT, and EVJT cables apply to nonpower-limited circuits only. Conductors of power-limited (data, signal, or communications) circuits may extend beyond the stated AWG size range. All conductors shall be insulated for the same cable voltage rating.
⁶InsuIation thickness for Types EV, EVJ, EVEJE, EVT, and EVJT cables of nylon construction is indicated in parentheses.
⁷Types G, G-GC, S, SC, SCE, SCT, SE, SEO, SEOO, SEW, SEOW, SEOOW, SO, SOO, SOW, SOOW, ST, STO, STOO, STW, STOW, STOOW, PPE, and W shall be permitted for use on theater stages, in garages, and elsewhere where flexible cords are permitted by this Code.
⁸The third conductor in Type HPN shall be used as an equipment grounding conductor only. The insulation of the equipment grounding conductor for Types SPE-1, SPE-2, SPE-3, SPT-1, SPT-2, SPT-3, NISPT-1, NISPT-2, NISPE-1, and NISPE-2 shall be permitted to be thermoset polymer.
⁹Cords that comply with the requirements for outdoor cords and are so listed shall be permitted to be designated as weather and water resistant with the suffix "W" after the Code type designation. Cords with the "W" suffix are suitable for use in wet locations and are sunlight resistant.
¹⁰The required outer covering on some single-conductor cables may be integral with the insulation.
¹¹Types TPT and TST shall be permitted in lengths not exceeding 2.5 m (8 ft) where attached directly, or by means of a special type of plug, to a portable appliance rated at 50 watts or less and of such nature that extreme flexibility of the cord is essential.

400.5 Ampacities for Flexible Cords and Flexible Cables

(A) Ampacity Tables

Table 400.5(A)(1) provides the ampacities, and Table 400.5(A)(2) provides the ampacities for flexible cords and flexible cables with not more than three current-carrying conductors. These tables shall be used in conjunction with applicable end-use product standards to ensure selection of the proper size and type. Where cords and cables are used in ambient temperatures other than 30°C (86°F), the temperature correction factors from Table 310.15(B)(1) that correspond to the temperature rating of the cord or cable shall be applied to the ampacity in Table 400.5(A)(1) and Table 400.5(A)(2). Cords and cables rated 105°C shall use correction factors in the 90°C column of Table 310.15(B)(1) for temperature correction. Where the number of current-carrying conductors exceeds three, the ampacity of each conductor shall be reduced from the three-conductor rating as shown in Table 400.5(A)(3).

Informational Note: See Informative Annex B, Table B.2(11), for adjustment factors for more than three current-carrying conductors in a raceway or cable with load diversity.

A neutral conductor that carries only the unbalanced current from other conductors of the same circuit shall not be required to meet the requirements of a current-carrying conductor.

In a 3-wire circuit consisting of two phase conductors and the neutral conductor of a 4-wire, 3-phase, wye-connected system, a common conductor carries approximately the same current as the line-to-neutral currents of the other conductors and shall be considered to be a current-carrying conductor.

On a 4-wire, 3-phase, wye circuit where more than 50 percent of the load consists of nonlinear loads, there are harmonic currents present in the neutral conductor and the neutral conductor shall be considered to be a current-carrying conductor.

An equipment grounding conductor shall not be considered a current-carrying conductor.

Where a single conductor is used for both equipment grounding and to carry unbalanced current from other conductors, as provided for in 250.140 for electric ranges and electric clothes dryers, it shall not be considered as a current-carrying conductor.

Table 400.5(A)(1) Ampacity for Flexible Cords and Flexible Cables
[Based on Ambient Temperature of 30°C (86°F). See 400.13 and Table 400.4.]

Copper Conductor Size (AWG)	Thermoplastic Types TPT, TST	Thermoset Types C, E, EO, PD, S, SJ, SJO, SJOW, SJOO, SJOOW, SO, SOW, SOO, SOOW, SP-1, SP-2, SP-3, SRD, SV, SVO, SVOO, NISP-1, NISP-2		Types HPD, HPN, HSJ, HSJO, HSJOW, HSJOO, HSJOOW
Copper Conductor Size (AWG)	Thermoplastic Types TPT, TST	Thermoplastic Types ETP, ETT, NISPE-1, NISPE-2, NISPT-1, NISPT-2, SE, SEW, SEO, SEOO, SEOW, SEOOW, SJE, SJEW, SJEO, SJEOO, SJEOW, SJEOOW, SJT, SJTW, SJTO, SJTOW, SJTOO, SJTOOW, SPE-1, SPE-2, SPE-3, SPT-1, SPT-1W, SPT-2, SPT-2W, SPT-3, ST, STW, SRDE, SRDT, STO, STOW, STOO, STOOW, SVE, SVEO, SVEOO, SVT, SVTO, SVTOO		Types HPD, HPN, HSJ, HSJO, HSJOW, HSJOO, HSJOOW
		Column A¹	Column B²
27³	0.5	—	—	—
20	—	5⁴	⁵	—
18	—	7	10	10
17	—	9	12	13
16	—	10	13	15
15	—	12	16	17
14	—	15	18	20
13	—	17	21	—
12	—	20	25	30
11	—	23	27	—
10	—	25	30	35
9	—	29	34	—
8	—	35	40	—
7	—	40	47	—
6	—	45	55	—
5	—	52	62	—
4	—	60	70	—
3	—	70	82	—
2	—	80	95	—
¹The currents under Column A apply to three-conductor cords and other multiconductor cords connected to utilization equipment so that only three-conductors are current-carrying.
²The currents under Column B apply to two-conductor cords and other multiconductor cords connected to utilization equipment so that only two conductors are current-carrying.
³Tinsel cord.
⁴Elevator cables only.
⁵7 amperes for elevator cables only; 2 amperes for other types.

Table 400.5(A)(2) Ampacity of Cable Types SC, SCE, SCT, PPE, G, G-GC, and W
[Based on Ambient Temperature of 30°C (86°F). See Table 400.4.]

Copper Conductor Size (AWG or kcmil)	Temperature Rating of Cable
	60°C (140°F)			75°C (167°F)			90°C (194°F)
	D¹	E²	F³	D¹	E²	F³	D¹	E²	F³
12	—	31	26	—	37	31	—	42	35
10	—	44	37	—	52	43	—	59	49
8	60	55	48	70	65	57	80	74	65
6	80	72	63	95	88	77	105	99	87
4	105	96	84	125	115	101	140	130	114
3	120	113	99	145	135	118	165	152	133
2	140	128	112	170	152	133	190	174	152
1	165	150	131	195	178	156	220	202	177
1/0	195	173	151	230	207	181	260	234	205
2/0	225	199	174	265	238	208	300	271	237
3/0	260	230	201	310	275	241	350	313	274
4/0	300	265	232	360	317	277	405	361	316
250	340	296	259	405	354	310	455	402	352
300	375	330	289	445	395	346	505	449	393
350	420	363	318	505	435	381	570	495	433
400	455	392	343	545	469	410	615	535	468
500	515	448	392	620	537	470	700	613	536
600	575	—	—	690	—	—	780	—	—
700	630	—	—	755	—	—	855	—	—
750	655	—	—	785	—	—	885	—	—
800	680	—	—	815	—	—	920	—	—
900	730	—	—	870	—	—	985	—	—
1000	780	—	—	935	—	—	1055	—	—
¹The ampacities under subheading D shall be permitted for single-conductor Types SC, SCE, SCT, PPE, and W cable only where the individual conductors are not installed in raceways and are not in physical contact with each other except in lengths not to exceed 600 mm (24 in.) where passing through the wall of an enclosure.
²The ampacities under subheading E apply to two-conductor cables and other multiconductor cables connected to utilization equipment so that only two conductors are current-carrying.
³The ampacities under subheading F apply to three-conductor cables and other multiconductor cables connected to utilization equipment so that only three conductors are current-carrying.

Table 400.5(A)(3) Adjustment Factors for More Than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in a Flexible Cord or Flexible Cable

Number of Conductors	Percent of Value in Table 400.5(A)(1) and Table 400.5(A)(2)
4—6	80
7—9	70
10—20	50
21—30	45
31—40	40
41 and above	35

(B) Ultimate Insulation Temperature

In no case shall conductors be associated together in such a way with respect to the kind of circuit, the wiring method used, or the number of conductors such that the limiting temperature of the conductors is exceeded.

(C) Engineering Supervision

Under engineering supervision, conductor ampacities shall be permitted to be calculated in accordance with 310.14(B).

400.6 Markings

(A) Standard Markings

Flexible cords and flexible cables shall be marked by means of a printed tag attached to the coil reel or carton. The tag shall contain the information required in 310.8(A). Types S, SC, SCE, SCT, SE, SEO, SEOO, SJ, SJE, SJEO, SJEOO, SJO, SJT, SJTO, SJTOO, SO, SOO, ST, STO, STOO, SEW, SEOW, SEOOW, SJEW, SJEOW, SJEOOW, SJOW, SJTW, SJTOW, SJTOOW, SOW, SOOW, STW, STOW, and STOOW flexible cords and G, G-GC, PPE, and W flexible cables shall be durably marked on the surface at intervals not exceeding 610 mm (24 in.) with the type designation, size, and number of conductors. Required markings on tags, cords, and cables shall also include the maximum operating temperature of the flexible cord or flexible cable.

(B) Optional Markings

Flexible cords and cable types listed in Table 400.4 shall be permitted to be surface marked to indicate special characteristics of the cable materials. These markings include, but are not limited to, markings for limited smoke, sunlight resistance, and so forth.

400.10 Uses Permitted

(A) Uses

Flexible cords and flexible cables shall be used only for the following:

Pendants.
Wiring of luminaires.
Connection of portable luminaires, portable and mobile signs, or appliances.
Elevator cables.
Wiring of cranes and hoists.
Connection of utilization equipment to facilitate frequent interchange.
Prevention of the transmission of noise or vibration.
Appliances where the fastening means and mechanical connections are specifically designed to permit ready removal for maintenance and repair, and the appliance is intended or identified for flexible cord connection.
Connection of moving parts.
Where specifically permitted elsewhere in this Code.
Between an existing receptacle outlet and an inlet, where the inlet provides power to an additional single receptacle outlet. The wiring interconnecting the inlet to the single receptacle outlet shall be a Chapter 3 wiring method. The inlet, receptacle outlet, and Chapter 3 wiring method, including the flexible cord and fittings, shall be a listed assembly specific for this application.

(B) Attachment Plugs

Where used as permitted in 400.10(A)(3), (A)(6), and (A)(8), each flexible cord shall be equipped with an attachment plug and shall be energized from a receptacle outlet or cord connector body.

Exception: As permitted in 368.56.

400.12 Uses Not Permitted

Unless specifically permitted in 400.10, flexible cords, flexible cables, cord sets, and power supply cords shall not be used for the following:

As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure
Where run through holes in walls, structural ceilings, suspended ceilings, dropped ceilings, or floors
Where run through doorways, windows, or similar openings
Where attached to building surfaces
Exception to (4): Flexible cord and flexible cable shall be, permitted to be attached to building surfaces in accordance with 368.56(B) and 590.4.
Where concealed by walls, floors, or ceilings or located above suspended or dropped ceilings
Exception to (5): Flexible cords, flexible cables, and power supply cords shall be permitted if contained within an enclosure for use in other spaces used for environmental air as permitted by 300.22(C)(3).
Where installed in raceways, except as otherwise permitted in this Code
Where subject to physical damage

Informational Note: For proper application see UL 817, Cord Sets and Power-Supply Cords, and UL 62, Flexible Cords and Cables.

400.13 Splices

Flexible cord shall be used only in continuous lengths without splice or tap where initially installed in applications permitted by 400.10(A). The repair of hard-service cord and junior hard-service cord (see Trade Name column in Table 400.4) 14 AWG and larger shall be permitted if conductors are spliced in accordance with 110.14(B) and the completed splice retains the insulation, outer sheath properties, and usage characteristics of the cord being spliced.

400.14 Pull at Joints and Terminals

Flexible cords and flexible cables shall be connected to devices and to fittings so that tension is not transmitted to joints or terminals.

Exception: Listed portable single-pole devices that are intended to accommodate such tension at their terminals shall be permitted to be used with single-conductor flexible cable.

Informational Note: Some methods of preventing pull on a cord from being transmitted to joints or terminals include knotting the cord, winding with tape, and using support or strain-relief fittings.

400.15 In Show Windows and Showcases

Flexible cords used in show windows and showcases shall be Types S, SE, SEO, SEOO, SJ, SJE, SJEO, SJEOO, SJO, SJOO, SJT, SJTO, SJTOO, SO, SOO, ST, STO, STOO, SEW, SEOW, SEOOW, SJEW, SJEOW, SJEOOW, SJOW, SJOOW, SJTW, SJTOW, SJTOOW, SOW, SOOW, STW, STOW, or STOOW.

Exception No. 1: For the wiring of chain-supported luminaires.

Exception No. 2: As supply cords for portable luminaires and other merchandise being displayed or exhibited.

400.16 Overcurrent Protection

Flexible cords not smaller than 18 AWG, and tinsel cords or cords having equivalent characteristics of smaller size approved for use with specific appliances, shall be considered as protected against overcurrent in accordance with 240.5.

400.17 Protection From Damage

Flexible cords and flexible cables shall be protected by bushings or fittings where passing through holes in covers, outlet boxes, or similar enclosures.

In industrial establishments where the conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only qualified persons service the installation, flexible cords and flexible cables shall be permitted to be installed in aboveground raceways that are no longer than 15 m (50 ft) to protect the flexible cord or flexible cable from physical damage. Where more than three current-carrying conductors are installed within the raceway, the ampacity shall be adjusted in accordance with Table 400.5(A)(3).

Part II Construction Specifications

400.20 Labels

Flexible cords shall be examined and tested at the factory and labeled before shipment.

400.21 Construction

(A) Conductors

The individual conductors of a flexible cord or flexible cable shall have copper flexible stranding and shall not be smaller than the sizes specified in Table 400.4.

(B) Nominal Insulation Thickness

The nominal thickness of insulation for conductors of flexible cords and flexible cables shall not be less than specified in Table 400.4.

400.22 Grounded-Conductor Identification

One conductor of flexible cords that is intended to be used as a grounded circuit conductor shall have a continuous marker that readily distinguishes it from the other conductor or conductors. The identification shall consist of one of the methods indicated in 400.22(A) through (F).

(A) Colored Braid

A braid finished to show a white or gray color and the braid on the other conductor or conductors finished to show a readily distinguishable solid color or colors.

(B) Tracer in Braid

A tracer in a braid of any color contrasting with that of the braid and no tracer in the braid of the other conductor or conductors. No tracer shall be used in the braid of any conductor of a flexible cord that contains a conductor having a braid finished to show white or gray.

Exception: In the case of Types C and PD and cords having the braids on the individual conductors finished to show white or gray. In such cords, the identifying marker shall be permitted to consist of the solid white or gray finish on one conductor, provided there is a colored tracer in the braid of each other conductor.

(C) Colored Insulation

A white or gray insulation on one conductor and insulation of a readily distinguishable color or colors on the other conductor or conductors for cords having no braids on the individual conductors.

For jacketed cords furnished with appliances, one conductor having its insulation colored light blue, with the other conductors having their insulation of a readily distinguishable color other than white or gray.

Exception: Cords that have insulation on the individual conductors integral with the jacket.

The insulation shall be permitted to be covered with an outer finish to provide the desired color.

(D) Colored Separator

A white or gray separator on one conductor and a separator of a readily distinguishable solid color on the other conductor or conductors of cords having insulation on the individual conductors integral with the jacket.

(E) Tinned Conductors

One conductor having the individual strands tinned and the other conductor or conductors having the individual strands untinned for cords having insulation on the individual conductors integral with the jacket.

(F) Surface Marking

One or more ridges, grooves, or white stripes located on the exterior of the cord so as to identify one conductor for cords having insulation on the individual conductors integral with the jacket.

400.23 Equipment Grounding Conductor Identification

A conductor intended to be used as an equipment grounding conductor shall have a continuous identifying marker readily distinguishing it from the other conductor or conductors. Conductors having a continuous green color or a continuous green color with one or more yellow stripes shall not be used for other than equipment grounding conductors. Cords or cables consisting of integral insulation and a jacket without a nonintegral equipment grounding conductor shall be permitted to be green. The identifying marker shall consist of one of the methods in 400.23(A) or (B).

(A) Colored Braid

A braid finished to show a continuous green color or a continuous green color with one or more yellow stripes.

(B) Colored Insulation or Covering

For cords having no braids on the individual conductors, an insulation of a continuous green color or a continuous green color with one or more yellow stripes.

400.24 Attachment Plugs

Where a flexible cord is provided with an equipment grounding conductor and equipped with an attachment plug, the attachment plug shall comply with 250.138(A) and (B).

Part III Portable Cables Over 600 Volts, Nominal

400.30 Scope

Part III applies to single and multiconductor portable cables used to connect mobile equipment and machinery.

400.31 Construction

(A) Conductors

The conductors shall be 12 AWG copper or larger and shall employ flexible stranding.

(B) Equipment Grounding Conductor(s)

An equipment grounding conductor(s) shall be provided in cables with three or more conductors. The total area shall not be less than that of the size of the equipment grounding conductor required in 250.122.

400.32 Shielding

All shields shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor.

400.33 Equipment Grounding Conductors

Equipment grounding conductors shall be connected in accordance with Parts VI and VII of Article 250.

400.34 Minimum Bending Radii

The minimum bending radii for portable cables during installation and handling in service shall be adequate to prevent damage to the cable.

400.35 Fittings

Connectors used to connect lengths of cable in a run shall be of a type that locks firmly together. Provisions shall be made to prevent opening or closing these connectors while energized. Suitable means shall be used to eliminate tension at connectors and terminations.

400.36 Splices and Terminations

Portable cables shall not contain splices unless the splices are of the permanent molded, vulcanized types in accordance with 110.14(B). Terminations on portable cables rated over 600 volts, nominal, shall be accessible only to authorized and qualified personnel.

Article 402 Fixture Wires

402.1 Scope

This article covers general requirements and construction specifications for fixture wires.

402.2 Other Articles

Fixture wires shall comply with this article and also with the applicable provisions of other articles of this Code.

Informational Note: For application in luminaires, see Article 410.

402.3 Types

Fixture wires shall be of a type listed in Table 402.3, and they shall comply with all requirements of that table. The fixture wires listed in Table 402.3 are all suitable for service at 600 volts, nominal, unless otherwise specified.

Informational Note: Thermoplastic insulation may stiffen at temperatures lower than —10°C (+14°F). Thermoplastic insulation may also be deformed at normal temperatures where subjected to pressure, such as at points of support.

