User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 7 regulates the methods and piping systems that remove water that has served a purpose such as flushing water closets, bathing, culinary activities and equipment discharges. The types of materials, drainage fitting and the connection methods are covered for these systems that begin at the receiving fixtures and end at the point of disposal for the liquid waste. A design method for a gravity flow system of vertical and horizontal piping is provided based on the probability of flows from specific fixtures. Vacuum and pumped types of liquid waste removal methods are also regulated by this chapter.
The provisions of this chapter shall govern the materials, design, construction and installation of sanitary drainage systems.
Sanitary drainage piping from plumbing fixtures in buildings and sanitary drainage piping systems from premises shall be connected to a public sewer. Where a public sewer is not available, the sanitary drainage piping and systems shall be connected to a private sewage disposal system in compliance with state or local requirements. Where state or local requirements do not exist for private sewage disposal systems, the sanitary drainage piping and systems shall be connected to an approved private sewage disposal system that is in accordance with the International Private Sewage Disposal Code.
Exception: Sanitary drainage piping and systems that convey only the discharge from bathtubs, showers, lavatories, clothes washers and laundry trays shall not be required to connect to a public sewer or to a private sewage disposal system provided that the piping or systems are connected to a system in accordance with Chapter 13 or 14.
A building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting on a street, alley or easement in which there is a public sewer shall have a separate connection with the sewer. Where located on the same lot, multiple buildings shall not be prohibited from connecting to a common building sewer that connects to the public sewer.
Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system that is deleterious to surface or subsurface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway unless it has first been rendered innocuous through subjection to an approved form of treatment.
Waste detrimental to the public sewer system or to the functioning of the sewage-treatment plant shall be treated and disposed of in accordance with Section 1003 as directed by the code official.
Above-ground soil, waste and vent pipe shall conform to one of the standards listed in Table 702.1.
ABOVE-GROUND DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPE
| MATERIAL | STANDARD | |
| Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe in IPS diameters, including Schedule 40, DR 22 (PS 200) and DR 24 (PS 140); with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2661; ASTM F628; ASTM F1488; CSA B181.1 | |
| Cast-iron pipe | ASTM A74; ASTM A888; CISPI 301 | |
| Copper or copper-alloy pipe | ASTM B42; ASTM B43; ASTM B302 | |
| Copper or copper-alloy tubing (Type K, L, M or DWV) | ASTM B75; ASTM B88; ASTM B251; ASTM B306 | |
| Galvanized steel pipe | ASTM A53 | |
| Glass pipe | ASTM C1053 | |
| Polyolefin pipe | ASTM F1412; CSA B181.3 | |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe in IPS diameters, incluing Schedule 40, DR 22 (PS 200), and DR 24 (PS 140); with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2665; ASTM F891; ASTM F1488; CSA B181.2 | |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe with a 3.25-inch O.D. and a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2949, ASTM F1488 | |
| Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plastic pipe | ASTM F1673; CSA B181.3 | |
| Stainless steel drainage systems, Types 304 and 316L | ASME A112.3.1 |
Underground building sanitary drainage and vent pipe shall conform to one of the standards listed in Table 702.2.
UNDERGROUND BUILDING DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPE
| MATERIAL | STANDARD |
| Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe in IPS diameters, including Schedule 40, DR 22 (PS 200) and DR 24 (PS 140); with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2661; ASTM F628; ASTM F1488; CSA B181.1 |
| Cast-iron pipe | ASTM A74; ASTM A888; CISPI 301 |
| Copper or copper-alloy tubing (Type K, L, M or DWV) | ASTM B75; ASTM B88; ASTM B251; ASTM B306 |
| Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (SDR-PR) | ASTM F714 |
| Polyolefin pipe | ASTM F1412; ASTM F714; CSA B181.3 |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe in IPS diameters, including Schedule 40, DR 22 (PS 200) and DR 24 (PS 140); with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2665; ASTM F891; ASTM F1488; CSA B181.2 |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe with a 3.25-inch O.D. and a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2949, ASTM F1488 |
| Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plastic pipe | ASTM F1673; CSA B181.3 |
| Stainless steel drainage systems, Type 316L | ASME A112.3.1 |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
Building sewer pipe shall conform to one of the standards listed in Table 702.3.
