The provisions of this chapter shall govern the materials, design, construction and quality of glass, light-transmitting ceramic and light-transmitting plastic panels for exterior and interior use in both vertical and sloped applications in buildings and structures.
Exception: Buildings and structures located within the high-velocity hurricane zone shall also comply with the provisions of Sections 2410 through 2415, excluding Section 2405.5.
The installation of replacement glass shall be as required for new installations.
Each pane shall bear the manufacturer's mark designating the type and thickness of the glass or glazing material. The identification shall not be omitted unless approved and an affidavit is furnished by the glazing contractor certifying that each light is glazed in accordance with approved construction documents that comply with the provisions of this chapter. Safety glazing shall be identified in accordance with Section 2406.3.
Each pane of tempered glass, except tempered spandrel glass, shall be permanently identified by the manufacturer. The identification mark shall be acid etched, sand blasted, ceramic fired, laser etched, embossed or of a type that, once applied, cannot be removed without being destroyed.
Tempered spandrel glass shall be provided with a removable paper marking by the manufacturer.
Where one or more sides of any pane of glass are not firmly supported, or are subjected to unusual load conditions, detailed construction documents, detailed shop drawings and analysis or test data ensuring safe performance for the specific installation shall be prepared by a registered design professional.
To be considered firmly supported, the framing members for each individual pane of glass shall be designed so the deflection of the edge of the glass perpendicular to the glass pane shall not exceed 1/175 of the glass edge length or 3/4 inch (19.1 mm), whichever is less, when subjected to the larger of the positive or negative load where loads are combined as specified in Section 1605.
Where interior glazing is installed adjacent to a walking surface, the differential deflection of two adjacent unsupported edges shall be not greater than the thickness of the panels when a force of 50 pounds per linear foot (plf) (730 N/m) is applied horizontally to one panel at any point up to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the walking surface.
Float, wired and patterned glass in louvered windows and jalousies shall be no thinner than nominal 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) and no longer than 48 inches (1219 mm). Exposed glass edges shall be smooth.
Wired glass with wire exposed on longitudinal edges shall not be used in louvered windows or jalousies.
Where other glass types are used, the design shall be submitted to the building official for approval.
Glass sloped 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, in Section 1609 for components and cladding. Glass in glazed curtain walls, glazed storefronts and glazed partitions shall meet the seismic requirements of ASCE 7, Section 13.5.9. The load resistance of glass under uniform load shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E1300.
The design of vertical glazing shall be based on Equation 24-1.
(Equation 24-1)
where:
Fgw = Wind load on the glass due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, computed in accordance with Section 1609.
Fga = Short duration load on the glass as determined in accordance with ASTM E1300.
Glass sloped more than 15 degrees (0.26 rad) from vertical in skylights, sunrooms, sloped roofs and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the most critical combinations of loads determined by Equations 24-2, 24-3 and 24-4.
(Equation 24-2)
(Equation 24-3)
(Equation 24-4)
where:
D = Glass dead load psf (kN/m2).
For glass sloped 30 degrees (0.52 rad) or less from horizontal,
= 13 tg (For SI: 0.0245 tg).
For glass sloped more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from horizontal,
= 13 tg cos θ (For SI: 0.0245 tg cos θ).
Fg = Total load, psf (kN/m2) on glass.
S = Snow load, psf (kN/m2) as determined in Section 1608.
tg = Total glass thickness, inches (mm) of glass panes and plies.
Wi = Inward wind force, psf (kN/m2) due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, as calculated in Section 1609.
Wo = Outward wind force, psf (kN/m2) due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, as calculated in Section 1609.
θ = Angle of slope from horizontal.
Exception: The performance grade rating of unit skylights and tubular daylighting devices shall be determined in accordance with Section 2405.5.
The design of sloped glazing shall be based on Equation 24-5.
(Equation 24-5)
where:
Fg = Total load on the glass as determined by Equations 24-2, 24-3 and 24-4.
Wired glass sloped 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in Section 1609 for components and cladding according to the following equation:
(Equation 24-6)
where:
Fgw = Wind load on the glass due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, computed in accordance with Section 1609.
Fge = Nonfactored load from ASTM E1300 using a thickness designation for monolithic glass that is not greater than the thickness of wired glass.
Wired glass sloped more than 15 degrees (0.26 rad) from vertical in skylights, sunspaces, sloped roofs and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the most critical of the combinations of loads from Section 2404.2.
For Equations 24-2 and 24-3:
(Equation 24-7)
For Equation 24-4:
(Equation 24-8)
where:
Fg = Total load on the glass as determined by Equations 24-2, 24-3 and 24-4.