Table 402.3 Fixture Wires

Name	Type Letter	Insulation	AWG	Thickness of Insulation		Outer Covering	Maximum Operating Temperature	Application Provisions
Name	Type Letter	Insulation	AWG	mm	mils	Outer Covering	Maximum Operating Temperature	Application Provisions
Heat-resistant rubber-covered fixture wire — flexible stranding	FFH-2	Heat-resistant rubber or cross-linked synthetic polymer	18—16	0.76	30	Nonmetallic covering	75°C (167°F)	Fixture wiring
	FFHH-2	Heat-resistant rubber or cross-linked synthetic polymer	18—16	0.76	30	Nonmetallic covering	90°C (194°F)	Fixture wiring
ECTFE — solid or 7-strand	HF	Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene	18—14	0.38	15	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring
ECTFE — flexible stranding	HFF	Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene	18—14	0.38	15	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring
Tape insulated fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	KF-1	Aromatic polyimide tape	18—10	0.14	5.5	None	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
Tape insulated fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	KF-2	Aromatic polyimide tape	18—10	0.21	8.4	None	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring
Tape insulated fixture wire — flexible stranding	KFF-1	Aromatic polyimide tape	18—10	0.14	5.5	None	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
Tape insulated fixture wire — flexible stranding	KFF-2	Aromatic polyimide tape	18—10	0.21	8.4	None	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring
Perfluoro-alkoxy — solid or 7-strand (nickel or nickel-coated copper)	PAF	Perfluoroalkoxy	18—14	0.51	20	None	250°C (482°F)	Fixture wiring (nickel or nickel-coated copper)
Perfluoro-alkoxy — flexible stranding	PAFF	Perfluoroalkoxy	18—14	0.51	20	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring
Fluorinated ethylene propylene fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	PF	Fluorinated ethylene propylene	18—14	0.51	20	None	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring
Fluorinated ethylene propylene fixture wire — flexible stranding	PFF	Fluorinated ethylene propylene	18—14	0.51	20	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring
Fluorinated ethylene propylene fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	PGF	Fluorinated ethylene propylene	18—14	0.36	14	Glass braid	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring
Fluorinated ethylene propylene fixture wire — flexible stranding	PGFF	Fluorinated ethylene propylene	18—14	0.36	14	Glass braid	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring
Extruded polytetrafluoroethylene — solid or 7-strand (nickel or nickel-coated copper)	PTF	Extruded polytetrafluoroethylene	18—14	0.51	20	None	250°C (482°F)	Fixture wiring (nickel or nickel-coated copper)
Extruded polytetrafluoroethylene — flexible stranding 26-36 (AWG silver or nickel-coated copper)	PTFF	Extruded polytetrafluoroethylene	18—14	0.51	20	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring (silver or nickel-coated copper)
Heat-resistant rubber-covered fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	RFH-1	Heat-resistant rubber	18	0.38	15	Nonmetallic covering	75°C (167°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
	RFH-2	Heat-resistant rubber Cross-linked synthetic polymer	18—16	0.76	30	None or nonmetallic covering	75°C (167°F)	Fixture wiring
Heat-resistant cross-linked synthetic polymer-insulated fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	RFHH-2*	Cross-linked synthetic polymer	18—16	0.76	30	None or nonmetallic covering	90°C (194°F)	Fixture wiring
	RFHH-3*	Cross-linked synthetic polymer	18—16	1.14	45	None or nonmetallic covering	90°C (194°F)	Fixture wiring
Silicone insulated fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	SF-1	Silicone rubber	18	0.38	15	Nonmetallic covering	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
	SF-2	Silicone rubber	18—12	0.76	30	Nonmetallic covering	200°C	Fixture wiring
	SF-2	Silicone rubber	10	1.14	45	Nonmetallic covering	(392°F)	Fixture wiring
Silicone insulated fixture wire — flexible stranding	SFF-1	Silicone rubber	18	0.38	15	Nonmetallic covering	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
	SFF-2	Silicone rubber	18—12	0.76	30	Nonmetallic covering	150°C	Fixture wiring
	SFF-2	Silicone rubber	10	1.14	45	Nonmetallic covering	(302°F)	Fixture wiring
Thermoplastic covered fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	TF*	Thermoplastic	18—16	0.76	30	None	60°C (140°F)	Fixture wiring
Thermoplastic covered fixture wire — flexible stranding	TFF*	Thermoplastic	18—16	0.76	30	None	60°C (140°F)	Fixture wiring
Heat-resistant thermoplastic covered fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	TFN*	Thermoplastic	18—16	0.38	15	Nylon-jacketed or equivalent	90°C (194°F)	Fixture wiring
Heat-resistant thermoplastic covered fixture wire — flexible stranded	TFFN*	Thermoplastic	18—16	0.38	15	Nylon-jacketed or equivalent	90°C (194°F)	Fixture wiring
Cross-linked polyolefin insulated fixture wire — solid or 7-strand	XF*	Cross-linked polyolefin	18—14	0.76	30	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
	XF*	Cross-linked polyolefin	12—10	1.14	45	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
Cross-linked polyolefin insulated fixture wire — flexible stranded	XFF*	Cross-linked polyolefin	18—14	0.76	30	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
	XFF*	Cross-linked polyolefin	12—10	1.14	45	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring — limited to 300 volts
Modified ETFE — solid or 7-strand	ZF	Modified ethylene tetrafluoroethylene	18—14	0.38	15	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring
Modified ETFE — flexible stranding	ZFF	Modified ethylene tetrafluoroethylene	18—14	0.38	15	None	150°C (302°F)	Fixture wiring
High temp. modified ETFE — solid or 7-strand	ZHF	Modified ethylene tetrafluoroethylene	18—14	0.38	15	None	200°C (392°F)	Fixture wiring
Insulations and outer coverings that meet the requirements of flame retardant, limited smoke, and are so listed, shall be permitted to be marked for limited smoke after the Code* type designation.

402.5 Ampacities for Fixture Wires

The ampacity of fixture wire shall be as specified in Table 402.5.

No conductor shall be used under such conditions that its operating temperature exceeds the temperature specified in Table 402.3 for the type of insulation involved.

Informational Note: See 310.14(A)(3) for temperature limitation of conductors.

Table 402.5 Ampacity for Fixture Wires

Size (AWG)	Ampacity
18	6
16	8
14	17
12	23
10	28

402.6 Minimum Size

Fixture wires shall not be smaller than 18 AWG.

402.7 Number of Conductors in Conduit or Tubing

The number of fixture wires permitted in a single conduit or tubing shall not exceed the percentage fill specified in Table 1, Chapter 9.

402.8 Grounded Conductor Identification

Fixture wires that are intended to be used as grounded conductors shall be identified by one or more continuous white stripes on other than green insulation or by the means described in 400.22(A) through (E).

402.9 Marking

(A) Method of Marking

Thermoplastic insulated fixture wire shall be durably marked on the surface at intervals not exceeding 610 mm (24 in.). All other fixture wire shall be marked by means of a printed tag attached to the coil, reel, or carton.

(B) Optional Marking

Fixture wire types listed in Table 402.3 shall be permitted to be surface marked to indicate special characteristics of the cable materials. These markings include, but are not limited to, markings for limited smoke, sunlight resistance, and so forth.

402.10 Uses Permitted

Fixture wires shall be permitted (1) for installation in luminaires and in similar equipment where enclosed or protected and not subject to bending or twisting in use, or (2) for connecting luminaires to the branch-circuit conductors supplying the luminaires.

402.12 Uses Not Permitted

Fixture wires shall not be used as branch-circuit conductors except as permitted elsewhere in this Code.

402.14 Overcurrent Protection

Overcurrent protection for fixture wires shall be as specified in 240.5.

Article 404 Switches

Part I Installation

404.1 Scope

This article covers all switches, switching devices, and circuit breakers used as switches operating at 1000 volts and below, unless specifically referenced elsewhere in this Code for higher voltages.

404.2 Switch Connections

(A) Three-Way and Four-Way Switches

Three-way and four-way switches shall be wired so that all switching is done only in the ungrounded circuit conductor. Where in metal raceways or metal-armored cables, wiring between switches and outlets shall be in accordance with 300.20(A).

Exception: Switch loops shall not require a grounded conductor.

(B) Grounded Conductors

Switches or circuit breakers shall not disconnect the grounded conductor of a circuit.

Exception: A switch or circuit breaker shall be permitted to disconnect a grounded circuit conductor where all circuit conductors are disconnected simultaneously, or where the device is arranged so that the grounded conductor cannot be disconnected until all the ungrounded conductors of the circuit have been disconnected.

(C) Switches Controlling Lighting Loads

The grounded circuit conductor for the controlled lighting circuit shall be installed at the location where switches control lighting loads that are supplied by a grounded general-purpose branch circuit serving bathrooms, hallways, stairways, and habitable rooms or occupiable spaces as defined in the applicable building code. Where multiple switch locations control the same lighting load such that the entire floor area of the room or space is visible from the single or combined switch locations, the grounded circuit conductor shall only be required at one location. A grounded conductor shall not be required to be installed at lighting switch locations under any of the following conditions:

Where conductors enter the box enclosing the switch through a raceway, provided that the raceway is large enough for all contained conductors, including a grounded conductor
Where the box enclosing the switch is accessible for the installation of an additional or replacement cable without removing finish materials
Where snap switches with integral enclosures comply with 300.15(E)
Where lighting in the area is controlled by automatic means
Where a switch controls a receptacle load

The grounded conductor shall be extended to any switch location as necessary and shall be connected to switching devices that require line-to-neutral voltage to operate the electronics of the switch in the standby mode and shall meet the requirements of 404.22.

Exception: The connection requirement shall become effective on January 1, 2020. It shall not apply to replacement or retrofit switches installed in locations prior to local adoption of 404.2(C) and where the grounded conductor cannot be extended without removing finish materials. The number of electronic control switches on a branch circuit shall not exceed five, and the number connected to any feeder on the load side of a system or main bonding jumper shall not exceed 25. For the purpose of this exception, a neutral busbar, in compliance with 200.2(B) and to which a main or system bonding jumper is connected shall not be limited as to the number of electronic lighting control switches connected.

Informational Note: The provision for a (future) grounded conductor is to complete a circuit path for electronic lighting control devices.

404.3 Enclosure

(A) General

Switches and circuit breakers shall be of the externally operable type mounted in an enclosure listed for the intended use. The minimum wire-bending space at terminals and minimum gutter space provided in switch enclosures shall be as required in 312.6.

Exception No. 1: Pendant- and surface-type snap switches and knife-switches mounted on an open-face switchboard or panelboard shall be permitted without enclosures.

Exception No. 2: Switches and circuit breakers installed in accordance with 110.27(A)(1), (A)(2), (A)(3), or (A)(4) shall be permitted without enclosures.

(B) Used as a Raceway

Enclosures shall not be used as junction boxes, auxiliary gutters, or raceways for conductors feeding through or tapping off to other switches or overcurrent devices, unless the enclosure complies with 312.8.

404.4 Damp or Wet Locations

(A) Surface-Mounted Switch or Circuit Breaker

A surface-mounted switch or circuit breaker shall be enclosed in a weatherproof enclosure or cabinet that complies with 312.2.

(B) Flush-Mounted Switch or Circuit Breaker

A flush-mounted switch or circuit breaker shall be equipped with a weatherproof cover.

(C) Switches in Tub or Shower Spaces

Switches shall not be installed within tub or shower spaces unless installed as part of a listed tub or shower assembly.

404.5 Time Switches, Flashers, and Similar Devices

Time switches, flashers, and similar devices shall be of the enclosed type or shall be mounted in cabinets or boxes or equipment enclosures. Energized parts shall be barriered to prevent operator exposure when making manual adjustments or switching.

Exception: Devices mounted so they are accessible only to qualified persons shall be permitted without barriers, provided they are located within an enclosure such that any energized parts within 152 mm (6.0 in.) of the manual adjustment or switch are covered by suitable barriers.

404.6 Position and Connection of Switches

(A) Single-Throw Knife Switches

Single-throw knife switches shall be placed so that gravity will not tend to close them. Single-throw knife switches, approved for use in the inverted position, shall be provided with an integral mechanical means that ensures that the blades remain in the open position when so set.

(B) Double-Throw Knife Switches

Double-throw knife switches shall be permitted to be mounted so that the throw is either vertical or horizontal. Where the throw is vertical, integral mechanical means shall be provided to hold the blades in the open position when so set.

(C) Connection of Switches

Single-throw knife switches and switches with butt contacts shall be connected such that their blades are de-energized when the switch is in the open position. Bolted pressure contact switches shall have barriers that prevent inadvertent contact with energized blades. Single-throw knife switches, bolted pressure contact switches, molded case switches, switches with butt contacts, and circuit breakers used as switches shall be connected so that the terminals supplying the load are de-energized when the switch is in the open position.

Exception: The blades and terminals supplying the load of a switch shall be permitted to be energized when the switch is in the open position where the switch is connected to circuits or equipment inherently capable of providing a backfeed source of power. For such installations, a permanent sign shall be installed on the switch enclosure or immediately adjacent to open switches with the following words or equivalent: WARNING — LOAD SIDE TERMINALS MAY BE ENERGIZED BY BACKFEED. The warning sign or label shall comply with 110.21(B).

404.7 Indicating

General-use and motor-circuit switches, circuit breakers, and molded case switches, where mounted in an enclosure as described in 404.3, shall indicate, in a location that is visible when accessing the external operating means, whether they are in the open (off) or closed (on) position.

Where these switch or circuit breaker handles are operated vertically rather than rotationally or horizontally, the up position of the handle shall be the closed (on) position.

Exception No. 1: Vertically operated double-throw switches shall be permitted to be in the closed (on) position with the handle in either the up or down position.

Exception No. 2: On busway installations, tap switches employing a center-pivoting handle shall be permitted to be open or closed with either end of the handle in the up or down position. The switch position shall be clearly indicating and shall be visible from the floor or from the usual point of operation.

404.8 Accessibility and Grouping

(A) Location

All switches and circuit breakers used as switches shall be located so that they may be operated from a readily accessible place. They shall be installed such that the center of the grip of the operating handle of the switch or circuit breaker, when in its highest position, is not more than 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in.) above the floor or working platform.

Exception No. 1: On busway installations, fused switches and circuit breakers shall be permitted to be located at the same level as the busway. Suitable means shall be provided to operate the handle of the device from the floor.

Exception No. 2: Switches and circuit breakers installed adjacent to motors, appliances, or other equipment that they supply shall be permitted to be located higher than 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in.) and to be accessible by portable means.

Exception No. 3: Hookstick operable isolating switches shall be permitted at greater heights.

(B) Voltage Between Adjacent Devices

A snap switch shall not be grouped or ganged in enclosures with other snap switches, receptacles, or similar devices, unless they are arranged so that the voltage between adjacent devices does not exceed 300 volts, or unless they are installed in enclosures equipped with identified, securely installed barriers between adjacent devices.

(C) Multipole Snap Switches

A multipole, general-use snap switch shall not be permitted to be fed from more than a single circuit unless it is listed and marked as a two-circuit or three-circuit switch.

Informational Note: See 210.7 for disconnect requirements where more than one circuit supplies a switch.

404.9 General-Use Snap Switches, Dimmers, and Control Switches

(A) Faceplates

Faceplates provided for snap switches, dimmers, and control switches mounted in boxes and other enclosures shall be installed so as to completely cover the opening and, where the switch is flush mounted, seat against the finished surface.

(B) Grounding

Snap switches, dimmers, and control switches shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor and shall provide a means to connect metal faceplates to the equipment grounding conductor, whether or not a metal faceplate is installed. Metal faceplates shall be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor. Snap switches, dimmers, control switches, and metal faceplates shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor using either of the following methods:

The switch is mounted with metal screws to a metal box or metal cover that is connected to an equipment grounding conductor or to a nonmetallic box with integral means for connecting to an equipment grounding conductor.
An equipment grounding conductor or equipment bonding jumper is connected to an equipment grounding termination of the snap switch.

Exception No. 1 to (B): Where no means exists within the enclosure for bonding to the equipment grounding conductor, or where the wiring method does not include or provide an equipment grounding conductor, a snap switch without a connection to an equipment grounding conductor shall be permitted for replacement purposes only. A snap switch wired under the provisions of this exception and located within 2.5 m (8 ft) vertically, or 1.5 m (5 ft) horizontally, of ground or exposed grounded metal objects shall be provided with a faceplate of nonconducting noncombustible material with nonmetallic attachment screws, unless the switch mounting strap or yoke is nonmetallic or the circuit is protected by a ground-fault circuit interrupter.

Exception No. 2 to (B): Listed kits or listed assemblies shall not be required to be bonded to an equipment grounding conductor if all of the following conditions are met:

The device is provided with a nonmetallic faceplate, and the device is designed such that no metallic faceplate replaces the one provided.
The device does not have mounting means to accept other configurations of faceplates.
The device is equipped with a nonmetallic yoke.
All parts of the device that are accessible after installation of the faceplate are manufactured of nonmetallic materials.

Exception No. 3 to (B): A snap switch with integral nonmetallic enclosure complying with 300.15(E) shall be permitted without a bonding connection to an equipment grounding conductor.

(C) Construction

Metal faceplates shall be of ferrous metal not less than 0.76 mm (0.030 in.) in thickness or of nonferrous metal not less than 1.02 mm (0.040 in.) in thickness. Faceplates of insulating material shall be noncombustible and not less than 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) in thickness, but they shall be permitted to be less than 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) in thickness if formed or reinforced to provide adequate mechanical strength.

404.10 Mounting of General-Use Snap Switches, Dimmers, and Control Switches

(A) Surface Type

General-use snap switches, dimmers, and control switches used with open wiring on insulators shall be mounted on insulating material that separates the conductors at least 13 mm (¹/₂ in.) from the surface wired over.

(B) Box Mounted

Flush-type general-use snap switches, dimmers, and control switches mounted in boxes that are set back of the finished surface as permitted in 314.20 shall be installed so that the extension plaster ears are seated against the surface. Flush-type devices mounted in boxes that are flush with the finished surface or project from it shall be installed so that the mounting yoke or strap of the device is seated against the box. Screws used for the purpose of attaching a device to a box shall be of the type provided with a listed device, or shall be machine screws having 32 threads per inch or part of listed assemblies or systems, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

404.11 Circuit Breakers as Switches

A hand-operable circuit breaker equipped with a lever or handle, or a power-operated circuit breaker capable of being opened by hand in the event of a power failure, shall be permitted to serve as a switch if it has the required number of poles.

Informational Note: See the provisions contained in 240.81 and 240.83.

404.12 Grounding of Enclosures

Metal enclosures for switches or circuit breakers shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor as specified in Part IV of Article 250. Metal enclosures for switches or circuit breakers used as service equipment shall comply with the provisions of Part V of Article 250. Where nonmetallic enclosures are used with metal raceways or metal-armored cables, they shall comply with 314.3, Exception No. 1 or No. 2.