BUILDING SEWER PIPE
| MATERIAL | STANDARD |
| Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe in IPS diameters, including Schedule 40, DR 22 (PS 200) and DR 24 (PS 140); with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2661; ASTM F628; ASTM F1488; CSA B181.1 |
| Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe in sewer and drain diameters, including SDR 42 (PS 20), PS 35, SDR 35 (PS 45), PS 50, PS 100, PS 140, SDR 23.5 (PS 150) and PS 200; with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM F1488; ASTM D2751 |
| Cast-iron pipe | ASTM A74; ASTM A888; CISPI 301 |
| Concrete pipe | ASTM C14; ASTM C76; CSA A257.1M; CSA A257.2M |
| Copper or copper-alloy tubing (Type K or L) | ASTM B75; ASTM B88; ASTM B251 |
| Polyethylene (PE) plastic pipe (SDR-PR) | ASTM F714 |
| Polypropylene (PP) plastic pipe | ASTM F2736; ASTM F2764; CSA B182.13 |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe in IPS diameters, including Schedule 40, DR 22 (PS 200) and DR 24 (PS 140); with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2665; ASTM F891; ASTM F1488 |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) diameters, including PS 25, SDR 41 (PS 28), PS 35, SDR 35 (PS 46), PS 50, PS 100, SDR 26 (PS 115), PS 140 and PS 200; with a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM F891; ASTM F1488; ASTM D3034; CSA B182.2; CSA B182.4 |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe with a 3.25-inch O.D. and a solid, cellular core or composite wall | ASTM D2949, ASTM F1488 |
| Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plastic pipe | ASTM F1673; CSA B181.3 |
| Stainless steel drainage systems, Types 304 and 316L | ASME A112.3.1 |
| Vitrified clay pipe | ASTM C4; ASTM C700 |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
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Pipe fittings shall be approved for installation with the piping material installed and shall comply with the applicable standards listed in Table 702.4.
PIPE FITTINGS
| MATERIAL | STANDARD | |
| Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe in IPS diameters | ASTM D2661; ASTM F628; CSA B181.1 | |
| Acrylonotrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic pipe in sewer and drain diameters | ASTM D2751 | |
| Cast iron | ASME B16.4; ASME B16.12; ASTM A74; ASTM A888; CISPI 301 | |
| Copper or copper alloy | ASME B16.15; ASME B16.18; ASME B16.22; ASME B16.23; ASME B16.26; ASME B16.29 | |
| Glass | ASTM C1053 | |
| Gray iron and ductile iron | AWWA C110/A21.10 | |
| Polyethylene | ASTM D2683 | |
| Polyolefin | ASTM F1412; CSA B181.3 | |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic in IPS diameters | ASTM D2665; ASTM F1866 | |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) diameters | ASTM D3034 | |
| Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe with a 3.25-inch O.D. | ASTM D2949 | |
| Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plastic pipe | ASTM F1673; CSA B181.3 | |
| Stainless steel drainage systems, Types 304 and 316L | ASME A112.3.1 | |
| Steel | ASME B16.9; ASME B16.11; ASME B16.28 | |
| Vitrified clay | ASTM C700 |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
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A chemical waste system shall be completely separated from the sanitary drainage system. The chemical waste shall be treated in accordance with Section 803.2 before discharging to the sanitary drainage system. Separate drainage systems for chemical wastes and vent pipes shall be of an approved material that is resistant to corrosion and degradation for the concentrations of chemicals involved.
The wall thickness of lead bends and traps shall be not less than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm).
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The proximity of a sewer to a water service shall comply with Section 603.2.
Where a building sewer or building drain is installed on filled or unstable ground, the drainage pipe shall conform to one of the standards for ABS plastic pipe, cast-iron pipe, copper or copper-alloy tubing, PVC plastic pipe or polypropylene plastic pipe indicated in Table 702.3.
Where the entire sanitary drainage system of an existing building is replaced, existing building drains under concrete slabs and existing building sewers that will serve the new system shall be internally examined to verify that the piping is sloping in the correct direction, is not broken, is not obstructed and is sized for the drainage load of the new plumbing drainage system to be installed.
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Where the public sewer is a combined system for both sanitary and storm water, the sanitary sewer shall be connected independently to the public sewer.
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Horizontal drainage piping shall be installed in uniform alignment at uniform slopes. The slope of a horizontal drainage pipe shall be not less than that indicated in Table 704.1 except that where the drainage piping is upstream of a grease interceptor, the slope of the piping shall be not less than 1/4 inch per foot (2-percent slope).
| SIZE (inches) | MINIMUM SLOPE (inch per foot) |
| 21/2 or less | 1/4a |
| 3 to 6 | 1/8a |
| 8 or larger | 1/16a |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 inch per foot = 83.33 mm/m.
- Slopes for piping draining to a grease interceptor shall comply with Section 704.1.
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The size of the drainage piping shall not be reduced in the direction of the flow. The following shall not be considered as a reduction in size in the direction of flow:
- A 4-inch by 3-inch (102 mm by 76 mm) water closet flange.
- A water closet bend fitting having a 4-inch (102 mm) inlet and a 3-inch (76 mm) outlet provided that the 4-inch leg of the fitting is upright and below, but not necessarily directly connected to, the water closet flange.
- An offset closet flange.
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Horizontal branches shall connect to the bases of stacks at a point located not less than 10 times the diameter of the drainage stack downstream from the stack. Horizontal branches shall connect to horizontal stack offsets at a point located not less than 10 times the diameter of the drainage stack downstream from the upper stack.