Fge = Nonfactored load in accordance with ASTM E1300.
Patterned glass sloped 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in Section 1609 for components and cladding according to Equation 24-9.
(Equation 24-9)
where:
Fgw = Wind load on the glass due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, computed in accordance with Section 1609.
Patterned glass sloped more than 15 degrees (0.26 rad) from vertical in skylights, sunspaces, sloped roofs and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the most critical of the combinations of loads from Section 2404.2.
For Equations 24-2 and 24-3:
(Equation 24-10)
For Equation 24-4:
(Equation 24-11)
Sandblasted glass sloped 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors, and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in Section 1609 for components and cladding according to Equation 24-12.
(Equation 24-12)
where:
Fg = Wind load on the glass due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, computed in accordance with Section 1609.
Fge = Nonfactored load in accordance with ASTM E1300. The value for sandblasted glass is for moderate levels of sandblasting.
For designs outside the scope of this section, an analysis or test data for the specific installation shall be prepared by a registered design professional.
This section applies to the installation of glass and other transparent, translucent or opaque glazing material installed at a slope more than 15 degrees (0.26 rad) from the vertical plane, including glazing materials in skylights, roofs and sloped walls.
Sloped glazing shall be any of the following materials, subject to the listed limitations.
- For monolithic glazing systems, the glazing material of the single light or layer shall be laminated glass with a minimum 30-mil (0.76 mm) polyvinyl butyral (or equivalent) interlayer, wired glass, light-transmitting plastic materials meeting the requirements of Section 2607, heat-strengthened glass or fully tempered glass.
- For multiple-layer glazing systems, each light or layer shall consist of any of the glazing materials specified in Item 1 above.
Annealed glass is permitted to be used as specified in Exceptions 2 and 3 of Section 2405.3.
For additional requirements for plastic skylights, see Section 2610. Glass-block construction shall conform to the requirements of Section 2110.1.
Where used in monolithic glazing systems, heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass shall have screens installed below the glazing material. The screens and their fastenings shall: (1) be capable of supporting twice the weight of the glazing; (2) be firmly and substantially fastened to the framing members and (3) be installed within 4 inches (102 mm) of the glass. The screens shall be constructed of a noncombustible material not thinner than No. 12 B&S gage (0.0808 inch) with mesh not larger than 1 inch by 1 inch (25 mm by 25 mm). In a corrosive atmosphere, structurally equivalent noncorrosive screen materials shall be used. Heat-strengthened glass, fully tempered glass and wired glass, when used in multiple-layer glazing systems as the bottom glass layer over the walking surface, shall be equipped with screening that conforms to the requirements for monolithic glazing systems.
Exception: In monolithic and multiple-layer sloped glazing systems, the following applies:
- Fully tempered glass installed without protective screens where glazed between intervening floors at a slope of 30 degrees (0.52 rad) or less from the vertical plane shall have the highest point of the glass 10 feet (3048 mm) or less above the walking surface.
- Screens are not required below any glazing material, including annealed glass, where the walking surface below the glazing material is permanently protected from the risk of falling glass or the area below the glazing material is not a walking surface.
- Any glazing material, including annealed glass, is permitted to be installed without screens in the sloped glazing systems of commercial or detached noncombustible greenhouses used exclusively for growing plants and not open to the public, provided that the height of the greenhouse at the ridge does not exceed 30 feet (9144 mm) above grade.
- Screens shall not be required in individual dwelling units in Groups R-2, R-3 and R-4 where fully tempered glass is used as single glazing or as both panes in an insulating glass unit, and the following conditions are met:
- Screens shall not be required for laminated glass with a 15-mil (0.38 mm) polyvinyl butyral (or equivalent) interlayer used in individual dwelling units in Groups R-2, R-3 and R-4 within the following limits:
In Type I and II construction, sloped glazing and skylight frames shall be constructed of noncombustible materials. In structures where acid fumes deleterious to metal are incidental to the use of the buildings, approved pressure-treated wood or other approved noncorrosive materials are permitted to be used for sash and frames. Framing supporting sloped glazing and skylights shall be designed to resist the tributary roof loads in Chapter 16. Skylights set at an angle of less than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the horizontal plane shall be mounted at least 4 inches (102 mm) above the plane of the roof on a curb constructed as required for the frame. Skylights shall not be installed in the plane of the roof where the roof pitch is less than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the horizontal.
Exception: Installation of a skylight without a curb shall be permitted on roofs with a minimum slope of 14 degrees (three units vertical in 12 units horizontal) in Group R-3 occupancies. All unit skylights installed in a roof with a pitch flatter than 14 degrees (0.25 rad) shall be mounted at least 4 inches (102 mm) above the plane of the roof on a curb constructed as required for the frame unless otherwise specified in the manufacturer's installation instructions.