Except as covered in 404.9(B), Exception No. 1, nonmetallic boxes for switches shall be installed with a wiring method that provides or includes an equipment grounding conductor.

404.13 Knife Switches

(A) Isolating Switches

Knife switches rated at over 1200 amperes at 250 volts or less, and at over 1000 amperes at 251 to 1000 volts, shall be used only as isolating switches and shall not be opened under load.

(B) To Interrupt Currents

To interrupt currents over 1200 amperes at 250 volts, nominal, or less, or over 600 amperes at 251 to 1000 volts, nominal, a circuit breaker or a switch listed for such purpose shall be used.

(C) General-Use Switches

Knife switches of ratings less than specified in 404.13(A) and (B) shall be considered general-use switches.

Informational Note: See the definition of General-Use Switch in Article 100.

(D) Motor-Circuit Switches

Motor-circuit switches shall be permitted to be of the knife-switch type.

Informational Note: See the definition of a Motor-Circuit Switch in Article 100.

404.14 Rating and Use of Switches

Switches shall be listed and used within their ratings. Switches of the types covered in 404.14(A) through (E) shall be limited to the control of loads as specified accordingly. Switches used to control cord-and-plug-connected loads shall be limited as covered in 404.14(F).

Informational Note No. 1: For switches for signs and outline lighting, see 600.6.

Informational Note No. 2: For switches controlling motors, see 430.83, 430.109, and 430.110.

(A) Alternating-Current General-Use Snap Switch

This form of switch shall only be used on ac circuits and used for controlling the following:

Resistive and inductive loads not exceeding the ampere rating of the switch at the voltage applied
Tungsten-filament lamp loads not exceeding the ampere rating of the switch at 120 volts
Electric discharge lamp loads not exceeding the marked ampere and voltage rating of the switch
Motor loads not exceeding 80 percent of the ampere rating of the switch at its rated voltage
Electronic ballasts, self-ballasted lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, and LED lamp loads with their associated drivers, not exceeding 20 amperes and not exceeding the ampere rating of the switch at the voltage applied

(B) Alternating-Current or Direct-Current General-Use Snap Switch

This form of switch shall be permitted on either ac or dc circuits and used only for controlling the following:

Resistive loads not exceeding the ampere rating of the switch at the voltage applied.
Inductive loads not exceeding 50 percent of the ampere rating of the switch at the applied voltage. Switches rated in horsepower are suitable for controlling motor loads within their rating at the voltage applied.
Tungsten-filament lamp loads not exceeding the ampere rating of the switch at the applied voltage if T-rated.
Electronic ballasts, self-ballasted lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, and LED lamp loads with their associated drivers, not exceeding the ampere rating of the switch at the voltage applied.

(C) CO/ALR Snap Switches

Snap switches directly connected to aluminum conductors and rated 20 amperes or less shall be marked CO/ALR.

(D) Alternating-Current General-Use Snap Switches Rated for 347 Volts

This form of switch shall not be rated less than 15 amperes at a voltage of 347 volts ac, and they shall not be readily interchangeable in box mounting with switches covered in 404.14(A) and (B). These switches shall be used only for controlling any of the following:

Noninductive loads other than tungsten-filament lamps not exceeding the ampere and voltage ratings of the switch.
Inductive loads not exceeding the ampere and voltage ratings of the switch. Where particular load characteristics or limitations are specified as a condition of the listing, those restrictions shall be observed regardless of the ampere rating of the load.
Electronic ballasts, self-ballasted lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, and LED lamp loads with their associated drivers, not exceeding 20 amperes and not exceeding the ampere rating of the switch at the voltage applied.

(E) Dimmer and Electronic Control Switches

General-use dimmer switches shall be used only to control permanently installed incandescent luminaires unless listed for the control of other loads and installed accordingly. Other electronic control switches, such as timing switches and occupancy sensors, shall be used to control permanently connected loads. They shall be marked by their manufacturer with their current and voltage ratings and used for loads that do not exceed their ampere rating at the voltage applied.

(F) Cord- And Plug-Connected Loads

Where a snap switch or control device is used to control cord-and-plug-connected equipment on a general-purpose branch circuit, each snap switch or control device controlling receptacle outlets or cord connectors that are supplied by permanently connected cord pendants shall be rated at not less than the rating of the maximum permitted ampere rating or setting of the overcurrent device protecting the receptacles or cord connectors, as provided in 210.21(B).

Informational Note: See 210.50(A) and 400.10(A)(1) for equivalency to a receptacle outlet of a cord connector that is supplied by a permanently connected cord pendant.

Exception: Where a snap switch or control device is used to control not more than one receptacle on a branch circuit, the switch or control device shall be permitted to be rated at not less than the rating of the receptacle.

Part II Construction Specifications

404.20 Marking

(A) Ratings

Switches shall be marked with the current, voltage, and, if horsepower rated, the maximum rating for which they are designed.

(B) Off Indication

Where in the off position, a switching device with a marked OFF position shall completely disconnect all ungrounded conductors to the load it controls.

404.22 Electronic Control Switches

Electronic control switches shall be listed. Electronic control switches shall not introduce current on the equipment grounding conductor during normal operation. The requirement to not introduce current on the equipment grounding conductor shall take effect on January 1, 2020.

Exception: Electronic control switches that introduce current on the equipment grounding conductor shall be permitted for applications covered by 404.2(C), Exception. Electronic control switches that introduce current on the equipment grounding conductor shall be listed and marked for use in replacement or retrofit applications only.

404.26 Knife Switches Rated 600 to 1000 Volts

Auxiliary contacts of a renewable or quick-break type or the equivalent shall be provided on all knife switches rated 600 to 1000 volts and designed for use in breaking current over 200 amperes.

404.27 Fused Switches

A fused switch shall not have fuses in parallel except as permitted in 240.8.

404.28 Wire-Bending Space

The wire-bending space required by 404.3 shall meet Table 312.6(B) spacings to the enclosure wall opposite the line and load terminals.

Article 406 Receptacles, Cord Connectors, and Attachment Plugs (Caps)

406.1 Scope

This article covers the rating, type, and installation of receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs (cord caps).

406.2 Definitions

The definitions in this section shall apply only within this article.

Child Care Facility. A building or structure, or portion thereof, for educational, supervisory, or personal care services for more than four children 7 years old or less.

Outlet Box Hood. A housing shield intended to fit over a faceplate for flush-mounted wiring devices, or an integral component of an outlet box or of a faceplate for flush-mounted wiring devices. The hood does not serve to complete the electrical enclosure; it reduces the risk of water coming in contact with electrical components within the hood, such as attachment plugs, current taps, surge protective devices, direct plug-in transformer units, or wiring devices.

406.3 Receptacle Rating and Type

(A) Receptacles

Receptacles shall be listed and marked with the manufacturer's name or identification and voltage and ampere ratings. Receptacles shall not be permitted to be reconditioned.

(B) Rating

Receptacles and cord connectors shall be rated not less than 15 amperes, 125 volts, or 15 amperes, 250 volts, and shall be of a type not suitable for use as lampholders.

Informational Note: See 210.21(B) for receptacle ratings where installed on branch circuits.

(C) Receptacles for Aluminum Conductors

Receptacles rated 20 amperes or less and designed for the direct connection of aluminum conductors shall be marked CO/ALR.

(D) Isolated Ground Receptacles

Receptacles incorporating an isolated equipment grounding conductor connection intended for the reduction of electromagnetic interference as permitted in 250.146(D) shall be identified by an orange triangle located on the face of the receptacle.

(1) Isolated Equipment Grounding Conductor Required

Receptacles so identified shall be used only with equipment grounding conductors that are isolated in accordance with 250.146(D).

(2) Installation in Nonmetallic Boxes

Isolated ground receptacles installed in nonmetallic boxes shall be covered with a nonmetallic faceplate.

Exception: Where an isolated ground receptacle is installed in a nonmetallic box, a metal faceplate shall be permitted if the box contains a feature or accessory that permits the connection of the faceplate to the equipment grounding conductor.

(E) Controlled Receptacle Marking

All nonlocking-type, 125-volt, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles that are controlled by an automatic control device, or that incorporate control features that remove power from the receptacle for the purpose of energy management or building automation, shall be permanently marked with the symbol shown in Figure 406.3(E) and the word "controlled."

For receptacles controlled by an automatic control device, the marking shall be located on the receptacle face and visible after installation.

In both cases where a multiple receptacle device is used, the required marking of the word "controlled" and symbol shall denote which contact device(s) are controlled.

Exception: The marking shall not be required for receptacles controlled by a wall switch that provide the required room lighting outlets as permitted by 210.70.

FIGURE 406.3(E) Controlled Receptacle Marking Symbol.

(F) Receptacle With USB Charger

A 125-volt 15- or 20-ampere receptacle that additionally provides Class 2 power shall be listed and constructed such that the Class 2 circuitry is integral with the receptacle.

406.4 General Installation Requirements

Receptacle outlets shall be located in branch circuits in accordance with Part III of Article 210. General installation requirements shall be in accordance with 406.4(A) through (F).

(A) Grounding Type

Except as provided in 406.4(D), receptacles installed on 15- and 20-ampere branch circuits shall be of the grounding type. Grounding-type receptacles shall be installed only on circuits of the voltage class and current for which they are rated, except as provided in 210.21(B)(1) for single receptacles or Table 210.21(B)(2) and Table 210.21(B)(3) for two or more receptacles.

(B) To Be Grounded

Receptacles and cord connectors that have equipment grounding conductor contacts shall have those contacts connected to an equipment grounding conductor.

Exception No. 1: Receptacles mounted on portable and vehicle-mounted generator sets and generators in accordance with 250.34.

Exception No. 2: Replacement receptacles as permitted by 406.4(D).

(C) Methods of Grounding

The equipment grounding conductor contacts of receptacles and cord connectors shall be connected to the equipment grounding conductor of the circuit supplying the receptacle or cord connector.

Informational Note: For installation requirements for the reduction of electromagnetic interference, see 250.146(D).

The branch-circuit wiring method shall include or provide an equipment grounding conductor to which the equipment grounding conductor contacts of the receptacle or cord connector are connected.

Informational Note No. 1: See 250.118 for acceptable grounding means.

Informational Note No. 2: For extensions of existing branch circuits, see 250.130.

(D) Replacements

Replacement of receptacles shall comply with 406.4(D)(1) through (D)(7), as applicable. Arc-fault circuit-interrupter type and ground-fault circuit-interrupter type receptacles shall be installed in a readily accessible location.

(1) Grounding-Type Receptacles

Where a grounding means exists in the receptacle enclosure or an equipment grounding conductor is installed in accordance with 250.130(C), grounding-type receptacles shall be used and shall be connected to the equipment grounding conductor in accordance with 406.4(C) or 250.130(C).

(2) Non—Grounding-Type Receptacles

Where attachment to an equipment grounding conductor does not exist in the receptacle enclosure, the installation shall comply with 406.4(D)(2)(a), (D)(2)(b), or (D)(2)(c).

(a) A non—grounding-type receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be replaced with another non—grounding-type receptacle(s).

(b) A non—grounding-type receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be replaced with a ground-fault circuit interrupter-type of receptacle(s). These receptacles or their cover plates shall be marked "No Equipment Ground." An equipment grounding conductor shall not be connected from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type receptacle to any outlet supplied from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter receptacle.

(c) A non-grounding-type receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be replaced with a grounding-type receptacle(s) where supplied through a ground-fault circuit interrupter. Where grounding-type receptacles are supplied through the ground-fault circuit interrupter, grounding-type receptacles or their cover plates shall be marked "GFCI Protected" and "No Equipment Ground," visible after installation. An equipment grounding conductor shall not be connected between the grounding-type receptacles.

Informational Note No. 1: Some equipment or appliance manufacturers require that the branch circuit to the equipment or appliance includes an equipment grounding conductor.

Informational Note No. 2: See 250.114 for a list of a cord-and-plug-connected equipment or appliances that require an equipment grounding conductor.

(3) Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection

Ground-fault circuit-interrupter protected receptacles shall be provided where replacements are made at receptacle outlets that are required to be so protected elsewhere in this Code.

Exception: Where the outlet box size will not permit the installation of the GFCI receptacle, the receptacle shall be permitted to be replaced with a new receptacle of the existing type, where GFCI protection is provided and the receptacle is marked "GFCI Protected" and "No Equipment Ground," in accordance with 406.4(D)(2)(a), (D)(2)(b), or (D)(2)(c), as applicable.

(4) Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection

If a receptacle outlet located in any areas specified in 210.12(A), (B), or (C) is replaced, a replacement receptacle at this outlet shall be one of the following:

A listed outlet branch-circuit type arc-fault circuit-interrupter receptacle
A receptacle protected by a listed outlet branch-circuit type arc-fault circuit-interrupter type receptacle
A receptacle protected by a listed combination type arc-fault circuit-interrupter type circuit breaker

Exception: Section 210.12(D), Exception, shall not apply to replacement of receptacles.

(5) Tamper-Resistant Receptacles

Listed tamper-resistant receptacles shall be provided where replacements are made at receptacle outlets that are required to be tamper-resistant elsewhere in this Code, except where a non-grounding receptacle is replaced with another non-grounding receptacle.

(6) Weather-Resistant Receptacles

Weather-resistant receptacles shall be provided where replacements are made at receptacle outlets that are required to be so protected elsewhere in this Code.

(7) Controlled Receptacles

Automatically controlled receptacles shall be replaced with equivalently controlled receptacles. If automatic control is no longer required, the receptacle and any associated receptacles marked in accordance with 406.3(E) shall be replaced with a receptacle and faceplate not marked in accordance with 406.3(E).

(E) Cord- And Plug-Connected Equipment

The installation of grounding-type receptacles shall not be used as a requirement that all cord-and plug-connected equipment be of the grounded type.

Informational Note: See 250.114 for types of cord-and plug-connected equipment to be grounded.

(F) Noninterchangeable Types

Receptacles connected to circuits that have different voltages, frequencies, or types of current (ac or dc) on the same premises shall be of such design that the attachment plugs used on these circuits are not interchangeable.

406.5 Receptacle Mounting

Receptacles shall be mounted in identified boxes or assemblies. The boxes or assemblies shall be securely fastened in place unless otherwise permitted elsewhere in this Code. Screws used for the purpose of attaching receptacles to a box shall be of the type provided with a listed receptacle, or shall be machine screws having 32 threads per inch or part of listed assemblies or systems, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

(A) Boxes That Are Set Back

Receptacles mounted in boxes that are set back from the finished surface as permitted in 314.20 shall be installed such that the mounting yoke or strap of the receptacle is held rigidly at the finished surface.

(B) Boxes That Are Flush

Receptacles mounted in boxes that are flush with the finished surface or project therefrom shall be installed such that the mounting yoke or strap of the receptacle is held rigidly against the box or box cover.

(C) Receptacles Mounted on Covers

Receptacles mounted to and supported by a cover shall be held rigidly against the cover by more than one screw or shall be a device assembly or box cover listed and identified for securing by a single screw.

(D) Position of Receptacle Faces

After installation, receptacle faces shall be flush with or project from faceplates of insulating material and shall project a minimum of 0.4 mm (0.015 in.) from metal faceplates.

Exception: Listed kits or assemblies encompassing receptacles and nonmetallic faceplates that cover the receptacle face, where the plate cannot be installed on any other receptacle, shall be permitted.

(E) Receptacles in Countertops

Receptacle assemblies for installation in countertop surfaces shall be listed for countertop applications. Where receptacle assemblies for countertop applications are required to provide ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel in accordance with 210.8, such assemblies shall be permitted to be listed as GFCI receptacle assemblies for countertop applications.

(F) Receptacles in Work Surfaces

Receptacle assemblies and GFCI receptacle assemblies listed for work surface or counter-top applications shall be permitted to be installed in work surfaces.

(G) Receptacle Orientation

(1) Countertop and Work Surfaces

Receptacles shall not be installed in a face-up position in or on countertop surfaces or work surfaces unless listed for countertop or work surface applications.

(2) Under Sinks

Receptacles shall not be installed in a face-up position in the area below a sink.

(H) Receptacles in Seating Areas and Other Similar Surfaces

In seating areas or similar surfaces, receptacles shall not be installed in a face-up position unless the receptacle is any of the following:

Part of an assembly listed as a furniture power distribution unit
Part of an assembly listed either as household furnishings or as commercial furnishings
Listed either as a receptacle assembly for countertop applications or as a GFCI receptacle assembly for counter-top applications
Installed in a listed floor box

(I) Exposed Terminals

Receptacles shall be enclosed so that live wiring terminals are not exposed to contact.

(J) Voltage Between Adjacent Devices

A receptacle shall not be grouped or ganged in enclosures with other receptacles, snap switches, or similar devices, unless they are arranged so that the voltage between adjacent devices does not exceed 300 volts, or unless they are installed in enclosures equipped with identified, securely installed barriers between adjacent devices.

406.6 Receptacle Faceplates (Cover Plates)

Receptacle faceplates shall be installed so as to completely cover the opening and seat against the mounting surface.

Receptacle faceplates mounted inside a box having a recess-mounted receptacle shall effectively close the opening and seat against the mounting surface.

(A) Thickness of Metal Faceplates

Metal faceplates shall be of ferrous metal not less than 0.76 mm (0.030 in.) in thickness or of nonferrous metal not less than 1.02 mm (0.040 in.) in thickness.

(B) Grounding

Metal faceplates shall be grounded.

(C) Faceplates of Insulating Material

Faceplates of insulating material shall be noncombustible and not less than 2.54 mm (0.10 in.) in thickness but shall be permitted to be less than 2.54 mm (0.10 in.) in thickness if formed or reinforced to provide adequate mechanical strength.

(D) Receptacle Faceplate (Cover Plates) With Integral Night Light and/or USB Charger

A flush device cover plate that additionally provides a night light and/or Class 2 output connector(s) shall be listed and constructed such that the night light and/or Class 2 circuitry is integral with the flush device cover plate.

406.7 Attachment Plugs, Cord Connectors, and Flanged Surface Devices

All attachment plugs, cord connectors, and flanged surface devices (inlets and outlets) shall be listed and marked with the manufacturer's name or identification and voltage and ampere ratings. Attachment plugs, cord connectors, and flanged surface devices shall not be permitted to be reconditioned.

(A) Construction of Attachment Plugs and Cord Connectors

Attachment plugs and cord connectors shall be constructed so that there are no exposed current-carrying parts except the prongs, blades, or pins. The cover for wire terminations shall be a part that is essential for the operation of an attachment plug or connector (dead-front construction).

(B) Connection of Attachment Plugs

Attachment plugs shall be installed so that their prongs, blades, or pins are not energized unless inserted into an energized receptacle or cord connectors. No receptacle shall be installed so as to require the insertion of an energized attachment plug as its source of supply.