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Mechanical joints on drainage pipes shall be made with an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM C1173, ASTM D3212 or CSA B602. Mechanical joints shall be installed only in underground systems unless otherwise approved. Joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Joint surfaces shall be clean and free from moisture. Solvent cement that conforms to ASTM D2235 or CSA B181.1 shall be applied to all joint surfaces. The joint shall be made while the cement is wet. Joints shall be made in accordance with ASTM D2235, ASTM D2661, ASTM F628 or CSA B181.1. Solvent-cement joints shall be permitted above or below ground.
Threads shall conform to ASME B1.20.1. Schedule 80 or heavier pipe shall be permitted to be threaded with dies specifically designed for plastic pipe. Approved thread lubricant or tape shall be applied on the male threads only.
Joints for hub and spigot pipe shall be firmly packed with oakum or hemp. Molten lead shall be poured in one operation to a depth of not less than 1 inch (25 mm). The lead shall not recede more than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) below the rim of the hub and shall be caulked tight. Paint, varnish or other coatings shall not be permitted on the jointing material until after the joint has been tested and approved. Lead shall be run in one pouring and shall be caulked tight. Acid-resistant rope and acidproof cement shall be permitted.
Compression gaskets for hub and spigot pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM C564 and shall be tested to ASTM C1563. Gaskets shall be compressed when the pipe is fully inserted.
Mechanical joint couplings for hubless pipe and fittings shall consist of an elastomeric sealing sleeve and a metallic shield that comply with CISPI 310, ASTM C1277 or ASTM C1540. The elastomeric sealing sleeve shall conform to ASTM C564 or CSA B602 and shall be provided with a center stop. Mechanical joint couplings shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Joints between concrete pipe and fittings shall be made with an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM C443, ASTM C1173, CSA A257.3M or CSA B602.
Mechanical joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Threads shall conform to ASME B1.20.1. Pipe-joint compound or tape shall be applied on the male threads only.
Glass-to-glass connections shall be made with a bolted compression-type, 300 series stainless steel coupling with contoured acid-resistant elastomeric compression ring and a fluorocarbon polymer inner seal ring; or with caulked joints in accordance with Section 705.7.1.
Lead-caulked joints for hub and spigot soil pipe shall be firmly packed with oakum or hemp and filled with molten lead not less than 1 inch (25 mm) in depth and not to recede more than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) below the rim of the hub. Paint, varnish or other coatings shall not be permitted on the jointing material until after the joint has been tested and approved. Lead shall be run in one pouring and shall be caulked tight. Acid-resistant rope and acidproof cement shall be permitted.
Threads shall conform to ASME B1.20.1. Pipe-joint compound or tape shall be applied on the male threads only.
Joints shall be made with an approved elastomeric seal. Mechanical joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Mechanical joints on drainage pipe shall be made with an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM C1173, ASTM D3212 or CSA B602. Mechanical joints shall not be installed in above-ground systems, unless otherwise approved. Joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Joint surfaces shall be clean and free from moisture. If a primer is required by the solvent manufacturer, a purple primer that conforms to ASTM F 656 shall be applied. Solvent cement not purple in color and conforming to ASTM D 2564, CSA B137.3, CSA B181.2 or CSA B182.1 shall be applied to all joint surfaces. The joint shall be made while the cement is wet and shall be in accordance with ASTM D 2855. Solvent-cement joints shall be permitted above or below ground.
(Effective January 1, 2020)Threads shall conform to ASME B1.20.1. Where pipe is to be threaded, the pipe shall have a wall thickness of not less than Schedule 80. Pipe threads shall be made with dies specifically designed for plastic pipe. Approved thread lubricant or tape shall be applied on the male threads only.
Joints between vitrified clay pipe or fittings shall be made with an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM C425, ASTM C1173 or CSA B602.
Joints between polyethylene plastic pipe and fittings shall be underground and shall comply with Section 705.12.1 or 705.12.2.
Joint surfaces shall be clean and free from moisture. Joint surfaces shall be cut, heated to melting temperature and joined using tools specifically designed for the operation. Joints shall be undisturbed until cool. Joints shall be made in accordance with ASTM D2657 and the manufacturer's instructions.
Mechanical joints in drainage piping shall be made with an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM C1173, ASTM D3212 or CSA B602. Mechanical joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Heat-fusion joints for polyolefin pipe and tubing joints shall be installed with socket-type heat-fused polyolefin fittings or electrofusion polyolefin fittings. Joint surfaces shall be clean and free from moisture. The joint shall be undisturbed until cool. Joints shall be made in accordance with ASTM F1412 or CSA B181.3.
Mechanical and compression sleeve joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Heat-fusion joints for polyvinylidene fluoride pipe and tubing joints shall be installed with socket-type heat-fused polyvinylidene fluoride fittings or electrofusion polyvinylidene fittings and couplings. Joint surfaces shall be clean and free from moisture. The joint shall be undisturbed until cool. Joints shall be made in accordance with ASTM F1673.
Mechanical and compression sleeve joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
The joint between polypropylene plastic pipe and fittings shall incorporate an elastomeric seal. The joint shall conform to ASTM D3212. Mechanical joints shall not be installed above ground.