Unit skylights and tubular daylighting devices shall be tested and labeled as complying with AAMA/WDMA/CSA101/I.S./A440. The label shall state the name of the manufacturer, the approved labeling agency, the product designation and the performance grade rating as specified in AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440. Where the product manufacturer has chosen to have the performance grade of the skylight rated separately for positive and negative design pressure, then the label shall state both performance grade ratings as specified in AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 and the skylight shall comply with Section 2405.5.2. Where the skylight is not rated separately for positive and negative pressure, then the performance grade rating shown on the label shall be the performance grade rating determined in accordance with AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 for both positive and negative design pressure and the skylight shall conform to Section 2405.5.1.
The design of skylights shall be based on Equation 24-13.
(Equation 24-13)
where:
Fg = Maximum load on the skylight determined from Equations 24-2 through 24-4 in Section 2404.2.
PG = Performance grade rating of the skylight.
The design of skylights rated for performance grade for both positive and negative design pressures shall be based on Equations 24-14 and 24-15.
(Equation 24-14)
(Equation 24-15)where:
PGPos = Performance grade rating of the skylight under positive design pressure;
PGNeg = Performance grade rating of the skylight under negative design pressure; and
Fgi and Fgo are determined in accordance with the following:
For 0.6 Wo ≥ D,
where:
Wo = Outward wind force, psf (kN/m2) due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult, as calculated in Section 1609.
D = The dead weight of the glazing, psf (kN/m2) as determined in Section 2404.2 for glass, or by the weight of the plastic, psf (kN/m2) for plastic glazing.
Fgi = Maximum load on the skylight determined from Equations 24-3 and 24-4 in Section 2404.2.
Fgo = Maximum load on the skylight determined from Equation 24-2.
For 0.6 Wo < D,
where:
Wo = The outward wind force, psf (kN/m2) due to ultimate design wind speed, Vult. as calculated in Section 1609.
D = The dead weight of the glazing, psf (kN/m2) as determined in Section 2404.2 for glass, or by the weight of the plastic for plastic glazing.
Fgi = Maximum load on the skylight determined from Equations 24-2 through 24-4 in Section 2404.2.
Fgo = 0.
Except as provided in Sections 2406.1.2 through 2406.1.4, all glazing shall pass the impact test requirements of Section 2406.2.
Plastic glazing shall meet the weathering requirements of ANSI Z97.1.
Glass-block walls shall comply with Section 2101.2.5.
Louvered windows and jalousies shall comply with Section 2403.5.
Where required by other sections of this code, glazing shall be tested in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201. Glazing shall comply with the test criteria for Category II, unless otherwise indicated in Table 2406.2(1).
Exception: Glazing not in doors or enclosures for hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas, steam rooms, bathtubs and showers shall be permitted to be tested in accordance with ANSI Z97.1. Glazing shall comply with the test criteria for Class A, unless otherwise indicated in Table 2406.2(2).
MINIMUM CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION OF GLAZING USING CPSC 16 CFR PART 1201
| EXPOSED SURFACE AREA OF ONE SIDE OF ONE LITE | GLAZING IN STORM OR COMBINATION DOORS (Category class) | GLAZING IN DOORS (Category class) | GLAZED PANELS REGULATED BY SECTION 2406.4.3 (Category class) | GLAZED PANELS REGULATED BY SECTION 2406.4.2 (Category class) | DOORS AND ENCLOSURES REGULATED BY SECTION 2406.4.5 (Category class) | SLIDING GLASS DOORS PATIO TYPE (Category class) |
| 9 square feet or less | I | I | No requirement | I | II | II |
| More than 9 square feet | II | II | II | II | II | II |
For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2.
MINIMUM CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION OF GLAZING USING ANSI Z97.1
| EXPOSED SURFACE AREA OF ONE SIDE OF ONE LITE | GLAZED PANELS REGULATED BY SECTION 2406.4.3 (Category class) | GLAZED PANELS REGULATED BY SECTION 2406.4.2 (Category class) | DOORS AND ENCLOSURES REGULATED BY SECTION 2406.4.5a (Category class) |
| 9 square feet or less | No requirement | B | A |
| More than 9 square feet | A | A | A |
For SI: square foot = 0.0929 m2.
- Use is only permitted by the exception to Section 2406.2.