(C) Attachment Plug Ejector Mechanisms

Attachment plug ejector mechanisms shall not adversely affect engagement of the blades of the attachment plug with the contacts of the receptacle.

(D) Flanged Surface Inlet

A flanged surface inlet shall be installed such that the prongs, blades, or pins are not energized unless an energized cord connector is inserted into it.

406.8 Noninterchangeability

Receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs shall be constructed such that receptacle or cord connectors do not accept an attachment plug with a different voltage or current rating from that for which the device is intended. However, a 20-ampere T-slot receptacle or cord connector shall be permitted to accept a 15-ampere attachment plug of the same voltage rating. Non—grounding-type receptacles and connectors shall not accept grounding-type attachment plugs.

406.9 Receptacles in Damp or Wet Locations

(A) Damp Locations

A receptacle installed outdoors in a location protected from the weather or in other damp locations shall have an enclosure for the receptacle that is weatherproof when the receptacle is covered (attachment plug cap not inserted and receptacle covers closed).

An installation suitable for wet locations shall also be considered suitable for damp locations.

A receptacle shall be considered to be in a location protected from the weather where located under roofed open porches, canopies, marquees, and the like, and will not be subjected to a beating rain or water runoff. All 15- and 20-ampere, 125-and 250-volt nonlocking receptacles shall be a listed weather-resistant type.

Informational Note: The types of receptacles covered by this requirement are identified as 5-15, 5-20, 6-15, and 6-20 in ANSI/NEMA WD 6-2016, Wiring Devices — Dimensional Specifications.

(B) Wet Locations

(1) Receptacles of 15 and 20 Amperes in a Wet Location

Receptacles of 15 and 20 amperes, 125 and 250 volts installed in a wet location shall have an enclosure that is weatherproof whether or not the attachment plug cap is inserted. An outlet box hood installed for this purpose shall be listed and shall be identified as "extra-duty." Other listed products, enclosures, or assemblies providing weatherproof protection that do not utilize an outlet box hood need not be marked "extra duty."

Informational Note No. 1: Requirements for extra-duty outlet box hoods are found in ANSI/UL 514D-2016, Cover Plates for Flush-Mounted Wiring Devices. "Extra duty" identification and requirements are not applicable to listed receptacles, faceplates, outlet boxes, enclosures, or assemblies that are identified as either being suitable for wet locations or rated as one of the outdoor enclosure-type numbers of Table 110.28 that does not utilize an outlet box hood.

Exception: 15- and 20-ampere, 125-through 250-volt receptacles installed in a wet location and subject to routine high-pressure spray washing shall be permitted to have an enclosure that is weatherproof when the attachment plug is removed.

All 15- and 20-ampere, 125-and 250-volt nonlocking-type receptacles shall be listed and so identified as the weather-resistant type.

Informational Note No. 2: The configuration of weather-resistant receptacles covered by this requirement are identified as 5-15, 5-20, 6-15, and 6-20 in ANSI/NEMA WD 6-2016, Wiring Devices — Dimensional Specifications.

(2) Other Receptacles

All other receptacles installed in a wet location shall comply with 406.9(B)(2)(a) or (B)(2)(b).

(a) A receptacle installed in a wet location, where the product intended to be plugged into it is not attended while in use, shall have an enclosure that is weatherproof with the attachment plug cap inserted or removed.

(b) A receptacle installed in a wet location where the product intended to be plugged into it will be attended while in use (e.g., portable tools) shall have an enclosure that is weatherproof when the attachment plug is removed.

(C) Bathtub and Shower Space

Receptacles shall not be installed within a zone measured 900 mm (3 ft) horizontally and 2.5 m (8 ft) vertically from the top of the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold. The identified zone is all-encompassing and shall include the space directly over the tub or shower stall.

Exception No. 1: In bathrooms with less than the required zone the receptacle(s) shall be permitted to be installed opposite the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold on the farthest wall within the room.

Exception No. 2: In a dwelling unit, a single receptacle shall be permitted for an electronic toilet or personal hygiene device such as an electronic bidet seat. The receptacle shall be readily accessible and located on one of the following:

The wall behind the toilet but not behind the tank
The opposite side of the toilet from the bathtub or shower

(D) Protection for Floor Receptacles

Standpipes of floor receptacles shall allow floor-cleaning equipment to be operated without damage to receptacles.

(E) Flush Mounting With Faceplate

The enclosure for a receptacle installed in an outlet box flush-mounted in a finished surface shall be made weatherproof by means of a weatherproof faceplate assembly that provides a watertight connection between the plate and the finished surface.

406.10 Grounding-Type Receptacles, Adapters, Cord Connectors, and Attachment Plugs

(A) Grounding Poles (Connections)

Grounding-type receptacles, cord connectors, and attachment plugs shall be provided with one fixed grounding pole in addition to the circuit poles. The grounding contacting pole of grounding-type plug-in ground-fault circuit interrupters shall be permitted to be of the movable, self-restoring type on circuits operating at not over 150 volts between any two conductors or any conductor and ground.

(B) Grounding-Pole (Connection) Identification

Grounding-type receptacles, adapters, cord connections, and attachment plugs shall have a means for connection of an equipment grounding conductor to the grounding pole.

A terminal for connection to the grounding pole shall be designated by one of the following:

A green-colored hexagonal-headed or -shaped terminal screw or nut, not readily removable.
A green-colored pressure wire connector body (a wire barrel).
A similar green-colored connection device, in the case of adapters. The grounding terminal of a grounding adapter shall be a green-colored rigid ear, lug, or similar device. The equipment grounding connection shall be so designed that it cannot make contact with current-carrying parts of the receptacle, adapter, or attachment plug. The adapter shall be polarized.
If the terminal for the equipment grounding conductor is not visible, the conductor entrance hole shall be marked with the word green or ground, the letters G or GR, a grounding symbol, or otherwise identified by a distinctive green color. If the terminal for the equipment grounding conductor is readily removable, the area adjacent to the terminal shall be similarly marked.

Informational Note: See Informational Note Figure 406.10(B)(4).

Informational Note Figure 406.10(B)(4) One Example of a Symbol Used to Identify the Termination Point for an Equipment Grounding Conductor.

(C) Grounding Terminal Use

A grounding terminal shall not be used for purposes other than connection to the equipment grounding conductor.

(D) Grounding-Pole (Connection) Requirements

Grounding-type attachment plugs and mating cord connectors and receptacles shall be designed such that the equipment grounding connection is made before the current-carrying connections. Grounding-type devices shall be so designed that grounding poles of attachment plugs cannot be brought into contact with current-carrying parts of receptacles or cord connectors.

(E) Use

Grounding-type attachment plugs shall be used only with a cord having an equipment grounding conductor.

Informational Note: See 250.126 for identification of equipment grounding conductor terminals.

406.11 Connecting Receptacle Grounding Terminal to Box

The connection of the receptacle grounding terminal shall comply with 250.146.

406.12 Tamper-Resistant Receptacles

All 15- and 20-ampere, 125-and 250-volt nonlocking-type receptacles in the areas specified in 406.12(1) through (8) shall be listed tamper-resistant receptacles.

Dwelling units, including attached and detached garages and accessory buildings to dwelling units, and common areas of multifamily dwellings specified in 210.52 and 550.13
Guest rooms and guest suites of hotels, motels, and their common areas
Child care facilities
Preschools and education facilities
Business offices, corridors, waiting rooms and the like in clinics, medical and dental offices, and outpatient facilities
Subset of assembly occupancies described in 518.2 to include places of awaiting transportation, gymnasiums, skating rinks, and auditoriums
Dormitory units
Assisted living facilities

Informational Note No. 1: This requirement would include receptacles identified as 5-15, 5-20, 6-15, and 6-20 in ANSI/NEMA WD 6-2016, Wiring Devices — Dimensional Specifications.

Informational Note No. 2: Assisted living facilities are Institutional Use Group I-1 per IBC 2015.

Exception to (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8): Receptacles in the following locations shall not be required to be tamper resistant:

Receptacles located more than 1.7 m (5 ¹/₂ ft) above the floor
Receptacles that are part of a luminaire or appliance
A single receptacle, or a duplex receptacle for two appliances, located within the dedicated space for each appliance that, in normal use, is not easily moved from one place to another and that is cord-and-plug-connected in accordance with 400.10(A)(6), (A)(7), or (A)(8)
Nongrounding receptacles used for replacements as permitted in 406.4(D)(2)(a)

406.13 Single-Pole Separable-Connector Type

Single-pole separable connectors shall be listed and labeled and shall comply with 406.13(A) through (D).

(A) Locking or Latching Type

Single-pole separable connectors shall be of either the locking or latching type and marked with the manufacturer's name or identification and voltage and ampere ratings.

(B) Identification

Connectors designated for connection to the grounded circuit conductor shall be identified by a white-colored housing; connectors designated for connection to the grounding circuit conductor shall be identified by a green-colored housing.

(C) Interchangeability

Single-pole separable connectors shall be permitted to be interchangeable for ac or dc use or for different current ratings or voltages on the same premises, provided they are listed for ac/dc use and marked in a suitable manner to identify the system to which they are intended to be connected.

(D) Connecting and Disconnecting

The use of single-pole separable connectors shall be performed by a qualified person and shall comply with at least one of the following conditions:

Connection and disconnection of connectors are only possible where the supply connectors are interlocked to the source, and it is not possible to connect or disconnect connectors when the supply is energized.
Line connectors are of the listed sequential-interlocking type so that load connectors are connected in the following sequence and that disconnection is in the reverse sequence:
1. Equipment grounding conductor connection
2. Grounded circuit conductor connection, if provided
3. Ungrounded conductor connection
A caution notice that complies with 110.21(B) is provided on the equipment employing single-pole separable connectors, adjacent to the line connectors, indicating that connections are to be performed in the following sequence and that disconnection is in the reverse sequence:
1. Equipment grounding conductor connectors
2. Grounded circuit-conductor connectors, if provided
3. Ungrounded conductor connectors

Informational Note: A single-pole locking-type separable connector is investigated in accordance with ANSI/UL 1691—2014, Single Pole Locking-Type Separable Connectors.

Article 408 Switchboards, Switchgear, and Panelboards

Part I General

408.1 Scope

This article covers switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards. It does not apply to equipment operating at over 1000 volts, except as specifically referenced elsewhere in the Code.

408.2 Other Articles

Switches, circuit breakers, and overcurrent devices used on switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards and their enclosures shall comply with this article and also with the requirements of Articles 240, 250, 312, 404, and other articles that apply. Switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards in hazardous (classified) locations shall comply with the applicable provisions of Articles 500 through 517.

408.3 Support and Arrangement of Busbars and Conductors

(A) Conductors and Busbars on a Switchboard, Switchgear, or Panelboard

Conductors and busbars on a switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard shall comply with 408.3(A)(1) and (A)(2) as applicable.

(1) Location

Conductors and busbars shall be located so as to be free from physical damage and shall be held firmly in place.

(2) Same Vertical Section

Other than the required interconnections and control wiring, only those conductors that are intended for termination in a vertical section of a switchboard or switchgear shall be located in that section.

Exception: Conductors shall be permitted to travel horizontally through vertical sections of switchboards and switchgear where such conductors are isolated from busbars by a barrier.

(B) Overheating and Inductive Effects

The arrangement of busbars and conductors shall be such as to avoid overheating due to inductive effects.

(C) Used as Service Equipment

Each switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard, if used as service equipment, shall be provided with a main bonding jumper sized in accordance with 250.28(D) or the equivalent placed within the panelboard or one of the sections of the switchboard or switchgear for connecting the grounded service conductor on its supply side to the switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard frame. All sections of a switchboard or switchgear shall be bonded together using an equipment-bonding jumper or a supply-side bonding jumper sized in accordance with 250.122 or 250.102(C)(1) as applicable.

Exception: Switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards used as service equipment on high-impedance grounded neutral systems in accordance with 250.36 shall not be required to be provided with a main bonding jumper.

(D) Terminals

In switchboards and switchgear, load terminals for field wiring shall comply with 408.18(C).

(E) Bus Arrangement

(1) AC Phase Arrangement

Alternating-current phase arrangement on 3-phase buses shall be A, B, C from front to back, top to bottom, or left to right, as viewed from the front of the switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard. The B phase shall be that phase having the higher voltage to ground on 3-phase, 4-wire, delta-connected systems. Other busbar arrangements shall be permitted for additions to existing installations and shall be marked.

Exception: Equipment within the same single section or multisection switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard as the meter on 3-phase, 4-wire, delta-connected systems shall be permitted to have the same phase configuration as the metering equipment.

Informational Note: See 110.15 for requirements on marking the busbar or phase conductor having the higher voltage to ground where supplied from a 4-wire, delta-connected system.

(2) DC Bus Arrangement

Direct-current ungrounded buses shall be permitted to be in any order. Arrangement of dc buses shall be field marked as to polarity, grounding system, and nominal voltage.

(F) Switchboard, Switchgear, or Panelboard Identification

A caution sign(s) or a label(s) provided in accordance with 408.3(F)(1) through (F)(5) shall comply with 110.21(B).

(1) High-Leg Identification

A switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard containing a 4-wire, delta-connected system where the midpoint of one phase winding is grounded shall be legibly and permanently field marked as follows:

"Caution _____ Phase Has _____ Volts to Ground"

(2) Ungrounded AC Systems

A switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard containing an ungrounded ac electrical system as permitted in 250.21 shall be legibly and permanently field marked as follows:

"Caution Ungrounded System Operating — _____ Volts Between Conductors"

(3) High-Impedance Grounded Neutral AC System

A switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard containing a high-impedance grounded neutral ac system in accordance with 250.36 shall be legibly and permanently field marked as follows:

CAUTION: HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUNDED NEUTRAL AC SYSTEM OPERATING — _____ VOLTS BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND MAY OPERATE — _____ VOLTS TO GROUND FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS

(4) Ungrounded DC Systems

A switchboard, switchgear, or panelboard containing an ungrounded dc electrical system in accordance with 250.169 shall be legibly and permanently field marked as follows:

CAUTION: UNGROUNDED DC SYSTEM OPERATING — _____ VOLTS BETWEEN CONDUCTORS

(5) Resistively Grounded DC Systems

A switchboard, switch-gear, or panelboard containing a resistive connection between current-carrying conductors and the grounding system to stabilize voltage to ground shall be legibly and permanently field marked as follows:

CAUTION: DC SYSTEM OPERATING — _____ VOLTS BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND MAY OPERATE — _____ VOLTS TO GROUND FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS

(G) Minimum Wire-Bending Space

The minimum wirebending space at terminals and minimum gutter space provided in switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards shall be as required in 312.6.

408.4 Field Identification Required

(A) Circuit Directory or Circuit Identification

Every circuit and circuit modification shall be legibly identified as to its clear, evident, and specific purpose or use. The identification shall include an approved degree of detail that allows each circuit to be distinguished from all others. Spare positions that contain unused overcurrent devices or switches shall be described accordingly. The identification shall be included in a circuit directory that is located on the face, inside of, or in an approved location adjacent to the panel door in the case of a panelboard and at each switch or circuit breaker in a switchboard or switchgear. No circuit shall be described in a manner that depends on transient conditions of occupancy.

(B) Source of Supply

All switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards supplied by a feeder(s) in other than one-or two-family dwellings shall be permanently marked to indicate each device or equipment where the power originates. The label shall be permanently affixed, of sufficient durability to withstand the environment involved, and not handwritten.

408.5 Clearance for Conductor Entering Bus Enclosures

Where conduits or other raceways enter a switchboard, switchgear, floor-standing panelboard, or similar enclosure at the bottom, approved space shall be provided to permit installation of conductors in the enclosure. The wiring space shall not be less than shown in Table 408.5 where the conduit or raceways enter or leave the enclosure below the busbars, their supports, or other obstructions. The conduit or raceways, including their end fittings, shall not rise more than 75 mm (3 in.) above the bottom of the enclosure.

Table 408.5 Clearance for Conductors Entering Bus Enclosures

Conductor	Minimum Spacing Between Bottom of Enclosure and Busbars, Their Supports, or Other Obstructions
Conductor	mm	in.
Insulated busbars, their supports, or other obstructions	200	8
Noninsulated busbars	250	10

408.6 Short-Circuit Current Rating

Switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards shall have a short-circuit current rating not less than the available fault current. In other than one-and two-family dwelling units, the available fault current and the date the calculation was performed shall be field marked on the enclosure at the point of supply. The marking shall comply with 110.21(B)(3).

408.7 Unused Openings

Unused openings for circuit breakers and switches shall be closed using identified closures, or other approved means that provide protection substantially equivalent to the wall of the enclosure.

408.8 Reconditioning of Equipment

Reconditioning of equipment within the scope of this article shall be limited as described in 408.8(A) and (B). The reconditioning process shall use design qualified parts verified under applicable standards and be performed in accordance with any instructions provided by the manufacturer. If equipment has been damaged by fire, products of combustion, or water, it shall be specifically evaluated by its manufacturer or a qualified testing laboratory prior to being returned to service.

(A) Panelboards

Panelboards shall not be permitted to be reconditioned. This shall not prevent the replacement of a panelboard within an enclosure. In the event the replacement has not been listed for the specific enclosure and the available fault current is greater than 10,000 amperes, the completed work shall be field labeled, and any previously applied listing marks on the cabinet that pertain to the panelboard shall be removed.

(B) Switchboards and Switchgear

Switchboards and switchgear, or sections of switchboards or switchgear, shall be permitted to be reconditioned. Reconditioned switchgear shall be listed or field labeled as reconditioned, and previously applied listing marks, if any, within the portions reconditioned shall be removed.

Part II Switchboards and Switchgear

408.16 Switchboards and Switchgear in Damp or Wet Locations

Switchboards and switchgear in damp or wet locations shall be installed in accordance with 312.2.

408.17 Location Relative to Easily Ignitible Material

Switchboards and switchgear shall be placed so as to reduce to a minimum the probability of communicating fire to adjacent combustible materials. Where installed over a combustible floor, suitable protection thereto shall be provided.

408.18 Clearances

(A) From Ceiling

For other than a totally enclosed switchboard or switchgear, a space not less than 900 mm (3 ft) shall be provided between the top of the switchboard or switchgear and any combustible ceiling, unless a noncombustible shield is provided between the switchboard or switchgear and the ceiling.

(B) Around Switchboards and Switchgear

Clearances around switchboards and switchgear shall comply with the provisions of 110.26.

(C) Connections

Each section of equipment that requires rear or side access to make field connections shall be so marked by the manufacturer on the front. Section openings requiring rear or side access shall comply with 110.26. Load terminals for field wiring shall comply with 408.18(C)(1), (C)(2), or (C)(3) as applicable.

(1) Equipment Grounding Conductors

Load terminals for field wiring shall be so located that it is not necessary to reach across uninsulated ungrounded bus in order to make connections.