Joints between different piping materials shall be made with a mechanical joint of the compression or mechanical-sealing type conforming to ASTM C1173, ASTM C1460 or ASTM C1461. Connectors and adapters shall be approved for the application and such joints shall have an elastomeric seal conforming to ASTM C425, ASTM C443, ASTM C564, ASTM C1440, ASTM F477, CSA A257.3M or CSA B602, or as required in Sections 705.16.1 through 705.16.7. Joints between glass pipe and other types of materials shall be made with adapters having a TFE seal. Joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Joints between copper pipe or tubing and cast-iron hub pipe shall be made with a copper or copper alloy ferrule or compression joint. The copper pipe or tubing shall be soldered to the ferrule in an approved manner, and the ferrule shall be joined to the cast-iron hub by a caulked joint or a mechanical compression joint.
Joints between cast-iron and galvanized steel shall be made by either caulked or threaded joints or with an approved adapter fitting.
Joints between different types of plastic pipe shall be made with an approved adapter fitting, or by a solvent cement joint only where a single joint is made between ABS and PVC pipes at the end of a building drainage pipe and the beginning of a building sewer pipe using a solvent cement complying with ASTM D3138. Joints between plastic pipe and other piping material shall be made with an approved adapter fitting. Joints between plastic pipe and cast-iron hub pipe shall be made by a caulked joint or a mechanical compression joint.
Joints between lead pipe and other piping material shall be made by a wiped joint to a caulking ferrule, soldering nipple or bushing or shall be made with an approved adapter fitting.
Joints between glass pipe and other types of materials shall be made with adapters having a TFE seal and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Joints between stainless steel drainage systems and other piping materials shall be made with approved mechanical couplings.
Caulking ferrules shall be of copper alloy and shall be in accordance with Table 705.18.
CAULKING FERRULE SPECIFICATIONS
| PIPE SIZES (inches) | INSIDE DIAMETER (inches) | LENGTH (inches) | MINIMUM WEIGHT EACH |
| 2 | 21/4 | 41/2 | 1 pound |
| 3 | 31/4 | 41/2 | 1 pound 12 ounces |
| 4 | 41/4 | 41/2 | 2 pounds 8 ounces |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 ounce = 28.35 g, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
Soldering bushings shall be of copper or copper alloy and shall be in accordance with Table 705.19.
SOLDERING BUSHING SPECIFICATIONS
| PIPE SIZES (inches) | MINIMUM WEIGHT EACH |
| 11/4 | 6 ounces |
| 11/2 | 8 ounces |
| 2 | 14 ounces |
| 21/2 | 1 pound 6 ounces |
| 3 | 2 pounds |
| 4 | 3 pounds 8 ounces |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 ounce = 28.35 g, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
Connections and changes in direction of the sanitary drainage system shall be made with approved drainage fittings. Connections between drainage piping and fixtures shall conform to Section 405.
The fittings shall not have ledges, shoulders or reductions capable of retarding or obstructing flow in the piping. Threaded drainage pipe fittings shall be of the recessed drainage type. This section shall not be applicable to tubular waste fittings used to convey vertical flow upstream of the trap seal liquid level of a fixture trap.
Fittings shall be installed to guide sewage and waste in the direction of flow. Change in direction shall be made by fittings installed in accordance with Table 706.3. Change in direction by combination fittings, side inlets or increasers shall be installed in accordance with Table 706.3 based on the pattern of flow created by the fitting. Double sanitary tee patterns shall not receive the discharge of back-to-back fixtures or appliances with pressure or pumping action discharge. Water closets shall not be combined with fixtures other than water closets on a double drainage fitting.
(Effective January 1, 2020)
(Effective January 1, 2020)
FITTINGS FOR CHANGE IN DIRECTION
| TYPE OF FITTING PATTERN |
CHANGE IN DIRECTION | ||
| Horizontal to vertical |
Vertical to horizontal |
Horizontal to horizontal |
|
| Sixteenth bend | X | X | X |
| Eighth bend | X | X | X |
| Sixth bend | X | X | X |
| Quarter bend | X | Xa | Xa |
| Short sweep | X | Xa,b | Xa |
| Long sweep | X | X | X |
| Sanitary tee | Xc | — | — |
| Wye | X | X | X |
| Combination wye
and eighth bend
|
X | X | X |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
- The fittings shall only be permitted for a 2-inch or smaller fixture drain.
- Three inches or larger.
- For a limitation on double sanitary tees, see Section 706.3.
The following types of joints and connections shall be prohibited:
- Cement or concrete joints.
- Mastic or hot-pour bituminous joints.
- Joints made with fittings not approved for the specific installation.
- Joints between different diameter pipes made with elastomeric rolling O-rings.
- Solvent-cement joints between different types of plastic pipe except where provided for in Section 705.16.4.
- Saddle-type fittings.