Except as indicated in Section 2406.3.1, each pane of safety glazing installed in hazardous locations shall be identified by a manufacturer's designation specifying who applied the designation, the manufacturer or installer and the safety glazing standard with which it complies, as well as the information specified in Section 2403.1. The designation shall be acid etched, sand blasted, ceramic fired, laser etched, embossed or of a type that once applied, cannot be removed without being destroyed. A label meeting the requirements of this section shall be permitted in lieu of the manufacturer's designation.
Exceptions:
- For other than tempered glass, manufacturer's designations are not required, provided the building official approves the use of a certificate, affidavit or other evidence confirming compliance with this code.
- Tempered spandrel glass is permitted to be identified by the manufacturer with a removable paper designation.
Multipane glazed assemblies having individual panes not exceeding 1 square foot (0.09 m2) in exposed areas shall have at least one pane in the assembly marked as indicated in Section 2406.3. Other panes in the assembly shall be marked "CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201" or "ANSI Z97.1," as appropriate.
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Glazing in all fixed and operable panels of swinging, sliding and bifold doors shall be considered a hazardous location.
Exceptions:
- Glazed openings of a size through which a 3-inch-diameter (76 mm) sphere is unable to pass.
- Decorative glazing.
- Glazing materials used as curved glazed panels in revolving doors.
- Commercial refrigerated cabinet glazed doors.
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Glazing in an individual fixed or operable panel adjacent to a door where the nearest vertical edge of the glazing is within a 24-inch (610 mm) arc of either vertical edge of the door in a closed position and where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above the walking surface shall be considered a hazardous location.
Exceptions:
- Decorative glazing.
- Where there is an intervening wall or other permanent barrier between the door and glazing.
- Where access through the door is to a closet or storage area 3 feet (914 mm) or less in depth. Glazing in this application shall comply with Section 2406.4.3.
- Glazing in walls on the latch side of and perpendicular to the plane of the door in a closed position in one- and two-family dwellings or within dwelling units in Group R-2.
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Glazing in an individual fixed or operable panel that meets all of the following conditions shall be considered a hazardous location:
- The exposed area of an individual pane is greater than 9 square feet (0.84 m2).
- The bottom edge of the glazing is less than 18 inches (457 mm) above the floor.
- The top edge of the glazing is greater than 36 inches (914 mm) above the floor.
- One or more walking surface(s) are within 36 inches (914 mm), measured horizontally and in a straight line, of the plane of the glazing.
Exceptions:
- Decorative glazing.
- Where a horizontal rail is installed on the accessible side(s) of the glazing 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the walking surface. The rail shall be capable of withstanding a horizontal load of 50 pounds per linear foot (730 N/m) without contacting the glass and be a minimum of 11/2 inches (38 mm) in cross-sectional height.
- Outboard panes in insulating glass units or multiple glazing where the bottom exposed edge of the glass is 25 feet (7620 mm) or more above any grade, roof, walking surface or other horizontal or sloped (within 45 degrees of horizontal) (0.79 rad) surface adjacent to the glass exterior.
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Glazing in walls, enclosures or fences containing or facing hot tubs, spas, whirlpools, saunas, steam rooms, bathtubs, showers and indoor or outdoor swimming pools where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) measured vertically above any standing or walking surface shall be considered a hazardous location. This shall apply to single glazing and all panes in multiple glazing.
Exception: Glazing that is more than 60 inches (1524 mm), measured horizontally and in a straight line, from the water's edge of a bathtub, hot tub, spa, whirlpool or swimming pool.
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Fire department glass access panels shall be of tempered glass. For insulating glass units, all panes shall be tempered glass.
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Glass used in a handrail, guardrail or a guard section shall be laminated glass constructed of fully tempered or heat-strengthened glass and shall comply with Category II or CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1. Glazing in railing in-fill panels shall be of an approved safety glazing material that conforms to the provisions of Section 2406.1.1. For all glazing types, the minimum nominal thickness shall be 1/4 inch (6.4 mm).
Exception: Single fully tempered glass complying with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1 shall be permitted to be used in handrails and guardrails where there is no walking surface beneath them or the walking surface is permanently protected from the risk of falling glass.
The panels and their support system shall be designed to withstand the loads specified in Section 1607.8. A design factor of four shall be used for safety.
Each handrail or guard section shall be supported by a minimum of three glass balusters or shall be otherwise supported to remain in place should one baluster panel fail. Glass balusters shall not be installed without an attached handrail or guard.
Exception: A top rail shall not be required where the glass balusters are laminated glass with two or more glass plies of equal thickness and the same glass type when approved by the building official. The panels shall be designed to withstand the loads specified in Section 1607.8.
Glazing installed in in-fill panels or balusters in wind-borne debris regions shall comply with the following:
Glass installed in exterior railing in-fill panels or balusters shall be laminated glass complying with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1.