(2) Grounded Circuit Conductors

Where multiple branch or feeder grounded circuit conductor load terminals for field wiring are grouped together in one location, they shall be so located that it is not necessary to reach across uninsulated ungrounded bus, whether or not energized, in order to make connections.

Where only one branch or feeder set of load terminals for field wiring are grouped with its associated ungrounded load terminals, they shall be so located that it is not necessary to reach across energized uninsulated bus including other branch or feeder bus in order to make connections. Bus on the line side of service, branch, or feeder disconnects is considered energized with respect to its associated load side circuits.

(3) Ungrounded Conductors

Load terminals for ungrounded conductors shall be so located that it is not necessary to reach across energized uninsulated bus in order to make connections. Bus on the line side of service, branch, or feeder disconnects is considered energized with respect to its associated load side circuits.

408.19 Conductor Insulation

An insulated conductor used within a switchboard or switchgear shall be listed, shall be flame retardant, and shall be rated not less than the voltage applied to it and not less than the voltage applied to other conductors or busbars with which it may come into contact.

408.20 Location of Switchboards and Switchgear

Switchboards and switchgear that have any exposed live parts shall be located in permanently dry locations and then only where under competent supervision and accessible only to qualified persons. Switchboards and switchgear shall be located such that the probability of damage from equipment or processes is reduced to a minimum.

408.22 Grounding of Instruments, Relays, Meters, and Instrument Transformers on Switchboards and Switchgear

Instruments, relays, meters, and instrument transformers located on switchboards and switchgear shall be grounded as specified in 250.170 through 250.178.

408.23 Power Monitoring and Energy Management Equipment

The requirements of 312.8(B) shall apply.

Part III Panelboards

408.30 General

All panelboards shall have a rating not less than the minimum feeder capacity required for the load calculated in accordance with Part III, IV, or V of Article 220, as applicable.

408.36 Overcurrent Protection

In addition to the requirement of 408.30, a panelboard shall be protected by an overcurrent protective device having a rating not greater than that of the panelboard. This overcurrent protective device shall be located within or at any point on the supply side of the panelboard.

Exception No. 1: Individual protection shall not be required for a panelboard protected by two main circuit breakers or two sets of fuses in other than service equipment, having a combined rating not greater than that of the panelboard. A panelboard constructed or wired under this exception shall not contain more than 42 overcurrent devices. For the purposes of determining the maximum of 42 overcurrent devices, a 2-pole or a 3-pole circuit breaker shall be considered as two or three overcurrent devices, respectively.

Exception No. 2: For existing panelboards, individual protection shall not be required for a panelboard used as service equipment for an individual residential occupancy.

(A) Snap Switches Rated at 30 Amperes or Less

Panelboards equipped with snap switches rated at 30 amperes or less shall have overcurrent protection of 200 amperes or less.

(B) Supplied Through a Transformer

Where a panelboard is supplied through a transformer, the overcurrent protection required by 408.36 shall be located on the secondary side of the transformer.

Exception: A panelboard supplied by the secondary side of a transformer shall be considered as protected by the overcurrent protection provided on the primary side of the transformer where that protection is in accordance with 240.21(C)(1).

(C) Delta Breakers

A 3-phase disconnect or overcurrent device shall not be connected to the bus of any panelboard that has less than 3-phase buses. Delta breakers shall not be installed in panelboards.

(D) Back-Fed Devices

Plug-in-type overcurrent protection devices or plug-in type main lug assemblies that are backfed and used to terminate field-installed ungrounded supply conductors shall be secured in place by an additional fastener that requires other than a pull to release the device from the mounting means on the panel.

408.37 Panelboards in Damp or Wet Locations

Panelboards in damp or wet locations shall be installed to comply with 312.2.

408.38 Enclosure

Panelboards shall be mounted in cabinets, cutout boxes, or identified enclosures and shall be dead-front.

Exception: Panelboards other than of the dead-front, externally operable-type shall be permitted where accessible only to qualified persons.

408.39 Relative Arrangement of Switches and Fuses

In panelboards, fuses of any type shall be installed on the load side of any switches.

Exception: Fuses installed as part of service equipment in accordance with the provisions of 230.94 shall be permitted on the line side of the service switch.

408.40 Grounding of Panelboards

Panelboard cabinets and panelboard frames, if of metal, shall be in physical contact with each other and shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor. Where the panelboard is used with nonmetallic raceway or cable or where separate equipment grounding conductors are provided, a terminal bar for the equipment grounding conductors shall be secured inside the cabinet. The terminal bar shall be bonded to the cabinet and panelboard frame, if of metal; otherwise it shall be connected to the equipment grounding conductor that is run with the conductors feeding the panelboard.

Exception: Where an isolated equipment grounding conductor for a branch circuit or a feeder is provided as permitted by 250.146(D), the insulated equipment grounding conductor that is run with the circuit conductors shall be permitted to pass through the panelboard without being connected to the panelboard's equipment grounding terminal bar.

Equipment grounding conductors shall not be connected to a terminal bar provided for grounded conductors or neutral conductors unless the bar is identified for the purpose and is located where interconnection between equipment grounding conductors and grounded circuit conductors is permitted or required by Article 250.

408.41 Grounded Conductor Terminations

Each grounded conductor shall terminate within the panelboard in an individual terminal that is not also used for another conductor.

Exception: Grounded conductors of circuits with parallel conductors shall be permitted to terminate in a single terminal if the terminal is identified for connection of more than one conductor.

408.43 Panelboard Orientation

Panelboards shall not be installed in the face-up position.

Part IV Construction Specifications

408.50 Panels

The panels of switchboards and switchgear shall be made of moisture-resistant, noncombustible material.

408.51 Busbars

Insulated or bare busbars shall be rigidly mounted.

408.52 Protection of Instrument Circuits

Instruments, pilot lights, voltage (potential) transformers, and other switchboard or switchgear devices with potential coils shall be supplied by a circuit that is protected by standard overcurrent devices rated 15 amperes or less.

Exception No. 1: Overcurrent devices rated more than 15 amperes shall be permitted where the interruption of the circuit could create a hazard. Short-circuit protection shall be provided.

Exception No. 2: For ratings of 2 amperes or less, special types of enclosed fuses shall be permitted.

408.53 Component Parts

Switches, fuses, and fuseholders used on panelboards shall comply with the applicable requirements of Articles 240 and 404.

408.54 Maximum Number of Overcurrent Devices

A panelboard shall be provided with physical means to prevent the installation of more overcurrent devices than that number for which the panelboard was designed, rated, and listed.

For the purposes of this section, a 2-pole circuit breaker or fusible switch shall be considered two overcurrent devices; a 3-pole circuit breaker or fusible switch shall be considered three overcurrent devices.

408.55 Wire-Bending Space Within an Enclosure Containing a Panelboard

(A) Top and Bottom Wire-Bending Space

The enclosure for a panelboard shall have the top and bottom wire-bending space sized in accordance with Table 312.6(B) for the largest conductor entering or leaving the enclosure.

Exception No. 1: Either the top or bottom wire-bending space shall be permitted to be sized in accordance with Table 312.6(A) for a panelboard rated 225 amperes or less and designed to contain not over 42 overcurrent devices. For the purposes of this exception, a 2-pole or a 3-pole circuit breaker shall be considered as two or three overcurrent devices, respectively.

Exception No. 2: Either the top or bottom wire-bending space for any panelboard shall be permitted to be sized in accordance with Table 312.6(A) where at least one side wire-bending space is sized in accordance with Table. 312.6(B) for the largest conductor to be terminated in any side wire-bending space.

Exception No. 3: The top and bottom wire-bending space shall be permitted to be sized in accordance with Table 312.6(A) spacings if the panelboard is designed and constructed for wiring using only a single 90-degree bend for each conductor, including the grounded circuit conductor, and the wiring diagram shows and specifies the method of wiring that shall be used.

Exception No. 4: Either the top or the bottom wire-bending space, but not both, shall be permitted to be sized in accordance with Table 312.6(A) where there are no conductors terminated in that space.

(B) Side Wire-Bending Space

Side wire-bending space shall be in accordance with Table 312.6(A) for the largest conductor to be terminated in that space.

(C) Back Wire-Bending Space

Where a raceway or cable entry is in the wall of the enclosure opposite a removable cover, the distance from that wall to the cover shall be permitted to comply with the distance required for one wire per terminal in Table 312.6(A). The distance between the center of the rear entry and the nearest termination for the entering conductors shall not be less than the distance given in Table 312.6(B).

408.56 Minimum Spacings

The distance between uninsulated metal parts, busbars, and other uninsulated live parts shall not be less than specified in Table 408.56.

Where close proximity does not cause excessive heating, parts of the same polarity at switches, enclosed fuses, and so forth shall be permitted to be placed as close together as convenience in handling will allow.

Exception: The distance shall be permitted to be less than that specified in Table 408.56 at circuit breakers and switches and in listed components installed in switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards.

Table 408.56 Minimum Spacings Between Bare Metal Parts

AC or DC Voltage	Opposite Polarity Where Mounted on the Same Surface		Opposite Polarity Where Held Free in Air		Live Parts to Ground*
AC or DC Voltage	mm	in.	mm	in.	mm	in.
Not over 125 volts, nominal	19.1	³/₄	12.7	¹/₂	12.7	¹/₂
Not over 250 volts, nominal	31.8	1¹/₄	19.1	³/₄	12.7	¹/₂
Not over 1000 volts, nominal	50.8	2	25.4	1	25.4	1
*For spacing between live parts and doors of cabinets, the dimensions in 312.11(A) shall apply.

408.58 Panelboard Marking

Panelboards shall be durably marked by the manufacturer with the voltage and the current rating and the number of ac phases or dc buses for which they are designed and with the manufacturer's name or trademark in such a manner so as to be visible after installation, without disturbing the interior parts or wiring.

Article 409 Industrial Control Panels

Part I General

409.1 Scope

This article covers industrial control panels intended for general use and operating at 1000 volts or less.

Informational Note: ANSI/UL 508A, Standard for Industrial Control Panels, is a safety standard for industrial control panels.

409.3 Other Articles

In addition to the requirements of Article 409, industrial control panels that contain branch circuits for specific loads or components, or are for control of specific types of equipment addressed in other articles of this Code, shall be constructed and installed in accordance with the applicable requirements from the specific articles in Table 409.3.

Table 409.3 Other Articles

Equipment/Occupancy	Article	Section
Branch circuits	210
Luminaires	410
Motors, motor circuits, and controllers	430
Air-conditioning and refrigerating equipment	440
Capacitors		460.8, 460.9
Hazardous (classified) locations	500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505
Commercial garages; aircraft hangars; motor fuel dispensing facilities; bulk storage plants; spray application, dipping, and coating processes; and inhalation anesthetizing locations	511, 513, 514, 515, 516, and 517 Part IV
Cranes and hoists	610
Electrically driven or controlled irrigation machines	675
Elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks, wheelchair lifts, and stairway chair lifts	620
Industrial machinery	670
Resistors and reactors	470
Transformers	450
Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 remote-control, signaling, and power-limited circuits	725

Part II Installation

409.20 Conductor — Minimum Size and Ampacity

The size of the industrial control panel supply conductor shall have an ampacity not less than 125 percent of the full-load current rating of all heating loads plus 125 percent of the full-load current rating of the highest rated motor plus the sum of the full-load current ratings of all other connected motors and apparatus based on their duty cycle that may be in operation at the same time.

409.21 Overcurrent Protection

(A) General

Industrial control panels shall be provided with overcurrent protection in accordance with Parts I, II, and IX of Article 240.

(B) Location

This protection shall be provided for each incoming supply circuit by either of the following:

An overcurrent protective device located ahead of the industrial control panel.
A single main overcurrent protective device located within the industrial control panel. Where overcurrent protection is provided as part of the industrial control panel, the supply conductors shall be considered as either feeders or taps as covered by 240.21.

(C) Rating

The rating or setting of the overcurrent protective device for the circuit supplying the industrial control panel shall not be greater than the sum of the largest rating or setting of the branch-circuit short-circuit and ground-fault protective device provided with the industrial control panel, plus 125 percent of the full-load current rating of all resistance heating loads, plus the sum of the full-load currents of all other motors and apparatus that could be in operation at the same time.

Exception: Where one or more instantaneous trip circuit breakers or motor short-circuit protectors are used for motor branch-circuit short-circuit and ground-fault protection as permitted by 430.52(C), the procedure specified above for determining the maximum rating of the protective device for the circuit supplying the industrial control panel shall apply with the following provision: For the purpose of the calculation, each instantaneous trip circuit breaker or motor short-circuit protector shall be assumed to have a rating not exceeding the maximum percentage of motor-full-load current permitted by Table 430.52 for the type of control panel supply circuit protective device employed.

Where no branch-circuit short-circuit and ground-fault protective device is provided with the industrial control panel for motor or combination of motor and non-motor loads, the rating or setting of the overcurrent protective device shall be based on 430.52 and 430.53, as applicable.

409.22 Short-Circuit Current Rating

(A) Installation

An industrial control panel shall not be installed where the available fault current exceeds its short-circuit current rating as marked in accordance with 409.110(4).

(B) Documentation

If an industrial control panel is required to be marked with a short-circuit current rating in accordance with 409.110(4), the available fault current at the industrial control panel and the date the available fault current calculation was performed shall be documented and made available to those authorized to inspect, install, or maintain the installation.

409.30 Disconnecting Means

Disconnecting means that supply motor loads shall comply with Part IX of Article 430.

409.60 Grounding

Multisection industrial control panels shall be bonded together with an equipment grounding conductor or an equivalent equipment grounding bus sized in accordance with Table 250.122. Equipment grounding conductors shall be connected to this equipment grounding bus or to an equipment grounding termination point provided in a single-section industrial control panel.

Part III Construction Specifications

409.100 Enclosures

Table 110.28 shall be used as the basis for selecting industrial control panel enclosures for use in specific locations other than hazardous (classified) locations. The enclosures are not intended to protect against conditions such as condensation, icing, corrosion, or contamination that may occur within the enclosure or enter via the conduit or unsealed openings.

409.102 Busbars and Conductors

Industrial control panels utilizing busbars shall comply with 409.102(A) and (B).

(A) Support and Arrangement

Busbars shall be protected from physical damage and be held firmly in place.

(B) Phase Arrangement

The phase arrangement on 3-phase horizontal common power and vertical buses shall be A, B, C from front to back, top to bottom, or left to right, as viewed from the front of the industrial control panel. The B phase shall be that phase having the higher voltage to ground on 3-phase, 4-wire, delta-connected systems. Other busbar arrangements shall be permitted for additions to existing installations, and the phases shall be permanently marked.

409.104 Wiring Space

(A) General

Industrial control panel enclosures shall not be used as junction boxes, auxiliary gutters, or raceways for conductors feeding through or tapping off to other switches or overcurrent devices or other equipment, unless the conductors fill less than 40 percent of the cross-sectional area of the wiring space. In addition, the conductors, splices, and taps shall not fill the wiring space at any cross section to more than 75 percent of the cross-sectional area of that space.

(B) Wire Bending Space

Wire bending space within industrial control panels for field wiring terminals shall be in accordance with the requirements in 430.10(B).

409.106 Spacings

Spacings in feeder circuits between uninsulated live parts of adjacent components, between uninsulated live parts of components and grounded or accessible non—current-carrying metal parts, between uninsulated live parts of components and the enclosure, and at field wiring terminals shall be as shown in Table 430.97(D).

Exception: Spacings shall be permitted to be less than those specified in Table 430.97(D) at circuit breakers and switches and in listed components installed in industrial control panels.

409.108 Service Equipment

Where used as service equipment, each industrial control panel shall be of the type that is suitable for use as service equipment.

Where a grounded conductor is provided, the industrial control panel shall be provided with a main bonding jumper, sized in accordance with 250.28(D), for connecting the grounded conductor, on its supply side, to the industrial control panel equipment ground bus or equipment ground terminal.

409.110 Marking

An industrial control panel shall be marked with the following information that is plainly visible after installation:

Manufacturer's name, trademark, or other descriptive marking by which the organization responsible for the product can be identified.
Supply voltage, number of phases, frequency, and full-load current for each incoming supply circuit.
Industrial control panels supplied by more than one electrical source where more than one disconnecting means is required to disconnect all circuits 50-volts or more within the control panel shall be marked to indicate that more than one disconnecting means is required to de-energize the equipment. The location of the means necessary to disconnect all circuits 50-volts or more shall be documented and available.
Short-circuit current rating of the industrial control panel based on one of the following:
1. Short-circuit current rating of a listed and labeled assembly
2. Short-circuit current rating established utilizing an approved method
Informational Note: ANSI/UL 508A, Standard for Industrial Control Panels, Supplement SB, is an example of an approved method.

Exception to (4): Short-circuit current rating markings are not required for industrial control panels containing only control circuit components.
If the industrial control panel is intended as service equipment, it shall be marked to identify it as being suitable for use as service equipment.
Electrical wiring diagram or the identification number of a separate electrical wiring diagram or a designation referenced in a separate wiring diagram.
An enclosure type number shall be marked on the industrial control panel enclosure.

Article 410 Luminaires, Lampholders, and Lamps

Part I General

410.1 Scope

This article covers luminaires, portable luminaires, lampholders, pendants, incandescent filament lamps, arc lamps, electric-discharge lamps, decorative lighting products, lighting accessories for temporary seasonal and holiday use, portable flexible lighting products, and the wiring and equipment forming part of such products and lighting installations.

410.2 Definition

The definition in this section shall apply only within this article.

Clothes Closet Storage Space. The volume bounded by the sides and back closet walls and planes extending from the closet floor vertically to a height of 1.8 m (6 ft) or to the highest clothes-hanging rod and parallel to the walls at a horizontal distance of 600 mm (24 in.) from the sides and back of the closet walls, respectively, and continuing vertically to the closet ceiling parallel to the walls at a horizontal distance of 300 mm (12 in.) or the width of the shelf, whichever is greater; for a closet that permits access to both sides of a hanging rod, this space includes the volume below the highest rod extending 300 mm (12 in.) on either side of the rod on a plane horizontal to the floor extending the entire length of the rod. See Figure 410.2.

FIGURE 410.2 Clothes Closet Storage Space.

410.5 Live Parts

Luminaires, portable luminaires, lampholders, and lamps shall have no live parts normally exposed to contact. Exposed accessible terminals in lampholders and switches shall not be installed in metal luminaire canopies or in open bases of portable table or floor luminaires.

Exception: Cleat-type lampholders located at least 2.5 m (8 ft) above the floor shall be permitted to have exposed terminals.

410.6 Listing Required

All luminaires, lampholders, and retrofit kits shall be listed.

