(Matrix Adoption Tables are nonregulatory, intended only as an aid to the code user.
See Chapter 1 for state agency authority and building applications.)

Adopting Agency	BSC	BSC- CG	SFM		HCD			DSA		OSHPD						BSCC	DPH	AGR	DWR	CEC	CA	SL	SLC
Adopting Agency	BSC	BSC- CG	T-24	T-19*	1	2	1/AC	AC	SS	1	1R	2	3	4	5	BSCC	DPH	AGR	DWR	CEC	CA	SL	SLC
Adopt Entire Chapter
Adopt Entire Chapter as amended (amended sections listed below)			X
Adopt only those sections that are listed below
[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1]				X
Chapter / Section
[T-19 §4.1 (a)]				X
[T-19 §4.1 (b)]				X
1003.1			X
1003.2			X
1003.3			X
1003.3.1			X
1003.3.3.1			X
1003.3.4			X
1003.5			X
[T-19 §3.27]				X
1004.1			X
Table 1004.5			X
1004.6				X
[T-19 §3.30]				X
1005.3.1			X
1005.3.2			X
1005.7.1			X
1005.7.2			X
1006.2.1			X
Table 1006.2.1			X
1006.2.2.4			X
1006.2.2.6			X
1006.3.3			X
Table 1006.3.3(1)			X
Table 1006.3.3(2)			X
1008.2			X
1008.3.2			X
1009.1			X
1009.2			X
1009.4			X
1009.5			X
1009.6.3			X
1009.8.1			X
1009.8.2			X
1009.10			X
1009.12			X
1010.1.1			X
1010.1.1.1
1010.1.2			X
1010.1.2.1			X
1010.1.4.5.1			X
1010.1.7			X
1010.1.8			X
1010.1.9.1			X
1010.1.9.7			X
1010.1.9.8			X
1010.1.9.8.1			X
1010.1.9.9			X
1010.1.9.10			X
1010.1.9.11			X
1010.1.9.13			X
1010.1.10			X
1010.1.11			X
1011.2			X
1011.5.2			X
1011.6			X
1011.11			X
1011.15			X
1012.6.3			X
1013.1			X
1013.2			X
1013.4			X
1013.7			X
1013.8			X
1014.8			X
1015.3			X
1015.4			X
1016.2			X
1016.2.2			X
Table 1017.2			X
1018			X
[T-19 §3.06 (a)]				X
[T-19 §3.06 (b)]				X
1018.3			X
1019.3			X
1019.4			X
1020.1			X
Table 1020.1			X
Table 1020.2			X
1020.4			X
1020.5			X
1020.6			X
1023.2			X
1023.9			X
1023.9.1			X
1023.11.2			X
1024.2			X
1024.6			X
1026.4.1			X
1026.4.2			X
1028.5			X
1029.1			X
1029.2			X
1029.3			X
1029.3.1			X
1029.6.4			X
1029.9.1			X
[T-19 §3.06 (a)]				X
1030.1			X
1030.1.1			X
[T-19 §4.2]				X
[T-19 §4.3 (a-c)]				X
[T-19 §4.4]				X
[T-19 §4.5 (a)]				X
[T-19 §4.6 (a)(b)]				X
[T-19 §3.11 (a-d)]				X

* The California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 19, Division 1 provisions that are found in the California Fire Code are a reprint from the current CCR, Title 19, Division 1 text for the code user's convenience only. The scope, applicability and appeals procedures of CCR, Title 19, Division I remain the same.

Section 1001 Administration

1001.1 General

Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means of egress components required to provide an approved means of egress from structures and portions thereof. Sections 1003 through 1030 shall apply to new construction. Section 1031 shall apply to existing buildings.

Exception: Detached one- and two-family dwellings and multiple single-family dwellings (townhouses) not more than three stories above grade plane in height with a separate means of egress and their accessory structures shall comply with the California Residential Code.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1001.2 Minimum Requirements

It shall be unlawful to alter a building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of exits or the capacity of the means of egress to less than required by this code.

Section 1002 Definitions

[BE] 1002.1 Definitions

The following terms are defined in Chapter 2:

ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS.

AISLE.

AISLE ACCESSWAY.

ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE.

AREA OF REFUGE.

BLEACHERS.

BREAKOUT.

COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL.

CORRIDOR.

DOOR, BALANCED.

EGRESS COURT.

EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENING.

EXIT.

EXIT ACCESS.

EXIT ACCESS DOORWAY.

EXIT ACCESS RAMP.

EXIT ACCESS STAIRWAY.

EXIT DISCHARGE.

EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OF.

EXIT PASSAGEWAY.

EXTERIOR EXIT RAMP.

EXTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAY.

FIRE EXIT HARDWARE.

FIXED SEATING.

FLIGHT.

FLOOR AREA, GROSS.

FLOOR AREA, NET.

FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING.

GRANDSTAND.

GUARD.

HANDRAIL.

HORIZONTAL EXIT.

INTERIOR EXIT RAMP.

INTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAY.