When the top rail is supported by glass, the assembly shall be tested according to the impact requirements of Section 1609.1.2 (HVHZ shall comply with Section 1618.4.6.4). The top rail shall remain in place after impact.
Glazing in athletic facilities and similar uses subject to impact loads, which forms whole or partial wall sections or which is used as a door or part of a door, shall comply with this section.
Test methods and loads for individual glazed areas in racquetball and squash courts subject to impact loads shall conform to those of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or ANSI Z97.1 with impacts being applied at a height of 59 inches (1499 mm) above the playing surface to an actual or simulated glass wall installation with fixtures, fittings and methods of assembly identical to those used in practice.
Glass walls shall comply with the following conditions:
- A glass wall in a racquetball or squash court, or similar use subject to impact loads, shall remain intact following a test impact.
- The deflection of such walls shall be not greater than 11/2 inches (38 mm) at the point of impact for a drop height of 48 inches (1219 mm).
Glass doors shall comply with the following conditions:
Glazing in multipurpose gymnasiums, basketball courts and similar athletic facilities subject to human impact loads shall comply with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI Z97.1.
Glass installed as a part of a floor/ceiling assembly as a walking surface and constructed with laminated glass shall comply with ASTM E2751 or with the load requirements specified in Chapter 16. Such assemblies shall comply with the fire-resistance rating requirements of this code where applicable.
Glass in elevator hoistway enclosures and hoistway doors shall be laminated glass conforming to ANSI Z97.1 or CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201.
Glass installed in hoistways and hoistway doors where the hoistway is required to have a fire-resistance rating shall also comply with Section 716.
Glass in vision panels in elevator hoistway doors shall be permitted to be any transparent glazing material not less than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) in thickness conforming to Class A in accordance with ANSI Z97.1 or Category II in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201. The area of any single vision panel shall be not less than 24 square inches (15 484 mm2) and the total area of one or more vision panels in any hoistway door shall be not more than 85 square inches (54 839 mm2).
Glass in elevator cars shall be in accordance with this section.
Glass in elevator car enclosures, glass elevator car doors and glass used for lining walls and ceilings of elevator cars shall be laminated glass conforming to Class A in accordance with ANSI Z97.1 or Category II in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201.
Exception: Tempered glass shall be permitted to be used for lining walls and ceilings of elevator cars provided:
- The glass is bonded to a nonpolymeric coating, sheeting or film backing having a physical integrity to hold the fragments when the glass breaks.
- The glass is not subjected to further treatment such as sandblasting; etching; heat treatment or painting that could alter the original properties of the glass.
- The glass is tested to the acceptance criteria for laminated glass as specified for Class A in accordance with ANSI Z97.l or Category II in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201.
Exterior wall cladding, surfacing and glazing, where provided, shall be as set forth in Sections 2410 through 2415.
Exterior wall cladding, surfacing and glazing shall be designed and constructed to sufficiently resist the full pressurization from the wind loads prescribed in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones) and the concentrated loads that result from hurricane-generated wind-borne debris.
- Exterior wall cladding, surfacing and glazing, within the lowest 30 feet (9.1 m) of the exterior building walls shall be of sufficient strength to resist large missile impacts as outlined in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
- Exterior wall cladding, surfacing and glazing located above the lowest 30 feet (9.1 mm) of the exterior building walls shall be of sufficient strength to resist small missile impacts as outlined in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
Exception: Exterior wall cladding, surfacing and glazing when protected by fixed, operable or portable shutters or screens which have product approval to resist full pressurization from wind loads as well as large and small missile impacts as outlined in the high-velocity hurricane provisions of Chapter 16, without deforming to the point where the substrate being protected is compromised.
Reserved.
All exterior wall cladding, surfacing, garage doors, skylights, operative and inoperative windows shall have product approval.
Windows, doors, glass and glazing shall be as set forth in this section.
Reserved.
Reserved.
Reserved.
Installed glass shall not be less than Single-Strength B quality unless otherwise approved by the building official, and where edges are exposed they shall be seamed or ground.
Replacement of any glazing or part thereof shall be designed and constructed in accordance with Chapter 34 Existing Building Provisions for High-Velocity Hurricane Zones.
Fixed glazing used as an exterior component shall require product approval. Comparative analysis in compliance with Section 2411.3.2.4 by a Florida-registered engineer or architect may be accepted when the actual pressure and geometry conditions differ from the conditions shown in the approval.
Exterior lite of glass in an insulated glass unit shall be safety glazed.
Exceptions:
- Large missile impact-resistant glazed assemblies.