410.7 Reconditioned Equipment

Luminaires, lampholders, and retrofit kits shall not be permitted to be reconditioned. If a retrofit kit is installed in a luminaire in accordance with the installation instructions, the retrofitted luminaire shall not be considered reconditioned.

410.8 Inspection

Luminaires shall be installed such that the connections between the luminaire conductors and the circuit conductors can be inspected without requiring the disconnection of any part of the wiring unless the luminaires are connected by attachment plugs and receptacles.

Part II Luminaire Locations

410.10 Luminaires in Specific Locations

(A) Wet and Damp Locations

Luminaires installed in wet or damp locations shall be installed such that water cannot enter or accumulate in wiring compartments, lampholders, or other electrical parts. All luminaires installed in wet locations shall be marked, "Suitable for Wet Locations." All luminaires installed in damp locations shall be marked "Suitable for Wet Locations" or "Suitable for Damp Locations."

(B) Corrosive Locations

Luminaires installed in corrosive locations shall be of a type suitable for such locations.

(C) In Ducts or Hoods

Luminaires shall be permitted to be installed in commercial cooking hoods where all of the following conditions are met:

The luminaire shall be identified for use within commercial cooking hoods and installed such that the temperature limits of the materials used are not exceeded.
The luminaire shall be constructed so that all exhaust vapors, grease, oil, or cooking vapors are excluded from the lamp and wiring compartment. Diffusers shall be resistant to thermal shock.
Parts of the luminaire exposed within the hood shall be corrosion resistant or protected against corrosion, and the surface shall be smooth so as not to collect deposits and to facilitate cleaning.
Wiring methods and materials supplying the luminaire(s) shall not be exposed within the cooking hood.

Informational Note: See 110.11 for conductors and equipment exposed to deteriorating agents.

(D) Bathtub and Shower Areas

A luminaire installed in a bathtub or shower area shall meet all of the following requirements:

No parts of cord-connected luminaires, chain-, cable-, or cord-suspended luminaires, lighting track, pendants, or ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans shall be located within a zone measured 900 mm (3 ft) horizontally and 2.5 m (8 ft) vertically from the top of the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold. This zone is all-encompassing and includes the space directly over the tub or shower stall.
Luminaires located within the actual outside dimension of the bathtub or shower to a height of 2.5 m (8 ft) vertically from the top of the bathtub rim or shower threshold shall be marked suitable for damp locations or marked suitable for wet locations. Luminaires located where subject to shower spray shall be marked suitable for wet locations.

(E) Luminaires in Indoor Sports, Mixed-Use, and All-Purpose Facilities

Luminaires subject to physical damage, using a mercury vapor or metal halide lamp, installed in playing and spectator seating areas of indoor sports, mixed-use, or all-purpose facilities shall be of the type that protects the lamp with a glass or plastic lens. Such luminaires shall be permitted to have an additional guard.

(F) Luminaires Installed in or Under Roof Decking

Luminaires installed in exposed or concealed locations under metal-corrugated sheet roof decking shall be installed and supported so there is not less than 38 mm (1¹/₂ in.) measured from the lowest surface of the roof decking to the top of the luminaire.

410.11 Luminaires Near Combustible Material

Luminaires shall be constructed, installed, or equipped with shades or guards so that combustible material is not subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

410.12 Luminaires Over Combustible Material

Lampholders installed over highly combustible material shall be of the unswitched type. Unless an individual switch is provided for each luminaire, lampholders shall be located at least 2.5 m (8 ft) above the floor or shall be located or guarded so that the lamps cannot be readily removed or damaged.

410.14 Luminaires in Show Windows

Chain-supported luminaires used in a show window shall be permitted to be externally wired. No other externally wired luminaires shall be used.

410.16 Luminaires in Clothes Closets

(A) Luminaire Types Permitted

Only luminaires of the following types shall be permitted in a clothes closet:

Surface-mounted or recessed incandescent or LED luminaires with completely enclosed light sources
Surface-mounted or recessed fluorescent luminaires
Surface-mounted fluorescent or LED luminaires identified as suitable for installation within the clothes closet storage space

(B) Luminaire Types Not Permitted

Incandescent luminaires with open or partially enclosed lamps and pendant luminaires or lampholders shall not be permitted.

(C) Location

The minimum clearance between luminaires installed in clothes closets and the nearest point of a clothes closet storage space shall be as follows:

300 mm (12 in.) for surface-mounted incandescent or LED luminaires with a completely enclosed light source installed on the wall above the door or on the ceiling.
150 mm (6 in.) for surface-mounted fluorescent luminaires installed on the wall above the door or on the ceiling.
150 mm (6 in.) for recessed incandescent or LED luminaires with a completely enclosed light source installed in the wall or the ceiling.
150 mm (6 in.) for recessed fluorescent luminaires installed in the wall or the ceiling.
Surface-mounted fluorescent or LED luminaires shall be permitted to be installed within the clothes closet storage space where identified for this use.

410.18 Space for Cove Lighting

Coves shall have adequate space and shall be located so that lamps and equipment can be properly installed and maintained.

Part III Provisions at Luminaire Outlet Boxes, Canopies, and Pans

410.20 Space for Conductors

Canopies and outlet boxes taken together shall provide sufficient space so that luminaire conductors and their connecting devices are capable of being installed in accordance with 314.16.

410.21 Temperature Limit of Conductors in Outlet Boxes

Luminaires shall be of such construction or installed so that the conductors in outlet boxes shall not be subjected to temperatures greater than that for which the conductors are rated.

Branch-circuit wiring, other than 2-wire or multiwire branch circuits supplying power to luminaires connected together, shall not be passed through an outlet box that is an integral part of a luminaire unless the luminaire is identified for through-wiring.

Informational Note: See 410.64(C) for wiring supplying power to luminaires connected together.

410.22 Outlet Boxes to Be Covered

In a completed installation, each outlet box shall be provided with a cover unless covered by means of a luminaire canopy, lampholder, receptacle that covers the box or is provided with a faceplate, or similar device.

410.23 Covering of Combustible Material at Outlet Boxes

Any combustible wall or ceiling finish exposed between the edge of a luminaire canopy or pan and an outlet box having a surface area of 1160 mm² (180 in.²) or more shall be covered with noncombustible material.

410.24 Connection of Electric-Discharge and LED Luminaires

(A) Independent of the Outlet Box

Electric-discharge and LED luminaires supported independently of the outlet box shall be connected to the branch circuit through metal raceway, nonmetallic raceway, Type MC cable, Type AC cable, Type MI cable, nonmetallic sheathed cable, or by flexible cord as permitted in 410.62(B) or 410.62(C).

(B) Access to Boxes

Electric-discharge and LED luminaires surface mounted over concealed outlet, pull, or junction boxes and designed not to be supported solely by the outlet box shall be provided with suitable openings in the back of the luminaire to provide access to the wiring in the box.

Part IV Luminaire Supports

410.30 Supports

(A) General

Luminaires and lampholders shall be securely supported. A luminaire that weighs more than 3 kg (6 lb) or exceeds 400 mm (16 in.) in any dimension shall not be supported by the screw shell of a lampholder.

(B) Metal or Nonmetallic Poles Supporting Luminaires

Metal or nonmetallic poles shall be permitted to be used to support luminaires and as a raceway to enclose supply conductors, provided the following conditions are met:

A pole shall have a handhole not less than 50 mm × 100 mm (2 in. × 4 in.) with a cover suitable for use in wet locations to provide access to the supply terminations within the pole or pole base.
Exception No. 1: No handhole shall be required in a pole 2.5 m (8 ft) or less in height abovegrade where the supply wiring method continues without splice or pull point, and where the interior of the pole and any splices are accessible by removing the luminaire.

Exception No. 2: No handhole shall be required in a pole 6.0 m (20 ft) or less in height abovegrade that is provided with a hinged base.
Where raceway risers or cable is not installed within the pole, a threaded fitting or nipple shall be brazed, welded, or attached to the pole opposite the handhole for the supply connection.
A metal pole shall be provided with an equipment grounding terminal as follows:
1. A pole with a handhole shall have the equipment grounding terminal accessible from the handhole.
2. A pole with a hinged base shall have the equipment grounding terminal accessible within the base.
  Exception to (3): No grounding terminal shall be required in a pole 2.5 m (8 ft) or less in height abovegrade where the supply wiring method continues without splice or pull, and where the interior of the pole and any splices are accessible by removing the luminaire.
A metal pole with a hinged base shall have the hinged base and pole bonded together.
Metal raceways or other equipment grounding conductors shall be bonded to the metal pole with an equipment grounding conductor recognized by 250.118 and sized in accordance with 250.122.
Conductors in vertical poles used as raceway shall be supported as provided in 300.19.

410.36 Means of Support

(A) Luminaires Supported by Outlet Boxes

Luminaires shall be permitted to be supported by outlet boxes or fittings installed as required by 314.23. The installation shall comply with the following requirements:

The outlet boxes or fittings shall comply with 314.27(A)(1) and 314.27(A)(2).
Luminaires shall be permitted to be supported in accordance with 314.27(E).
Outlet boxes complying with 314.27(E) shall be considered lighting outlets as required by 210.70(A), (B), and (C).

(B) Suspended Ceilings

Framing members of suspended ceiling systems used to support luminaires shall be securely fastened to each other and shall be securely attached to the building structure at appropriate intervals. Luminaires shall be securely fastened to the ceiling framing member by mechanical means such as bolts, screws, or rivets. Listed clips identified for use with the type of ceiling framing member(s) and luminaire(s) shall also be permitted.

(C) Luminaire Studs

Luminaire studs that are not a part of outlet boxes, hickeys, tripods, and crowfeet shall be made of steel, malleable iron, or other material suitable for the application.

(D) Insulating Joints

Insulating joints that are not designed to be mounted with screws or bolts shall have an exterior metal casing, insulated from both screw connections.

(E) Raceway Fittings

Raceway fittings used to support a luminaire(s) shall be capable of supporting the weight of the complete fixture assembly and lamp(s).

(F) Busways

Luminaires shall be permitted to be connected to busways in accordance with 368.17(C).

(G) Trees

Outdoor luminaires and associated equipment shall be permitted to be supported by trees.

Informational Note No. 1: See 225.26 for restrictions for support of overhead conductors.

Informational Note No. 2: See 300.5(D) for protection of conductors.

Part V Grounding

410.40 General

Luminaires and lighting equipment shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor as required in Article 250 and Part V of this article.

410.42 Luminaire(s) With Exposed Conductive Parts

Exposed conductive parts that are accessible to unqualified persons shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor or be separated from all live parts and other conducting surfaces by a listed system of double insulation.

Small isolated parts, such as mounting screws, clips, and decorative bands on glass spaced at least 38 mm (1¹/₂ in.) from lamp terminals, shall not require connection to an equipment grounding conductor.

Portable luminaires with a polarized attachment plug shall not require connection to an equipment grounding conductor.

410.44 Methods of Grounding

Luminaires and equipment shall be mechanically connected to an equipment grounding conductor as specified in 250.118 and sized in accordance with 250.122.

Exception No. 1: Replacement luminaires shall be permitted to connect an equipment grounding conductor in the same manner as replacement receptacles in compliance with 250.130(C). The luminaire shall then comply with 410.42.

Exception No. 2: Where no equipment grounding conductor exists at the outlet, replacement luminaires that are GFCI protected or do not have exposed conductive parts shall not be required to be connected to an equipment grounding conductor.

410.46 Equipment Grounding Conductor Attachment

Luminaires with exposed metal parts shall be provided with a means for connecting an equipment grounding conductor.

Part VI Wiring of Luminaires

410.48 Luminaire Wiring — General

Wiring on or within luminaires shall be neatly arranged and shall not be exposed to physical damage. Excess wiring shall be avoided. Conductors shall be arranged so that they are not subjected to temperatures above those for which they are rated.

410.50 Polarization of Luminaires

Luminaires shall be wired so that the screw shells of lampholders are connected to the same luminaire or circuit conductor or terminal. The grounded conductor, where connected to a screw shell lampholder, shall be connected to the screw shell.

410.52 Conductor Insulation

Luminaires shall be wired with conductors having insulation suitable for the environmental conditions, current, voltage, and temperature to which the conductors will be subjected.

Informational Note: For ampacity of fixture wire, maximum operating temperature, voltage limitations, minimum wire size, and other information, see Article 402.

410.54 Pendant Conductors for Incandescent Filament Lamps

(A) Support

Pendant lampholders with permanently attached leads, where used for other than festoon wiring, shall be hung from separate stranded rubber-covered conductors that are soldered directly to the circuit conductors but supported independently thereof.

(B) Size

Unless part of listed decorative lighting assemblies, pendant conductors shall not be smaller than 14 AWG for mogul-base or medium-base screw shell lampholders or smaller than 18 AWG for intermediate or candelabra-base lampholders.

(C) Twisted or Cabled

Pendant conductors longer than 900 mm (3 ft) shall be twisted together where not cabled in a listed assembly.

410.56 Protection of Conductors and Insulation

(A) Properly Secured

Conductors shall be secured in a manner that does not tend to cut or abrade the insulation.

(B) Protection Through Metal

Conductor insulation shall be protected from abrasion where it passes through metal.

(C) Luminaire Stems

Splices and taps shall not be located within luminaire arms or stems.

(D) Splices and Taps

No unnecessary splices or taps shall be made within or on a luminaire.

Informational Note: For approved means of making connections, see 110.14.

(E) Stranding

Stranded conductors shall be used for wiring on luminaire chains and on other movable or flexible parts.

(F) Tension

Conductors shall be arranged so that the weight of the luminaire or movable parts does not put tension on the conductors.

410.59 Cord-Connected Showcases

Individual showcases, other than fixed, shall be permitted to be connected by flexible cord to permanently installed receptacles, and groups of not more than six such showcases shall be permitted to be coupled together by flexible cord and separable locking-type connectors with one of the group connected by flexible cord to a permanently installed receptacle.

The installation shall comply with 410.59(A) through (E).

(A) Cord Requirements

Flexible cord shall be of the hard-service type, having conductors not smaller than the branch-circuit conductors, having ampacity at least equal to the branch-circuit overcurrent device, and having an equipment grounding conductor.

Informational Note: See Table 250.122 for size of equipment grounding conductor.

(B) Receptacles, Connectors, and Attachment Plugs

Receptacles, connectors, and attachment plugs shall be of a listed grounding type rated 15 or 20 amperes.

(C) Support

Flexible cords shall be secured to the undersides of showcases such that all of the following conditions are ensured:

The wiring is not exposed to physical damage.
The separation between cases is not in excess of 50 mm (2 in.), or more than 300 mm (12 in.) between the first case and the supply receptacle.
The free lead at the end of a group of showcases has a female fitting not extending beyond the case.

(D) No Other Equipment

Equipment other than showcases shall not be electrically connected to showcases.

(E) Secondary Circuit(s)

Where showcases are cord-connected, the secondary circuit(s) of each electric-discharge lighting ballast shall be limited to one showcase.

410.62 Cord-Connected Lampholders and Luminaires

(A) Lampholders

Where a metal lampholder is attached to a flexible cord, the inlet shall be equipped with an insulating bushing that, if threaded, is not smaller than metric designator 12 (trade size ³/₈) pipe size. The cord hole shall be of a size appropriate for the cord, and all burrs and fins shall be removed in order to provide a smooth bearing surface for the cord.

Bushing having holes 7 mm (⁹/₃₂ in.) in diameter shall be permitted for use with plain pendant cord and holes 11 mm (¹³/₃₂ in.) in diameter with reinforced cord.

(B) Adjustable Luminaires

Luminaires that require adjusting or aiming after installation shall not be required to be equipped with an attachment plug or cord connector, provided the exposed cord is suitable for hard-usage or extra-hard-usage and is not longer than that required for maximum adjustment. The cord shall not be subject to strain or physical damage.

Informational Note: For application provisions, see Table 400.4, "Use" column.

(C) Electric-Discharge and LED Luminaires

Electric-discharge and LED luminaires shall comply with 410.62(C)(1), (C)(2), and (C)(3), as applicable.

(1) Cord-Connected Installation

A luminaire or a listed assembly in compliance with any of the conditions in 410.62(C)(1)(a) through (C)(1)(c) shall be permitted to be cord connected provided the luminaire is located directly below the outlet or busway, the cord is not subject to strain or physical damage, and the cord is visible over its entire length except at terminations.

(a) A luminaire shall be permitted to be connected with a cord terminating in a grounding-type attachment plug or busway plug. If grounding is not required in accordance with 410.42, a polarized-type plug shall be permitted.

(b) A luminaire assembly equipped with a strain relief and canopy shall be permitted to use a cord connection between the luminaire assembly and the canopy. The canopy shall be permitted to include a section of raceway not over 150 mm (6 in.) in length and intended to facilitate the connection to an outlet box mounted above a suspended ceiling.

(c) Listed luminaires connected using listed assemblies that incorporate manufactured wiring system connectors in accordance with 604.100(C) shall be permitted to be cord connected.

(2) Provided With Mogul-Base, Screw Shell Lampholders

Electric-discharge luminaires provided with mogul-base, screw shell lampholders shall be permitted to be connected to branch circuits of 50 amperes or less by cords complying with 240.5. Receptacles and attachment plugs shall be permitted to be of a lower ampere rating than the branch circuit but not less than 125 percent of the luminaire full-load current.

(3) Equipped With Flanged Surface Inlet

Electric-discharge luminaires equipped with a flanged surface inlet shall be permitted to be supplied by cord pendants equipped with cord connectors. Inlets and connectors shall be permitted to be of a lower ampere rating than the branch circuit but not less than 125 percent of the luminaire load current.

410.64 Luminaires as Raceways

Luminaires shall not be used as a raceway for circuit conductors unless they comply with 410.64(A), (B), or (C).

(A) Listed

Luminaires listed and marked for use as a raceway shall be permitted to be used as a raceway.

(B) Through-Wiring

Luminaires identified for through-wiring, as permitted by 410.21, shall be permitted to be used as a raceway.

(C) Luminaires Connected Together

Luminaires designed for end-to-end connection to form a continuous assembly, or luminaires connected together by recognized wiring methods, shall be permitted to contain the conductors of a 2-wire branch circuit, or one multiwire branch circuit, supplying the connected luminaires and shall not be required to be listed as a raceway. One additional 2-wire branch circuit separately supplying one or more of the connected luminaires shall also be permitted.

Informational Note: See Article 100 for the definition of Multiwire Branch Circuit.

410.68 Feeder and Branch-Circuit Conductors and Ballasts

Feeder and branch-circuit conductors within 75 mm (3 in.) of a ballast, LED driver, power supply, or transformer shall have an insulation temperature rating not lower than 90°C (194°F), unless supplying a luminaire marked as suitable for a different insulation temperature.

410.69 Identification of Control Conductor Insulation

Where control conductors are spliced, terminated, or connected in the same luminaire or enclosure as the branch-circuit conductors, the field-connected control conductor shall not be of a color reserved for the grounded branch-circuit conductor or the equipment grounding conductor. This requirement shall become effective January 1, 2022.