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Horizontal drainage pipes in buildings shall have cleanouts located at intervals of not more than 100 feet (30 480 mm). Building drains shall have cleanouts located at intervals of not more than 100 feet (30 480 mm) except where manholes are used instead of cleanouts, the manholes shall be located at intervals of not more than 400 feet (122 m). The interval length shall be measured from the cleanout or manhole opening, along the developed length of the piping to the next drainage fitting providing access for cleaning, the end of the horizontal drain or the end of the building drain.
Exception: Horizontal fixture drain piping serving a non-removable trap shall not be required to have a cleanout for the section of piping between the trap and the vent connection for such trap.
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Building sewers shall be provided with cleanouts located not more than 100 feet (30480 mm) apart measured from the upstream entrance of the cleanout. An additional cleanout shall be provided within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the public right of way. For building sewers 8 inches (203 mm) and larger, manholes shall be provided and located at each change in direction and at intervals of not more than 400 feet (122 m). Manholes and manhole covers shall be of an approved type.
(Effective January 1, 2020)
(Effective January 1, 2020)
There shall be a cleanout installed at or near the junction of the building drain and the building sewer. The cleanout shall be outside the building wall unless otherwise approved and shall be brought up to finished ground level. An approved two-way cleanout is allowed to be used at this location to serve as a required cleanout for both the building drain and building sewer.
(Effective January 1, 2020)
(Effective January 1, 2020)
Where a horizontal drainage pipe, a building drain or a building sewer has a change of horizontal direction greater than 45 degrees (0.79 rad), a cleanout shall be installed at the change of direction. Where more than one change of horizontal direction greater than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) occurs within 40 feet (12 192 mm) of developed length of piping, the cleanout installed for the first change of direction shall serve as the cleanout for all changes in direction within that 40 feet (12 192 mm) of developed length of piping.
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Cleanouts shall be the same nominal size as the pipe they are connected to except that cleanouts for pipes larger than 4 inches (102 mm) need not be larger than 4 inches (102 mm).
Exceptions:
- A removable P-trap with slip or ground joint connections can serve as a clean-out for drain piping that is one size larger than the P-trap size.
- Cleanouts located on stacks can be one size smaller than the stack size.
- The size of cleanouts for cast-iron piping can be in accordance with the referenced standards for cast-iron fittings as indicated in Table 702.4.
(Effective January 1, 2020)
Cleanout plugs shall be of copper-alloy, plastic or other approved materials. Cleanout plugs for borosilicate glass piping systems shall be of borosilicate glass. Copper-alloy cleanout plugs shall conform to ASTM A74 and shall be limited for use only on metallic piping systems. Plastic cleanout plugs shall conform to the referenced standards for plastic pipe fittings, as indicated in Table 702.4. Cleanout plugs shall have a raised square head, a countersunk square head or a countersunk slot head. Where a cleanout plug will have a trim cover screw installed into the plug, the plug shall be manufactured with a blind end threaded hole for such purpose.
Manholes and manhole covers shall be of an approved type. Manholes located inside of a building shall have gas-tight covers that require tools for removal.
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Cleanouts for 6-inch (153 mm) and smaller piping shall be provided with a clearance of not less than 18 inches (457 mm) from, and perpendicular to, the face of the opening to any obstruction. Cleanouts for 8-inch (203 mm) and larger piping shall be provided with a clearance of not less than 36 inches (914 mm) from, and perpendicular to, the face of the opening to any obstruction.
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Required cleanouts shall not be installed in concealed locations. For the purposes of this section, concealed locations include, but are not limited to, the inside of plenums, within walls, within floor/ceiling assemblies, below grade and in crawl spaces where the height from the crawl space floor to the nearest obstruction along the path from the crawl space opening to the cleanout location is less than 24 inches (610 mm). Cleanouts with openings at a finished wall shall have the face of the opening located within 11/2 inches (38 mm) of the finished wall surface. Cleanouts located below grade shall be extended to grade level so that the top of the cleanout plug is at or above grade. A cleanout installed in a floor or walkway that will not have a trim cover installed shall have a countersunk plug installed so the top surface of the plug is flush with the finished surface of the floor or walk-way.
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Drainage fixture unit values as given in Table 709.1 designate the relative load weight of different kinds of fixtures that shall be employed in estimating the total load carried by a soil or waste pipe, and shall be used in connection with Tables 710.1(1) and 710.1(2) of sizes for soil, waste and vent pipes for which the permissible load is given in terms of fixture units.