- Nonmissile impact units protected with shutters.
The minimum thickness of annealed float glazing materials used in exterior walls shall be determined and shall not be less than as set forth in ASTM E1300.
For glazing materials other than annealed float use the glazing material resistance factors used in ASTM E1300.
Corrugated glass and other special glass shall be limited to spans determined by analysis and test to resist the loads set forth in Chapter 16 (High Wind Zones) based on fiber stresses not exceeding 4000 psi (27.58 MPa).
Glass block shall have product approval.
The design and approval of sliding doors, swinging doors and operative windows in exterior walls, including the supporting members shall be based on the proposed use-height above grade in accordance with Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
Maximum glass sizes shall comply with ASTM E1300.
Reserved.
The architect or professional engineer of record shall be required to specify the design wind pressure, determined in accordance with Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones), for all garage doors, skylights operative windows and fixed glazing. The design wind pressure for each component of the exterior building surface shall be incorporated into the building design drawing so as to allow the respective manufacturer to size the prefabricated assembly for the proper wind pressures.
Exterior garage doors shall be designed and constructed to actively or passively lock in the closed position when subjected to a uniform lateral pressure in excess of 50 percent of the design wind pressure as prescribed in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
The architect or professional engineer of record shall be required to detail on the drawings submitted for permit, rough opening dimensions, supporting framework, method of attachment and waterproofing procedures for all garage doors, passage doors, skylights, operative and inoperative windows in exterior walls. Said framework and method of attachment shall be designed and constructed so as to sufficiently resist the design wind pressures as outlined in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
Exception: When detailed engineered shop drawings, along with the notices of product approval, produced by the manufacturer's specialty engineer and approved by the architect or professional engineer of record, are admitted at the time of permit application, which completely identifies rough openings, supporting framework, method of attachment and waterproofing procedures are prepared and bear the signature and seal of a professional engineer.
Operative window and door assemblies shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of this section, TAS 202 and provisions from AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 and the forced entry prevention requirements of the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) Standards 1302.5 and 1303.5.
Exceptions:
- Door assemblies installed in nonhabitable areas, where the door assembly and area are designed to accept water infiltration, need not be tested for water infiltration.
- Door assemblies installed where the overhang (OH) ratio is equal to or more than 1 need not be tested for water infiltration. The overhang ratio shall be calculated by the following equation:
where:OH length = The horizontal measure of how far an overhang over a door projects out from the door's surface.OH height = The vertical measure of the distance from the door's sill to the bottom of the overhang over a door. - Pass-through windows for serving from a single-family kitchen, where protected by a roof overhang of 5 feet (1.5 m) or more shall be exempted from the requirements of the water infiltration test.
Glazed curtain wall, window wall and storefront systems shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of this section and the laboratory test requirements of the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) Standard 501, following test load sequence and test load duration in TAS 202.
Such assemblies with permanent muntin bars shall be tested with muntin bars in place.
Such assemblies shall be installed in accordance with the conditions of test and approval.
Structural wind load design pressures for window and door units other than the size tested in accordance with Section 2411.3.2.1 shall be permitted to be different than the design value of the tested unit provided such different pressures are determined by accepted engineering analysis or validated by an additional test of the window or door unit to the different design pressure in accordance with Section 2411.3.2.1. All components of the alternate size unit shall be the same as the tested or labeled unit.
- Operable windows and glass doors rated in this manner shall comply with the following:
- For windows and doors (other than sliding or bi-fold), the frame area of the alternate size unit shall not exceed the frame area of the tested approved unit.
- For sliding or bi-fold doors, the panel area of the alternate size unit shall not exceed the panel area of the tested approved unit and if the door stiles or interlocks do not meet Section 1616.3.1(6) the maximum allowed unit's frame area shall be limited to 1.5 times the tested frame area.
- Shall vary from the tested approved unit only in width, height or load requirements.
- Shall not exceed 100 percent of the proportional deflection and fiber stress of the intermediate members of the approved unit.
- Shall not exceed 100 percent of the concentrated load at the juncture of the intermediate members and the frame of the approved unit.
- Shall not exceed the air and water infiltration resistance of the tested approved unit.
- Shall not exceed the maximum cyclic pressure of the tested approved unit when tested per TAS 201 and TAS 203.
- Nonoperable windows and glass doors rated in this manner shall comply with the following:
- The frame area of the alternate size unit shall not exceed the frame area of the tested approved unit.
- Shall vary from the tested approved unit only in width, height or load requirements.
- The maximum uniform load distribution (ULD) of any side shall be equal to the uniform load carried by the side divided by the length of the side.