Informational Note: See 200.6 for identification of grounded conductor and 250.119 for identification of equipment grounding conductor.

Exception: A field-connected gray-colored control conductor shall be permitted if the insulation is permanently re-identified by marking tape, painting, or other effective means at its termination and at each location where the conductor is visible and accessible. Identification shall encircle the insulation and shall be a color other than white, gray, or green.

410.70 Combustible Shades and Enclosures

Air space shall be provided between lamps and shades or other enclosures of combustible material.

Part VII Construction of Luminaires

410.74 Luminaire Rating

(A) Marking

All luminaires shall be marked with the maximum lamp wattage or electrical rating, manufacturer's name, trademark, or other suitable means of identification. A luminaire requiring supply wire rated higher than 60°C (140°F) shall be marked with the minimum supply wire temperature rating on the luminaire and shipping carton or equivalent.

(B) Electrical Rating

The electrical rating shall include the voltage and frequency and shall indicate the current rating of the unit, including the ballast, transformer, LED driver, power supply, or autotransformer.

410.82 Portable Luminaires

Portable luminaires shall be wired with flexible cord recognized by 400.4 and an attachment plug of the polarized or grounding type. If used with Edison-base lampholders, the grounded conductor shall be identified and attached to the screw shell and the identified blade of the attachment plug.

410.84 Cord Bushings

A bushing or the equivalent shall be provided where flexible cord enters the base or stem of a portable luminaire. The bushing shall be of insulating material unless a jacketed type of cord is used.

Part VIII Installation of Lampholders

410.90 Screw Shell Type

Lampholders of the screw shell type shall be installed for use as lampholders only. Where supplied by a circuit having a grounded conductor, the grounded conductor shall be connected to the screw shell.

410.93 Double-Pole Switched Lampholders

Where supplied by the ungrounded conductors of a circuit, the switching device of lampholders of the switched type shall simultaneously disconnect both conductors of the circuit.

410.96 Lampholders in Wet or Damp Locations

Lampholders installed in wet locations shall be listed for use in wet locations. Lampholders installed in damp locations shall be listed for damp locations or shall be listed for wet locations.

410.97 Lampholders Near Combustible Material

Lampholders shall be constructed, installed, or equipped with shades or guards so that combustible material is not subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

Part IX Lamps and Auxiliary Equipment

410.103 Bases, Incandescent Lamps

An incandescent lamp for general use on lighting branch circuits shall not be equipped with a medium base if rated over 300 watts, or with a mogul base if rated over 1500 watts. Special bases or other devices shall be used for over 1500 watts.

410.104 Electric-Discharge Lamp Auxiliary Equipment

(A) Enclosures

Auxiliary equipment for electric-discharge lamps shall be enclosed in noncombustible cases and treated as sources of heat.

(B) Switching

Where supplied by the ungrounded conductors of a circuit, the switching device of auxiliary equipment shall simultaneously disconnect all conductors.

Part X Special Provisions for Flush and Recessed Luminaires

410.110 General

Luminaires installed in recessed cavities in walls or ceilings, including suspended ceilings, shall comply with 410.115 through 410.122.

Upcodes Diagrams

410.115 Temperature

(A) Combustible Material

Luminaires shall be installed so that adjacent combustible material will not be subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

(B) Recessed Incandescent Luminaires

Incandescent luminaires shall have thermal protection and shall be identified as thermally protected.

Exception No. 1: Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed luminaire identified for use and installed in poured concrete.

Exception No. 2: Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed luminaire whose design, construction, and thermal performance characteristics are equivalent to a thermally protected luminaire and are identified as inherently protected.

410.116 Clearance and Installation

(A) Clearance

(1) Non-Type IC

A recessed luminaire that is not identified for contact with insulation shall have all recessed parts spaced not less than 13 mm (¹/₂ in.) from combustible materials. The points of support and the trim finishing off the openings in the ceiling, wall, or other finished surface shall be permitted to be in contact with combustible materials.

(2) Type IC

A recessed luminaire that is identified for contact with insulation, Type IC, shall be permitted to be in contact with combustible materials at recessed parts, points of support, and portions passing through or finishing off the opening in the building structure.

(B) Installation

Thermal insulation shall not be installed above a recessed luminaire or within 75 mm (3 in.) of the recessed luminaire's enclosure, wiring compartment, ballast, transformer, LED driver, or power supply unless the luminaire is identified as Type IC for insulation contact.

(C) Installation in Fire-Resistant Construction

Luminaires marked "FOR USE IN NON-FIRE-RATED INSTALLATIONS" shall not be used in fire-rated installations. Where a luminaire is recessed in fire-resistant material in a building of fire-resistant construction, the recessed luminaire shall satisfy one of the following:

The recessed luminaire shall be listed for use in a fire resistance-rated construction.
The recessed luminaire shall be installed in or used with a luminaire enclosure that is listed for use in a fire resistance-rated construction.
The recessed luminaire shall be listed and shall be installed in accordance with a tested fire resistance-rated assembly. When a tested fire resistance-rated assembly allows the installation of a recessed fluorescent luminaire, a recessed LED luminaire of comparable construction shall be permitted.

410.117 Wiring

(A) General

Conductors that have insulation suitable for the temperature encountered shall be used.

(B) Circuit Conductors

Branch-circuit conductors that have an insulation suitable for the temperature encountered shall be permitted to terminate in the luminaire.

(C) Tap Conductors

Tap conductors of a type suitable for the temperature encountered shall be permitted to run from the luminaire terminal connection to an outlet box placed at least 300 mm (1 ft) from the luminaire. Such tap conductors shall be in suitable raceway or Type AC or MC cable of at least 450 mm (18 in.) but not more than 1.8 m (6 ft) in length.

410.118 Access to Other Boxes

Luminaires recessed in ceilings, floors, or walls shall not be used to access outlet, pull, or junction boxes or conduit bodies, unless the box or conduit body is an integral part of the listed luminaire.

Part XI Construction of Flush and Recessed Luminaires

410.119 Temperature

Luminaires shall be constructed such that adjacent combustible material is not subject to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

410.120 Lamp Wattage Marking

Incandescent lamp luminaires shall be marked to indicate the maximum allowable wattage of lamps. The markings shall be permanently installed, in letters at least 6 mm (¹/₄ in.) high, and shall be located where visible during relamping.

410.121 Solder Prohibited

No solder shall be used in the construction of a luminaire recessed housing.

410.122 Lampholders

Lampholders of the screw shell type shall be of porcelain or other suitable insulating materials.

Part XII Special Provisions for Electric-Discharge Lighting Systems of 1000 Volts or Less

410.130 General

(A) Open-Circuit Voltage of 1000 Volts or Less

Equipment for use with electric-discharge lighting systems and designed for an open-circuit voltage of 1000 volts or less shall be of a type identified for such service.

(B) Considered as Energized

The terminals of an electric-discharge lamp shall be considered as energized where any lamp terminal is connected to a circuit of over 300 volts.

(C) Transformers of the Oil-Filled Type

Transformers of the oil-filled type shall not be used.

(D) Additional Requirements

In addition to complying with the general requirements for luminaires, such equipment shall comply with Part XII of this article.

(E) Thermal Protection — Fluorescent Luminaires

(1) Integral Thermal Protection

The ballast of a fluorescent luminaire installed indoors shall have integral thermal protection. Replacement ballasts shall also have thermal protection integral with the ballast.

(2) Simple Reactance Ballasts

A simple reactance ballast in a fluorescent luminaire with straight tubular lamps shall not be required to be thermally protected.

(3) Exit Luminaires

A ballast in a fluorescent exit luminaire shall not have thermal protection.

(4) Egress Luminaires

A ballast in a fluorescent luminaire that is used for egress lighting and energized only during a failure of the normal supply shall not have thermal protection.

(F) High-Intensity Discharge Luminaires

(1) Recessed

Recessed high-intensity luminaires designed to be installed in wall or ceiling cavities shall have thermal protection and be identified as thermally protected.

(2) Inherently Protected

Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed high-intensity luminaire whose design, construction, and thermal performance characteristics are equivalent to a thermally protected luminaire and are identified as inherently protected.

(3) Installed in Poured Concrete

Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed high-intensity discharge luminaire identified for use and installed in poured concrete.

(4) Recessed Remote Ballasts

A recessed remote ballast for a high-intensity discharge luminaire shall have thermal protection that is integral with the ballast and shall be identified as thermally protected.

(5) Metal Halide Lamp Containment

Luminaires that use a metal halide lamp other than a thick-glass parabolic reflector lamp (PAR) shall be provided with a containment barrier that encloses the lamp, or shall be provided with a physical means that only allows the use of a lamp that is Type O.

Informational Note: See ANSI Standard C78.389, American National Standard for Electric Lamps — High Intensity Discharge, Methods of Measuring Characteristics.

(G) Disconnecting Means

(1) General

In indoor locations other than dwellings and associated accessory structures, fluorescent luminaires that utilize double-ended lamps and contain ballast(s) that can be serviced in place shall have a disconnecting means either internal or external to each luminaire. For existing installed luminaires without disconnecting means, at the time a ballast is replaced, a disconnecting means shall be installed. The line side terminals of the disconnecting means shall be guarded.

Exception No. 1: A disconnecting means shall not be required for luminaires installed in hazardous (classified) location(s).

Exception No. 2: A disconnecting means shall not be required for luminaires that provide emergency illumination required in 700.16.

Exception No. 3: For cord-and-plug-connected luminaires, an accessible separable connector or an accessible plug and receptacle shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means.

Exception No. 4: Where more than one luminaire is installed and supplied by other than a multiwire branch circuit, a disconnecting means shall not be required for every luminaire when the design of the installation includes disconnecting means, such that the illuminated space cannot be left in total darkness.

(2) Multiwire Branch Circuits

When connected to multiwire branch circuits, the disconnecting means shall simultaneously break all the supply conductors to the ballast, including the grounded conductor.

(3) Location

The disconnecting means shall be located so as to be accessible to qualified persons before servicing or maintaining the ballast. Where the disconnecting means is external to the luminaire, it shall be a single device, and shall be attached to the luminaire or the luminaire shall be located within sight of the disconnecting means.

410.134 Direct-Current Equipment

Luminaires installed on dc circuits shall be equipped with auxiliary equipment and resistors designed for dc operation. The luminaires shall be marked for dc operation.

410.135 Open-Circuit Voltage Exceeding 300 Volts

Equipment having an open-circuit voltage exceeding 300 volts shall not be installed in dwelling occupancies unless such equipment is designed so that there will be no exposed live parts when lamps are being inserted, are in place, or are being removed.

410.136 Luminaire Mounting

(A) Exposed Components

Luminaires that have exposed ballasts, transformers, LED drivers, or power supplies shall be installed such that ballasts, transformers, LED drivers, or power supplies shall not be in contact with combustible material unless listed for such condition.

(B) Combustible Low-Density Cellulose Fiberboard

Where a surface-mounted luminaire containing a ballast, transformer, LED driver, or power supply is to be installed on combustible low-density cellulose fiberboard, it shall be marked for this condition or shall be spaced not less than 38 mm (1¹/₂ in.) from the surface of the fiberboard. Where such luminaires are partially or wholly recessed, the provisions of 410.110 through 410.122 shall apply.

Informational Note: Combustible low-density cellulose fiberboard includes sheets, panels, and tiles that have a density of 320 kg/m³ (20 lb/ft³) or less and that are formed of bonded plant fiber material but does not include solid or laminated wood or fiberboard that has a density in excess of 320 kg/m³ (20 lb/ft³) or is a material that has been integrally treated with fire-retarding chemicals to the degree that the flame spread index in any plane of the material will not exceed 25, determined in accordance with tests for surface burning characteristics of building materials. See ASTM E84-18a, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723-2018, Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.

410.137 Equipment Not Integral With Luminaire

(A) Metal Cabinets

Auxiliary equipment, including reactors, capacitors, resistors, and similar equipment, where not installed as part of a luminaire assembly, shall be enclosed in accessible, permanently installed metal cabinets.

(B) Separate Mounting

Separately mounted ballasts, transformers, LED drivers, or power supplies that are listed for direct connection to a wiring system shall not be required to be additionally enclosed.

(C) Wired Luminaire Sections

Wired luminaire sections are paired, with a ballast(s) or LED driver(s) supplying a light source or light sources in both. For interconnection between paired units, it shall be permissible to use metric designator 12 (trade size ³/₈) flexible metal conduit in lengths not exceeding 7.5 m (25 ft), in conformance with Article 348. Luminaire wire operating at line voltage, supplying only the ballast(s) or LED driver(s) of one of the paired luminaires, shall be permitted in the same raceway as the light source supply wires of the paired luminaires where the voltage rating of the light source supply wires is greater than the line voltage.

410.138 Autotransformers

An autotransformer that is used to raise the voltage to more than 300 volts, as part of a ballast for supplying lighting units, shall be supplied only by a grounded system.

410.139 Switches

Snap switches shall comply with 404.14.

Part XIII Special Provisions for Electric-Discharge Lighting Systems of More Than 1000 Volts

410.140 General

(A) Listing

Electric-discharge lighting systems with an open-circuit voltage exceeding 1000 volts shall be listed and installed in conformance with that listing.

(B) Dwelling Occupancies

Equipment that has an open-circuit voltage exceeding 1000 volts shall not be installed in or on dwelling occupancies.

(C) Live Parts

The terminal of an electric-discharge lamp shall be considered as a live part.

(D) Additional Requirements

In addition to complying with the general requirements for luminaires, such equipment shall comply with Part XIII of this article.

Informational Note: For signs and outline lighting, see Article 600.

410.141 Control

(A) Disconnection

Luminaires or lamp installation shall be controlled either singly or in groups by an externally operable switch or circuit breaker that opens all ungrounded primary conductors.

(B) Within Sight or Locked Type

The switch or circuit breaker shall be located within sight from the luminaires or lamps, or it shall be permitted to be located elsewhere if it is lockable open in accordance with 110.25.

410.142 Lamp Terminals and Lampholders

Parts that must be removed for lamp replacement shall be hinged or held captive. Lamps or lampholders shall be designed so that there are no exposed live parts when lamps are being inserted or removed.

410.143 Transformers

(A) Type

Transformers shall be enclosed, identified for the use, and listed.

(B) Voltage

The secondary circuit voltage shall not exceed 15,000 volts, nominal, under any load condition. The voltage to ground of any output terminals of the secondary circuit shall not exceed 7500 volts under any load conditions.

(C) Rating

Transformers shall have a secondary short-circuit current rating of not more than 150 mA if the open-circuit voltage is over 7500 volts, and not more than 300 mA if the open-circuit voltage rating is 7500 volts or less.

(D) Secondary Connections

Secondary circuit outputs shall not be connected in parallel or in series.

410.144 Transformer Locations

(A) Accessible

Transformers shall be accessible after installation.

(B) Secondary Conductors

Transformers shall be installed as near to the lamps as practicable to keep the secondary conductors as short as possible.

(C) Adjacent to Combustible Materials

Transformers shall be located so that adjacent combustible materials are not subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

410.145 Exposure to Damage

Lamps shall not be located where normally exposed to physical damage.

410.146 Marking

Each luminaire or each secondary circuit of tubing having an open-circuit voltage of over 1000 volts shall have a clearly legible marking in letters not less than 6 mm (¹/₄ in.) high reading "Caution ____ volts." The voltage indicated shall be the rated open-circuit voltage. The caution sign(s) or label(s) shall comply with 110.21(B).

Part XIV Lighting Track

410.151 Installation

(A) Lighting Track

Lighting track shall be permanently installed and permanently connected to a branch circuit. Only lighting track fittings shall be installed on lighting track. Lighting track fittings shall not be equipped with general-purpose receptacles.

(B) Connected Load

The connected load on lighting track shall not exceed the rating of the track. Lighting track shall be supplied by a branch circuit having a rating not more than that of the track. The load calculation in 220.43(B) shall not be required to limit the length of track on a single branch circuit, and it shall not be required to limit the number of luminaires on a single track.

(C) Locations Not Permitted

Lighting track shall not be installed in the following locations:

Where likely to be subjected to physical damage
In wet or damp locations
Where subject to corrosive vapors
In storage battery rooms
In hazardous (classified) locations
Where concealed
Where extended through walls or partitions
Less than 1.5 m (5 ft) above the finished floor except where protected from physical damage or track operating at less than 30 volts rms open-circuit voltage
Where prohibited by 410.10(D)

(D) Support

Fittings identified for use on lighting track shall be designed specifically for the track on which they are to be installed. They shall be securely fastened to the track, shall maintain polarization and connections to the equipment grounding conductor, and shall be designed to be suspended directly from the track.

410.153 Heavy-Duty Lighting Track

Heavy-duty lighting track is lighting track identified for use exceeding 20 amperes. Each fitting attached to a heavy-duty lighting track shall have individual overcurrent protection.

410.154 Fastening

Lighting track shall be securely mounted so that each fastening is suitable for supporting the maximum weight of luminaires that can be installed. Unless identified for supports at greater intervals, a single section 1.2 m (4 ft) or shorter in length shall have two supports, and, where installed in a continuous row, each individual section of not more than 1.2 m (4 ft) in length shall have one additional support.

410.155 Construction Requirements

(A) Construction

The housing for the lighting track system shall be of substantial construction to maintain rigidity. The conductors shall be installed within the track housing, permitting insertion of a luminaire, and designed to prevent tampering and accidental contact with live parts. Components of lighting track systems of different voltages shall not be interchangeable. The track conductors shall be a minimum 12 AWG or equal and shall be copper. The track system ends shall be insulated and capped.

(B) Grounding

Lighting track shall be grounded in accordance with Article 250, and the track sections shall be securely coupled to maintain continuity of the circuitry, polarization, and grounding throughout.

Part XV Decorative Lighting and Similar Accessories

410.160 Listing of Decorative Lighting

Decorative lighting and similar accessories used for holiday lighting and similar purposes, in accordance with 590.3(B), shall be listed.

Part XVI Special Provisions for Horticultural Lighting Equipment

410.170 General

Luminaires complying with Parts, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII of this article shall be permitted to be used for horticultural lighting. Part XVI shall additionally apply to lighting equipment specifically identified for horticultural use.

Informational Note: Lighting equipment identified for horticultural use is designed to provide a spectral characteristic needed for the growth of plants and can also provide supplemental general illumination within the growing environment.

410.172 Listing

Lighting equipment identified for horticultural use shall be listed.

410.174 Installation and Use

Lighting equipment identified for horticultural use shall be installed and used in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions and installation markings on the equipment as required by that listing.

410.176 Locations Not Permitted

(A) General Lighting

Lighting equipment identified for horticultural use shall not be installed as lighting for general illumination unless such use is indicated in the manufacturer's instructions.