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS FOR FIXTURES AND GROUPS
| FIXTURE TYPE | DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUE AS LOAD FACTORS | MINIMUM SIZE OF TRAP (inches) |
| Automatic clothes washers, commerciala,g | 3 | 2 |
| Automatic clothes washers, residentialg | 2 | 2 |
| Bathroom group as defined in Section 202 (1.6 gpf water closet)f | 5 | — |
| Bathroom group as defined in Section 202 (water closet flushing greater than 1.6 gpf)f | 6 | — |
| Bathtubb (with or without overhead shower or whirlpool attachments) | 2 | 11/2 |
| Bidet | 1 | 11/4 |
| Combination sink and tray | 2 | 11/2 |
| Dental lavatory | 1 | 11/4 |
| Dental unit or cuspidor | 1 | 11/4 |
| Dishwashing machinec, domestic | 2 | 11/2 |
| Drinking fountain | 1/2 | 11/4 |
| Emergency floor drain | 0 | 2 |
| Floor drainsh | 2h | 2 |
| Floor sinks | Note h | 2 |
| Kitchen sink, domestic | 2 | 11/2 |
| Kitchen sink, domestic with food waste disposer, dishwasher or both | 2 | 11/2 |
| Laundry tray (1 or 2 compartments) | 2 | 11/2 |
| Lavatory | 1 | 11/4 |
| Shower (based on the total flow rate through showerheads and body sprays) Flow rate: 5.7 gpm or lessGreater than 5.7 gpm to 12.3 gpm Greater than 12.3 gpm to 25.8 gpmGreater than 25.8 gpm to 55.6 gpm | 2 3 56 | 11/2 2 34 |
| Service sink | 2 | 11/2 |
| Sink | 2 | 11/2 |
| Urinal | 4 | Note d |
| Urinal, 1 gallon per flush or less | 2e | Note d |
| Urinal, nonwater supplied | 1/2 | Note d |
| Wash sink (circular or multiple) each set of faucets | 2 | 11/2 |
| Water closet, flushometer tank, public or private | 4e | Note d |
| Water closet, private (1.6 gpf) | 3e | Note d |
| Water closet, private (flushing greater than 1.6 gpf) | 4e | Note d |
| Water closet, public (1.6 gpf) | 4e | Note d |
| Water closet, public (flushing greater than 1.6 gpf) | 6e | Note d |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, gpf = gallon per flushing cycle, gpm = gallon per minute.
- For traps larger than 3 inches, use Table 709.2.
- A showerhead over a bathtub or whirlpool bathtub attachment does not increase the drainage fixture unit value.
- See Sections 709.2 through 709.4.1 for methods of computing unit value of fixtures not listed in this table or for rating of devices with intermittent flows.
- Trap size shall be consistent with the fixture outlet size.
- For the purpose of computing loads on building drains and sewers, water closets and urinals shall not be rated at a lower drainage fixture unit unless the lower values are confirmed by testing.
- For fixtures added to a bathroom group, add the dfu value of those additional fixtures to the bathroom group fixture count.
- See Section 406.2 for sizing requirements for fixture drain, branch drain and drainage stack for an automatic clothes washer standpipe.
- See Sections 709.4 and 709.4.1.
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Fixtures not listed in Table 709.1 shall have a drainage fixture unit load based on the outlet size of the fixture in accordance with Table 709.2. The minimum trap size for unlisted fixtures shall be the size of the drainage outlet but not less than 11/4 inches (32 mm).
| FIXTURE DRAIN OR TRAP SIZE (inches) | DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUE |
| 11/4 | 1 |
| 11/2 | 2 |
| 2 | 3 |
| 21/2 | 4 |
| 3 | 5 |
| 4 | 6 |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
Where discharges to a waste receptor or to a drainage system are only known in gallons per minute (liters per second) values, the drainage fixture unit values for those flows shall be computed on the basis that 1 gpm (0.06 L/s) of flow is equivalent to two drainage fixture units.
The drainage fixture unit load of an indirect waste receptor receiving the discharge of indirectly connected fixtures shall be the sum of the drainage fixture unit values of the fixtures that discharge to the receptor, but not less than the drainage fixture unit value given for the indirect waste receptor in Table 709.1 or 709.2.
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Where waste receptors such as floor drains, floor sinks and hub drains receive only clear-water waste from display cases, refrigerated display cases, ice bins, coolers and freezers, such receptors shall have a drainage fixture unit value of one-half.
The maximum number of drainage fixture units connected to a given size of building sewer, building drain or horizontal branch of the building drain shall be determined using Table 710.1(1). The maximum number of drainage fixture units connected to a given size of horizontal branch or vertical soil or waste stack shall be determined using Table 710.1(2).
| DIAMETER OF PIPE (inches) | MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS CONNECTED TO ANY PORTION OF THE BUILDING DRAIN OR THE BUILDING SEWER, INCLUDING BRANCHES OF THE BUILDING DRAINa | |||
| Slope per foot | ||||
| 1/16 inch | 1/8 inch | 1/4 inch | 1/2 inch | |
| 11/4 | — | — | 1 | 1 |
| 11/2 | — | — | 3 | 3 |
| 2 | — | — | 21 | 26 |
| 21/2 | — | — | 24 | 31 |
| 3 | — | 36 | 42 | 50 |
| 4 | — | 180 | 216 | 250 |
| 5 | — | 390 | 480 | 575 |
| 6 | — | 700 | 840 | 1,000 |
| 8 | 1,400 | 1,600 | 1,920 | 2,300 |
| 10 | 2,500 | 2,900 | 3,500 | 4,200 |
| 12 | 3,900 | 4,600 | 5,600 | 6,700 |
| 15 | 7,000 | 8,300 | 10,000 | 12,000 |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 inch per foot = 83.3 mm/m.