- The ULD of any member shall not exceed the ULD of the corresponding member of the tested approved unit.
- The ULD of each member shall be calculated in accordance with standard engineering analysis.
- Shall not exceed the air and water infiltration resistance of the tested approved unit.
- Shall not exceed the maximum cyclic pressure of the tested approved unit when tested per TAS 201 and 203.
Reserved.
Reserved.
Construction details for fixed glass shall comply with the requirements of this paragraph except that structural glazing as defined in Section 202 need not comply with this section, but shall comply with Section 2415.
Fixed glass lights shall be set in corrosion-resistant metal frames and shall comply with applicable requirements of Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones) for wind loads, allowable stresses and load tests. Fixed glass lights may be set in wood, metal or concrete frames as permitted for the types of construction by Chapter 3 through Chapter 6.
Wood shall have been preservative treated or shall be of a durable species as defined in Section 2304.12.
Attachment shall be as set forth in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones) and shall be corrosion resistant.
Glass in fixed lights shall be securely and continuously supported at the perimeter of each sheet unless the design is based on one or more unsupported edges. Supporting members such as division bars and mullions shall be designed by rational analysis to support the wind pressures set forth in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones). Supporting bars shall be attached at the ends to resist the loads set forth in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
The depth of the glazing rabbet and depth of engagement in the rabbet, for fixed glass, shall be based on consideration of the dimensional reduction from deflection and the dimensional changes caused by temperature.
Exterior lite of glass in an insulated glass unit shall be safety glazed.
Exceptions:
- Large missile impact-resistant glazed assemblies.
- Nonmissile impact units protected with shutters.
Gaskets used in glazing systems shall comply with the following standards as applicable:
- ASTM C864, Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers.
- ASTM C509, Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gaskets and Sealing Material.
- ASTM C1115, Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber Gaskets and Accessories.
- ASTM E2203, Dense Thermoplastic Elastomers Used for Compression Seals, Gaskets, Setting Blocks, Spacers and Accessories.
Reserved.
Reserved.
Reserved.
Reserved.
Reserved.
Glass veneer units shall be not less than 11/32 inch (8.7 mm) in thickness. No unit shall be larger in area than 10 square feet (0.93 m2) where 15 feet (4.6 m) or less above the grade directly below, nor larger than 6 square feet (0.56 m2) where more than 15 feet (4.6 m) above the grade directly below.
Every glass veneer unit shall be attached to the backing with approved mastic cement and corrosion-resistant ties and shall be supported on shelf angles.
Shelf angles shall be of corrosion resistant material capable of supporting four times the width of the supported veneer. The shelf angles shall be spaced vertically in alternate horizontal joints, but not more than 3 feet (914 mm) apart. Shelf angles shall be secured to the wall at intervals not exceeding 2 feet (610 mm) with corrosion-resistant bolts not less than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) diameter. Bolts shall be set in masonry and secured by lead shields.
Unless exterior wall components including but not limited to structural glazing, doors and windows of enclosed buildings have specific product approval to preserve the enclosed building envelope against impact loads as set forth in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones), all such components shall be protected by product approved storm shutters.
The storm shutters shall be designed and constructed to insure a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm) separation at maximum deflection with components and frames of components they are to protect unless the components and frame are specifically designed to receive the load of storm shutters, and shall be designed to resist the wind pressures as set forth in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones) by methods admitting of rational analysis based on established principles of design. Storm shutter shall also be designed to comply with the impact load requirements included within Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
The storm shutter design calculations and detailed drawings, including attachment to the main structure, shall be prepared by and bear the seal of a qualified Florida-registered delegated engineer, or if qualified to prepare such design, by the engineer or architect of record, which architect or engineer shall be proficient in structural design. The architect or engineer of record shall, in all instances, review and approve documents prepared by the delegated engineer.
Deflection shall not exceed the limits set forth in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones).
Reserved.
Shutters used to protect openings above the first story of any building or structure must be permanently installed and closable from the inside of the building or structure unless such openings are accessible without the use of a ladder or lift, or shutters can be installed from the interior of the building or structure.
Exception: Group R3 detached single-family residences not exceeding two stories.
Storm shutters must completely cover an opening in all directions.
On any side of an opening, the maximum side clearance between the shutter and a wall or inset surface shall be 1/4 inch (6.4 mm). Any distance in excess of 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) shall require end closure or shutter overlap, where applicable.
Shutter overlap shall be a minimum of 1.5 times the side clearance between the shutter and wall.
End closures shall be designed to resist wind loads specified in Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones), based on rational analysis.
This section prescribes requirements for curtain walls of buildings or structures regulated by this code.