(B) Installed Location

Lighting equipment identified for horticultural use shall not be installed where it is likely to be subject to physical damage or where concealed.

410.178 Flexible Cord

Flexible cord shall only be permitted when provided as part of listed lighting equipment identified for horticultural use for any of the following uses:

Connecting a horticultural lighting luminaire directly to a branch circuit outlet
Interconnecting horticultural lighting luminaires
Connecting a horticultural lighting luminaire to a remote power source

Informational Note: Remote power sources include LED drivers, fluorescent ballasts, or HID ballasts.

410.180 Fittings and Connectors

Fittings and connectors attached to flexible cords shall be provided as part of a listed horticultural lighting equipment device or system and installed in accordance with the instructions provided as part of that listing.

410.182 Grounding

Lighting equipment identified for horticultural use shall be grounded as required in Article 250 and Part V of this article.

410.184 Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection

Lighting equipment identified for horticultural use employing flexible cord(s) with one or more conductors shall be supplied by lighting outlets protected by a listed ground-fault circuit interrupter.

410.186 Support

Special fittings identified for support of horticultural lighting equipment shall be designed specifically for the horticultural lighting equipment on which they are installed and shall be used in accordance with the installation instructions provided and shall be securely fastened.

410.188 Hazardous (Classified) Locations

Where installed in hazardous (classified) locations, horticultural lighting equipment shall conform to Articles 500 through 517 in addition to this article.

Article 411 Low-Voltage Lighting

411.1 Scope

This article covers lighting systems and their associated components operating at no more than 30 volts ac or 60 volts dc. Where wet contact is likely to occur, the limits are 15 volts ac or 30 volts dc.

Informational Note: Refer to Article 680 for applications involving immersion.

411.3 Low-Voltage Lighting Systems

Low voltage lighting systems shall consist of an isolating power supply, low-voltage luminaires, and associated equipment that are all identified for the use. The output circuits of the power supply shall be rated for 25 amperes maximum under all load conditions.

411.4 Listing Required

Low-voltage lighting systems shall comply with 411.4(A) or (B). Listed low-voltage lighting systems or a lighting system assembled from listed parts shall not be permitted to be reconditioned.

(A) Listed System

The luminaires, power supply, and luminaire fittings (including the exposed bare conductors) of an exposed bare conductor lighting system shall be listed for the use as part of the same identified lighting system.

(B) Assembly of Listed Parts

A lighting system assembled from the following listed parts shall be permitted:

Low-voltage luminaires identified for the use
Power supply identified for the use
Low-voltage luminaire fittings identified for the use
Suitably rated cord, cable, conductors in conduit, or other fixed Chapter 3 wiring method for the secondary circuit

411.5 Specific Location Requirements

(A) Walls, Floors, and Ceilings

Conductors concealed or extended through a wall, floor, or ceiling shall be in accordance with (1) or (2):

Installed using any of the wiring methods specified in Chapter 3
Installed using wiring supplied by a listed Class 2 power source and installed in accordance with 725.130

(B) Pools, Spas, Fountains, and Similar Locations

Lighting systems shall be installed not less than 3 m (10 ft) horizontally from the nearest edge of the water, unless permitted by Article 680.

411.6 Secondary Circuits

(A) Grounding

Secondary circuits shall not be grounded.

(B) Isolation

The secondary circuit shall be insulated from the branch circuit by an isolating transformer.

(C) Bare Conductors

Exposed bare conductors and current-carrying parts shall be permitted for indoor installations only. Bare conductors shall not be installed less than 2.1 m (7 ft) above the finished floor, unless specifically listed for a lower installation height.

411.7 Branch Circuit

Lighting systems covered by this article shall be supplied from a maximum 20-ampere branch circuit.

411.8 Hazardous (Classified) Locations

Where installed in hazardous (classified) locations, these systems shall conform with Articles 500 through 517 in addition to this article.

Article 422 Appliances

Part I General

422.1 Scope

This article covers electrical appliances used in any occupancy.

422.3 Other Articles

The requirements of Article 430 shall apply to the installation of motor-operated appliances, and the requirements of Article 440 shall apply to the installation of appliances containing a hermetic refrigerant motor-compressor(s), except as specifically amended in this article.

422.4 Live Parts

Appliances shall have no live parts normally exposed to contact other than those parts functioning as open-resistance heating elements, such as the heating element of a toaster, which are necessarily exposed.

422.5 Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter (GFCI) Protection for Personnel

(A) General

Appliances identified in 422.5(A)(1) through (A)(7) rated 150 volts or less to ground and 60 amperes or less, single-or 3-phase, shall be provided with Class A GFCI protection for personnel. Multiple Class A GFCI protective devices shall be permitted but shall not be required.

Automotive vacuum machines
Drinking water coolers and bottle fill stations
Cord-and-plug-connected high-pressure spray washing machines
Tire inflation machines
Vending machines
Sump pumps
Dishwashers

Informational Note: Section 210.8 specifies requirements for GFCI protection for the branch-circuit outlet where the covered location warrants such protection.

(B) Type and Location

The GFCI shall be readily accessible, listed, and located in one or more of the following locations:

Within the branch-circuit overcurrent device
A device or outlet within the supply circuit
An integral part of the attachment plug
Within the supply cord not more than 300 mm (12 in.) from the attachment plug
Factory installed within the appliance

422.6 Listing Required

All appliances supplied by 50 volts or higher shall be listed.

Part II Installation

422.10 Branch Circuits

This section specifies the requirements for branch circuits capable of carrying appliance current without overheating under the conditions specified.

(A) Individual Branch Circuits

The ampacities of branch-circuit conductors shall not be less than the marked rating of the appliance or the marked rating of an appliance having combined loads.

The ampacities of branch-circuit conductors for motor-operated appliances not having a marked rating shall be in accordance with Part II of Article 430.

The branch-circuit rating for an appliance that is a continuous load, other than a motor-operated appliance, shall not be less than 125 percent of the marked rating, or not less than 100 percent of the marked rating if the branch-circuit device and its assembly are listed for continuous loading at 100 percent of its rating.

Branch circuits and branch-circuit conductors for household ranges and cooking appliances shall be permitted to be in accordance with Table 220.55 and shall be sized in accordance with 210.19(A)(3).

(B) Branch Circuits Supplying Two or More Loads

For branch circuits supplying appliance and other loads, the rating shall be determined in accordance with 210.23.

422.11 Overcurrent Protection

Appliances shall be protected against overcurrent in accordance with 422.11(A) through (G) and 422.10.

(A) Branch-Circuit Overcurrent Protection

Branch circuits shall be protected in accordance with 240.4.

If a protective device rating is marked on an appliance, the branch-circuit overcurrent device rating shall not exceed the protective device rating marked on the appliance.

(B) Household-Type Appliances With Surface Heating Elements

Household-type appliances with surface heating elements having a maximum demand of more than 60 amperes calculated in accordance with Table 220.55 shall have their power supply subdivided into two or more circuits, each of which shall be provided with overcurrent protection rated at not over 50 amperes.

(C) Infrared Lamp Commercial and Industrial Heating Appliances

Infrared lamp commercial and industrial heating appliances shall have overcurrent protection not exceeding 50 amperes.

(D) Open-Coil or Exposed Sheathed-Coil Types of Surface Heating Elements in Commercial-Type Heating Appliances

Open-coil or exposed sheathed-coil types of surface heating elements in commercial-type heating appliances shall be protected by overcurrent protective devices rated at not over 50 amperes.

(E) Single Non—Motor-Operated Appliance

If the branch circuit supplies a single non—motor-operated appliance, the rating of overcurrent protection shall comply with the following:

Not exceed that marked on the appliance.
Not exceed 20 amperes if the overcurrent protection rating is not marked and the appliance is rated 13.3 amperes or less; or
Not exceed 150 percent of the appliance rated current if the overcurrent protection rating is not marked and the appliance is rated over 13.3 amperes. Where 150 percent of the appliance rating does not correspond to a standard overcurrent device ampere rating, the next higher standard rating shall be permitted.

(F) Electric Heating Appliances Employing Resistance-Type Heating Elements Rated More Than 48 Amperes

(1) Electric Heating Appliances

Electric heating appliances employing resistance-type heating elements rated more than 48 amperes, other than household appliances with surface heating elements covered by 422.11(B), and commercial-type heating appliances covered by 422.11(D), shall have the heating elements subdivided. Each subdivided load shall not exceed 48 amperes, and each subdivided load shall be protected at not more than 60 amperes.

These supplementary overcurrent protective devices shall be (1) factory-installed within or on the heater enclosure or provided as a separate assembly by the heater manufacturer; (2) accessible; and (3) suitable for branch-circuit protection.

The main conductors supplying these overcurrent protective devices shall be considered branch-circuit conductors.

(2) Commercial Kitchen and Cooking Appliances

Commercial kitchen and cooking appliances using sheathed-type heating elements not covered in 422.11(D) shall be permitted to be subdivided into circuits not exceeding 120 amperes and protected at not more than 150 amperes where one of the following is met:

Elements are integral with and enclosed within a cooking surface.
Elements are completely contained within an enclosure identified as suitable for this use.
Elements are contained within an ASME-rated and stamped vessel.

(3) Water Heaters and Steam Boilers

Resistance-type immersion electric heating elements shall be permitted to be subdivided into circuits not exceeding 120 amperes and protected at not more than 150 amperes as follows:

Where contained in ASME-rated and stamped vessels
Where included in listed instantaneous water heaters
Where installed in low-pressure water heater tanks or open-outlet water heater vessels

Informational Note: Low-pressure and open-outlet heaters are atmospheric pressure water heaters as defined in IEC 60335-2-21, Household and similar electrical appliances — Safety — Particular requirements for storage water heaters.

(G) Motor-Operated Appliances

Motors of motor-operated appliances shall be provided with overload protection in accordance with Part III of Article 430. Hermetic refrigerant motor-compressors in air-conditioning or refrigerating equipment shall be provided with overload protection in accordance with Part VI of Article 440. Where appliance overcurrent protective devices that are separate from the appliance are required, data for selection of these devices shall be marked on the appliance. The minimum marking shall be that specified in 430.7 and 440.4.

422.12 Central Heating Equipment

Central heating equipment other than fixed electric space-heating equipment shall be supplied by an individual branch circuit.

Exception No. 1: Auxiliary equipment, such as a pump, valve, humidifier, or electrostatic air cleaner directly associated with the heating equipment, shall be permitted to be connected to the same branch circuit.

Exception No. 2: Permanently connected air-conditioning equipment shall be permitted to be connected to the same branch circuit.

422.13 Storage-Type Water Heaters

The branch-circuit overcurrent device and conductors for fixed storage-type water heaters that have a capacity of 450 L (120 gal) or less shall be sized not smaller than 125 percent of the rating of the water heater.

Informational Note: For branch-circuit rating, see 422.10.

422.15 Central Vacuum Outlet Assemblies

(A)

Listed central vacuum outlet assemblies shall be permitted to be connected to a branch circuit in accordance with 210.23(A).

(B)

The ampacity of the connecting conductors shall not be less than the ampacity of the branch circuit conductors to which they are connected.

(C)

Accessible non—current-carrying metal parts of the central vacuum outlet assembly likely to become energized shall be connected to an equipment grounding conductor in accordance with 250.110. Incidental metal parts such as screws or rivets installed into or on insulating material shall not be considered likely to become energized.

422.16 Flexible Cords

(A) General

Flexible cord shall be permitted as follows:

To connect appliances to facilitate their frequent interchange or to prevent the transmission of noise or vibration or
To facilitate the removal or disconnection of appliances that are fastened in place, where the fastening means and mechanical connections are specifically designed to permit ready removal for maintenance or repair and the appliance is intended or identified for flexible cord connection.

(B) Specific Appliances

(1) Electrically Operated In-Sink Waste Disposers

Electrically operated in-sink waste disposers shall be permitted to be cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer where all of the following conditions are met:

The length of the cord shall not be less than 450 mm (18 in.) and not over 900 mm (36 in.).
Receptacles shall be located to protect against physical damage to the flexible cord.
The receptacle shall be accessible.
The flexible cord shall have an equipment grounding conductor and be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug.

Exception: A listed appliance distinctly marked to identify it as protected by a system of double insulation shall not be required to be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug.

(2) Built-in Dishwashers and Trash Compactors

Built-in dishwashers and trash compactors shall be permitted to be cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable for the purpose in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer where all of the following conditions are met:

For a trash compactor, the length of the cord shall be 0.9 m to 1.2 m (3 ft to 4 ft) measured from the face of the attachment plug to the plane of the rear of the appliance.
For a built-in dishwasher, the length of the cord shall be 0.9 m to 2.0 m (3 ft to 6.5 ft) measured from the face of the attachment plug to the plane of the rear of the appliance.
Receptacles shall be located to protect against physical damage to the flexible cord.
The receptacle for a trash compactor shall be located in the space occupied by the appliance or adjacent thereto.
The receptacle for a built-in dishwasher shall be located in the space adjacent to the space occupied by the dishwasher. Where the flexible cord passes through an opening, it shall be protected against damage by a bushing, grommet, or other approved means.
The receptacle shall be accessible.
The flexible cord shall have an equipment grounding conductor and be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug.

Exception: A listed appliance distinctly marked to identify it as protected by a system of double insulation shall not be required to be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug.

(3) Wall-Mounted Ovens and Counter-Mounted Cooking Units

Wall-mounted ovens and counter-mounted cooking units complete with provisions for mounting and for making electrical connections shall be permitted to be permanently connected or cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable for the purpose in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer.

A separable connector or a plug and receptacle combination in the supply line to an oven or cooking unit shall be identified for the temperature of the space in which it is located.

(4) Range Hoods and Microwave Oven/Range Hood Combinations

Range hoods and over-the-range microwave ovens with integral range hoods shall be permitted to be cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable for use on range hoods in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer, where all of the following conditions are met:

The length of the cord is not less than 450 mm (18 in.) and not over 1.2 m (4 ft).
Receptacles are located to protect against physical damage to the flexible cord.
The receptacle is supplied by an individual branch circuit.
The receptacle shall be accessible.
The flexible cord shall have an equipment grounding conductor and be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug.

Exception: A listed appliance distinctly marked to identify it as protected by a system of double insulation shall not be required to be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug.

422.17 Protection of Combustible Material

Each electrically heated appliance that is intended by size, weight, and service to be located in a fixed position shall be placed so as to provide protection between the appliance and adjacent combustible material.

422.18 Support of Ceiling-Suspended (Paddle) Fans

Ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans shall be supported independently of an outlet box or by one of the following:

A listed outlet box or listed outlet box system identified for the use and installed in accordance with 314.27(C)
A listed outlet box system, a listed locking support and mounting receptacle, and a compatible factory installed attachment fitting designed for support, identified for the use and installed in accordance with 314.27(E)

422.19 Space for Conductors

The combined volume of the canopy of ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans and outlet box shall provide sufficient space so that conductors and their connecting devices are capable of being installed in accordance with 314.16.

422.20 Outlet Boxes to Be Covered

In a completed installation, each outlet box shall be provided with a cover unless covered by means of a ceiling-suspended (paddle) fan canopy.

422.21 Covering of Combustible Material at Outlet Boxes

Any combustible ceiling finish that is exposed between the edge of a ceiling-suspended (paddle) fan canopy or pan and an outlet box and that has a surface area of 1160 mm² (180 in.²) or more shall be covered with noncombustible material.

422.22 Utilizing Separable Attachment Fittings

Appliances shall be permitted to utilize listed locking support and mounting receptacles in combination with compatible attachment fittings utilized within their ratings and used in accordance with 314.27(E).

422.23 Other Installation Methods

Appliances employing methods of installation other than covered by this article shall be permitted to be used only by special permission.

Part III Disconnecting Means

422.30 General

A means shall be provided to simultaneously disconnect each appliance from all ungrounded conductors in accordance with the following sections of Part III. If an appliance is supplied by more than one branch circuit or feeder, these disconnecting means shall be grouped and identified as being the multiple disconnecting means for the appliance. Each disconnecting means shall simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors that it controls.

422.31 Disconnection of Permanently Connected Appliances

(A) Rated at Not over 300 Volt-Amperes or ¹/₈ Horsepower

For permanently connected appliances rated at not over 300 volt-amperes or ¹/₈ hp, the branch-circuit overcurrent device shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means where the switch or circuit breaker is within sight from the appliance or be capable of being locked in the open position in compliance with 110.25.

(B) Appliances Rated Over 300 Volt-Amperes

For permanently connected appliances rated over 300 volt-amperes, the branch-circuit switch or circuit breaker shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means where the switch or circuit breaker is within sight from the appliance or be capable of being locked in the open position in compliance with 110.25.

Informational Note: For appliances employing unit switches, see 422.34.

(C) Motor-Operated Appliances Rated over ¹/₈ Horsepower

The disconnecting means shall comply with 430.109 and 430.110. For permanently connected motor-operated appliances with motors rated over ¹/₈ hp, the disconnecting means shall be within sight from the appliance or be capable of being locked in the open position in compliance with 110.25.

Exception: If an appliance of more than ¹/₈ hp is provided with a unit switch that complies with 422.34(A), (B), (C), or (D), the switch or circuit breaker serving as the other disconnecting means shall be permitted to be out of sight from the appliance.

422.33 Disconnection of Cord-and-Plug-Connected or Attachment Fitting—Connected Appliances

(A) Separable Connector or an Attachment Plug (or Attachment Fitting) and Receptacle

For cord-and-plug-(or attachment fitting—) connected appliances, an accessible separable connector or an accessible plug (or attachment fitting) and receptacle combination shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means. The attachment fitting shall be a factory installed part of the appliance and suitable for disconnection of the appliance. Where the separable connector or plug (or attachment fitting) and receptacle combination are not accessible, cord-and-plug-connected or attachment fitting-and-plug-connected appliances shall be provided with disconnecting means in accordance with 422.31.

(B) Connection at the Rear Base of a Range

For cord-and-plug-connected household electric ranges, an attachment plug and receptacle connection at the rear base of a range, accessible from the front by removal of a drawer, shall meet the intent of 422.33(A).

(C) Rating

The rating of a receptacle or of a separable connector shall not be less than the rating of any appliance connected thereto.

Exception: Demand factors authorized elsewhere in this Code shall be permitted to be applied to the rating of a receptacle or of a separable connector.

422.34 Unit Switch(es) as Disconnecting Means

A unit switch(es) with a marked-off position that is a part of an appliance and disconnects all ungrounded conductors shall be permitted as the disconnecting means required by this article where other means for disconnection are provided in occupancies specified in 422.34(A) through (D).

(A) Multifamily Dwellings

In multifamily dwellings, the other disconnecting means shall be within the dwelling unit, or on the same floor as the dwelling unit in which the appliance is installed, and shall be permitted to control lamps and other appliances.