- The minimum size of any building drain serving a water closet shall be 3 inches.
HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCHES AND STACKSa
| DIAMETER OF PIPE (inches) | MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNITS (dfu) | |||
| Total for horizontal branch | Stacksb | |||
| Total discharge into one branch interval | Total for stack of three branch Intervals or less | Total for stack greater than three branch intervals | ||
| 11/2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
| 2 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 24 |
| 21/2 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 42 |
| 3 | 20 | 20 | 48 | 72 |
| 4 | 160 | 90 | 240 | 500 |
| 5 | 360 | 200 | 540 | 1,100 |
| 6 | 620 | 350 | 960 | 1,900 |
| 8 | 1,400 | 600 | 2,200 | 3,600 |
| 10 | 2,500 | 1,000 | 3,800 | 5,600 |
| 12 | 3,900 | 1,500 | 6,000 | 8,400 |
| 15 | 7,000 | Note c | Note c | Note c |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
- Does not include branches of the building drain. Refer to Table 710.1(1).
- Stacks shall be sized based on the total accumulated connected load at each story or branch interval. As the total accumulated connected load decreases, stacks are permitted to be reduced in size. Stack diameters shall not be reduced to less than one-half of the diameter of the largest stack size required.
- Sizing load based on design criteria.
Horizontal stack offsets shall be sized as required for building drains in accordance with Table 710.1(1), except as required by Section 711.3.
Vertical stack offsets shall be sized as required for straight stacks in accordance with Table 710.1(2), except where required to be sized as a building drain in accordance with Section 711.1.1.
Where provision is made for the future installation of fixtures, those provided for shall be considered in determining the required sizes of drain pipes.
If a horizontal branch connects to the stack within 2 feet (610 mm) above or below a vertical stack offset, and the offset is located more than four branch intervals below the top of the stack, the offset shall be vented in accordance with Section 907.
Vents for vertical offsets required by Section 711.1 shall not be required where the stack and its offset are sized as a building drain [see Table 710.1(1)].
A stack with a horizontal offset located more than four branch intervals below the top of the stack shall be vented in accordance with Section 907 and sized as follows:
- The portion of the stack above the offset shall be sized as for a vertical stack based on the total number of drainage fixture units above the offset.
- The offset shall be sized in accordance with Section 710.1.1.
- The portion of the stack below the offset shall be sized as for the offset or based on the total number of drainage fixture units on the entire stack, whichever is larger [see Table 710.1(2), Column 5].
Vents for horizontal stack offsets required by Section 711.2 shall not be required where the stack and its offset are one pipe size larger than required for a building drain [see Table 710.1(1)] and the entire stack and offset are not less in cross-sectional area than that required for a straight stack plus the area of an offset vent as provided for in Section 907.
Where a vertical offset occurs in a soil or waste stack below the lowest horizontal branch, a change in diameter of the stack because of the offset shall not be required. If a horizontal offset occurs in a soil or waste stack below the lowest horizontal branch, the required diameter of the offset and the stack below it shall be determined as for a building drain in accordance with Table 710.1(1).
Building subdrains that cannot be discharged to the sewer by gravity flow shall be discharged into a tightly covered and vented sump from which the liquid shall be lifted and discharged into the building gravity drainage system by automatic pumping equipment or other approved method. In other than existing structures, the sump shall not receive drainage from any piping within the building capable of being discharged by gravity to the building sewer.
A check valve and a full open valve located on the discharge side of the check valve shall be installed in the pump or ejector discharge piping between the pump or ejector and the gravity drainage system. Access shall be provided to such valves. Such valves shall be located above the sump cover required by Section 712.1 or, where the discharge pipe from the ejector is below grade, the valves shall be accessibly located outside the sump below grade in an access pit with a removable access cover.
The sump pump capacity and head shall be appropriate to anticipated use requirements.
The sump pit shall be not less than 18 inches (457 mm) in diameter and not less than 24 inches (610 mm) in depth, unless otherwise approved. The pit shall be provided with access and shall be located such that all drainage flows into the pit by gravity. The sump pit shall be constructed of tile, concrete, steel, plastic or other approved materials. The pit bottom shall be solid and provide permanent support for the pump. The sump pit shall be fitted with a gastight removable cover that is installed not more than 2 inches (51 mm) below grade or floor level. The cover shall be adequate to support anticipated loads in the area of use. The sump pit shall be vented in accordance with Chapter 9.
Discharge pipe and fittings serving sump pumps and ejectors shall be constructed of materials in accordance with Sections 712.3.3.1 and 712.3.3.2.
Pipe and fitting materials shall be constructed of copper or copper-alloy, CPVC, ductile iron, PE, or PVC.
Pipe and fittings shall be rated for the maximum system operating pressure and temperature. Pipe fitting materials shall be compatible with the pipe material. Where pipe and fittings are buried in the earth, they shall be suitable for burial.