A curtain wall is any prefabricated assembly of various components to enclose a building usually attached to and/or supported by the building frame other than a single door, or window, masonry units, poured in place concrete and siding of single membrane metal, wood or plastic.
Curtain walls, as defined in Section 2414.2, shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of this section.
Structural glazing in curtain walls shall also comply with the requirements of Section 2415.
All structural elements of curtain wall systems and their attachments (including embedments) to the main structural frame shall be designed by and bear the seal of a qualified Florida-registered delegated engineer, or if qualified to prepare such design, by the engineer or architect of record, which architect or engineer shall be proficient in structural design. The engineer of record shall, in all instances, review and approve documents prepared by the delegated engineer.
Curtain wall systems supported from more than two adjacent floors shall be designed to withstand all imposed loads without exceeding allowable stresses in the event of destruction or failure of any single span within the system. Documents for the main building permit shall include sufficient details describing the curtain wall system attachment to the main structure. This portion of the contract documents, if not prepared by the qualified engineer or architect of record, shall bear the signature and seal of the qualified Florida-registered delegated engineer charged with the responsibility for the design of the curtain wall system.
Individual mullions acting as a continuous member shall transfer loads through supports from no more than three adjacent floors.
The materials used in any curtain wall shall comply with the applicable provisions of this code.
Reserved.
Reserved.
This section prescribes requirements for structural glazing systems of buildings or structures regulated by this code.
Structural glazing, as defined in Section 2414.2, shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of this section.
Structural glazing systems used in curtain walls shall also comply with the requirements of Section 2414.
The terms used in this section shall be defined as set forth in Section 202.
Adhesives and sealants used in structural glazing systems shall comply with following standards:
ASTM D412, Test Methods for Rubber Properties in Tension.
ASTM D624, Test Method for Rubber Property—Tear Resistance.
ASTM D2240, Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness. Federal Specifications TT-S-001543A and TT-S-00230C.
Structural glazing systems shall be designed by and bear the seal of a Florida-registered professional engineer.
All materials shall be clearly identified as to manufacturer and manufacturer's product number.
Such adhesives and sealants shall be of a polymer that is 100-percent silicone.
Adhesives and sealants shall have been tested in accordance with the standards set forth in Section 2415.4.
Compatibility of all components and fabrication procedures of structural glazing systems shall be tested, approved and recommended in writing by the manufacturer of the adhesive; the manufacturer of the coating; whether it is anodized, baked or otherwise applied and the manufacturer of the glass panel.
Manufacturer's testing, recommendation and approval shall address, but shall not be limited in scope by the following sections.
The compatibility of the sealant with metal, glazing materials, shims, spacers, setting blocks, backer rods, gaskets and other materials.
Adhesion to the designated substrates and adhesion of the substrates to the base metal.
The design and structural capability of silicone joints and cross sections.
The design stress of the structural silicone shall not exceed 20 psi (138 kPa) for materials having a minimum strength of 100 psi (690 kPa) at the weakest element in the line of stress.
Such design stress shall also provide for a safety factor of not less than 5.0.
Safety factors greater than 5.0 shall be specified by the engineer when required or recommended by the manufacturer.
The silicone structural seal shall have a maximum modulus of elasticity to allow no more than 25-percent movement of the joint width at 20 psi (138 kPa) stress.
In insulating glass units, the secondary silicone seal shall be designed to withstand a minimum of one-half the design negative wind load applicable to the outboard lights.
Structural glazing shall be limited to adhesive bonding on one side or on two opposing sides of an infill glass lights or panel.
Exception: Three- or four-side bonding shall be permitted only when structural glazing units are shop fabricated and shop glazed.
Replacement shall be performed only by individuals or firms approved or certified by the silicone manufacturer.
Reserved.
A minimum of 1 percent of the structurally glazed panels shall be tested for load carrying capacity and sealant adhesion in accordance with Chapter 16 (High-Velocity Hurricane Zones) and ASTM E330.
Structural glazed panels shall be inspected by a Florida-registered architect or professional engineer for conformance with the approved design and installation procedures determined by the authority having jurisdiction prior to the erection of such panels and after the seal curing period established by the silicone manufacturer.
It shall be the responsibility of the contractor to verify the adhesion of the cured sealant periodically throughout the application to assure compliance with the manufacturer's specifications and quality of application.
Structural glazing systems on threshold buildings shall be recertified by the owner as specified by the authority having jurisdiction at six month intervals for the first year after installation. Subsequently, such systems shall be recertified every five years at regular intervals.
Such recertifications shall determine the structural condition and adhesion capacity of the silicone sealant.