Pumps connected to the drainage system shall connect to a building sewer, building drain, soil stack, waste stack or horizontal branch drain. Where the discharge line connects into horizontal drainage piping, the connection shall be made through a wye fitting into the top of the drainage piping and such wye fitting shall be located not less than 10 pipe diameters from the base of any soil stack, waste stack or fixture drain.
A sewage pump or sewage ejector shall automatically discharge the contents of the sump to the building drainage system.
Macerating toilet systems shall comply with ASME A112.3.4/CSA B45.9 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
A sewage pump or sewage ejector shall have the capacity and head for the application requirements. Pumps or ejectors that receive the discharge of water closets shall be capable of handling spherical solids with a diameter of up to and including 2 inches (51 mm). Other pumps or ejectors shall be capable of handling spherical solids with a diameter of up to and including 1/2 inch (13 mm). The capacity of a pump or ejector based on the diameter of the discharge pipe shall be not less than that indicated in Table 712.4.2.
Exceptions:
- Grinder pumps or grinder ejectors that receive the discharge of water closets shall have a discharge opening of not less than 11/4 inches (32 mm).
- Macerating toilet assemblies that serve single water closets shall have a discharge opening of not less than 3/4 inch (19.1 mm).
MINIMUM CAPACITY OF SEWAGE PUMP OR SEWAGE EJECTOR
| DIAMETER OF THE DISCHARGE PIPE (inches) | CAPACITY OF PUMP OR EJECTOR (gpm) |
| 2 | 21 |
| 21/2 | 30 |
| 3 | 46 |
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m.
The sizing, design and layout of the drainage system shall be permitted to be designed by approved computer design methods.
The load shall be computed from the simultaneous or sequential discharge conditions from fixtures, appurtenances and appliances or the peak usage design condition.
The discharge profiles for flow rates versus time from fixtures and appliances shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications.
Pipe shall be sized to prevent full-bore flow.
Pipe size calculations shall be conducted with the pipe wall roughness factor (ks), in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and as modified for aging roughness factors with deposits and corrosion.
Horizontal drainage piping shall be designed and installed at slopes in accordance with Table 704.1.
Where plumbing fixtures are installed on a floor with a finished floor elevation below the elevation of the manhole cover of the next upstream manhole in the public sewer, such fixtures shall be protected by a backwater valve installed in the building drain, or horizontal branch serving such fixtures. Plumbing fixtures installed on a floor with a finished floor elevation above the elevation of the manhole cover of the next upstream manhole in the public sewer shall not discharge through a backwater valve.
Exception: In existing buildings, fixtures above the elevation of the manhole cover of the next upstream manhole in the public sewer shall not be prohibited from discharging through a backwater valve.
Backwater valves shall comply with ASME A112.14.1, CSA B181.1 or CSA B181.2.
Backwater valves shall be installed so that access is provided to the working parts.
Vacuum drainage systems shall be designed in accordance with the vacuum drainage system manufacturer's instructions. The system layout, including piping layout, tank assemblies, vacuum pump assembly and other components necessary for proper function of the system shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Plans, specifications and other data for such systems shall be submitted to the code official for review and approval prior to installation.
Drainage fixture units for gravity drainage systems that discharge into, or receive discharge from, vacuum drainage systems shall be based on the values in this chapter.
Gravity drainage fixtures shall be provided with traps and cleanouts in accordance with this chapter and Chapter 10.
Vacuum drainage pipe, fitting and valve materials shall be in accordance with the vacuum drainage system manufacturer's instructions and the requirements of this chapter.
After completion of the entire system installation, the system shall be subjected to a vacuum test of 19 inches (483 mm) of mercury and shall be operated to function as required by the code official and the manufacturer of the vacuum drainage system. Recorded proof of all tests shall be submitted to the code official.
Written instructions for the operation, maintenance, safety and emergency procedures shall be provided to the building owner. The code official shall verify that the building owner is in receipt of such instructions.
This section shall govern the replacement of existing building sewer and building drain piping by pipe-bursting methods.
The replacement of building sewer and building drain piping by pipe-bursting methods shall be limited to gravity drainage piping of sizes 6 inches (152 mm) and smaller. The replacement piping shall be of the same nominal size as the existing piping.
The existing piping sections to be replaced shall be inspected internally by a recorded video camera survey. The survey shall include notations of the position of cleanouts and the depth of connections to the existing piping.
The replacement pipe shall be made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and shall have a standard dimension ratio (SDR) of 17. The pipe shall be in compliance withASTM F714.
Pipe fittings to be connected to the replacement pipe shall be made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and shall be in compliance with ASTM D2683.
Where the existing building sewer or building drain did not have cleanouts meeting the requirements of this code, cleanout fittings shall be installed as required by this code.
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The completed replacement piping section shall be inspected internally by a recorded video camera survey. The video survey shall be reviewed and approved by the code official prior to pressure testing of the replacement piping system.
The replacement piping system as well as the connections to the replacement piping shall be tested in accordance with Section 312.