LOW ENERGY POWER-OPERATED DOOR.

MEANS OF EGRESS.

MERCHANDISE PAD.

NOSING.

OCCUPANT LOAD.

OPEN-AIR ASSEMBLY SEATING.

OPEN-ENDED CORRIDOR.

PANIC HARDWARE.

PHOTOLUMINESCENT.

POWER-ASSISTED DOOR.

POWER-OPERATED DOOR.

PUBLIC WAY.

RAMP.

SCISSOR STAIRWAY.

SELF-LUMINOUS.

SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING.

STAIR.

STAIRWAY.

STAIRWAY, INTERIOR EXIT.

STAIRWAY, SPIRAL.

WINDER.

[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §4.1(a)] Definitions.

Burglar bars — Security bars located on the inside or outside of a door or window of a residential dwelling.

[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §4.1 (b)] Definitions.

(b) Residential Dwelling — A house, apartment, motel, hotel or other type of residential dwelling subject to the State Housing Law Part. 1.5 (commencing with Section 17910), Division 13 of Health and Safety Code and a manufactured home, mobile home, and multiunit manufactured housing as defined in Part 2 (commencing with Section 18000) of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code.

Section 1003 General Means of Egress

[BE] 1003.1 Applicability

The general requirements specified in Sections 1003 through 1015 shall apply to all three elements of the means of egress system, in addition to those specific requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge detailed elsewhere in this chapter.

Exception: Exiting requirements for Fixed Guideway Transit Systems shall be in accordance with Section 443 of the California Building Code.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1003.2 Ceiling Height

The means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm) above the finished floor.

Exceptions:

Sloped ceilings in accordance with Section 1207.2 of the California Building Code.
Ceilings of dwelling units and sleeping units within residential occupancies in accordance with Section 1207.2 of the California Building Code.
Allowable projections in accordance with Section 1003.3.
Stair headroom in accordance with Section 1011.3.
Door height in accordance with Section 1010.1.1.
Ramp headroom in accordance with Section 1012.5.2.
The clear height of floor levels in vehicular and pedestrian traffic areas of public and private parking garages in accordance with Section 406.2.2 of the California Building Code.
Areas above and below mezzanine floors in accordance with Section 505.2 of the California Building Code.
In Group I-2, I-2.1 and I-3 occupancies, the means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 8 feet (2439 mm).

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1003.3 Protruding Objects

Protruding objects on circulation paths shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1003.3.1 through 1003.3.4.

Exception: In Group I-2 and Group I-2.1 occupancies, protruding objects shall not extend more than 12 inches (305 mm) below the minimum ceiling height required by Section 1003.2.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1003.3.1 Headroom

Protruding objects are permitted to extend below the minimum ceiling height required by Section 1003.2 where a minimum headroom of 80 inches (2032 mm) is provided over any circulation paths, including walks, corridors, aisles and passageways. In other than Group I-2 and Group I-2.1 occupancies, 50 percent of the ceiling area of a means of egress shall be permitted to be reduced in height by protruding objects.

Exception: Door closers and stops shall not reduce headroom to less than 78 inches (1981 mm).

A barrier shall be provided where the vertical clearance above a circulation path is less than 80 inches (2032 mm) high above the finished floor. The leading edge of such a barrier shall be located 27 inches (686 mm) maximum above the finished floor.

[BE] 1003.3.2 Post-Mounted Objects

A free-standing object mounted on a post or pylon shall not overhang that post or pylon more than 4 inches (102 mm) where the lowest point of the leading edge is more than 27 inches (686 mm) and less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the finished floor. Where a sign or other obstruction is mounted between posts or pylons and the clear distance between the posts or pylons is greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the lowest edge of such sign or obstruction shall be 27 inches (686 mm) maximum or 80 inches (2032 mm) minimum above the finished floor or ground.

Exception: These requirements shall not apply to sloping portions of handrails between the top and bottom riser of stairs and above the ramp run.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1003.3.3 Horizontal Projections

Objects with leading edges more than 27 inches (685 mm) and not more than 80 inches (2030 mm) above the finished floor shall not project horizontally more than 4 inches (102 mm) into the circulation path.

Exception: Handrails are permitted to protrude 4¹/₂ inches (114 mm) from the wall or guard.

Upcodes Diagrams

1003.3.3.1 Horizontal Projections for Group I-2 and I-2.1 Occupancies

Structural elements, fixtures or furnishings shall not project horizontally from either side more than 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm) into the required width of an exit access corridor serving any area caring for one or more nonambulatory or bedridden persons.

Exceptions:

Handrails are permitted to protrude 3¹/₂ inches (89 mm) from the wall.
Alcohol-based hand-rub dispensers are permitted to protrude 4 inches.
Manual fire alarm boxes with a protective cover installed are permitted to protrude 4 inches.

[BE] 1003.3.4 Clear Width

Protruding objects shall not reduce the minimum clear width of accessible routes as required by Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1003.4 Slip-Resistant Surface

Circulation paths of the means of egress shall have a slip-resistant surface and be securely attached.

[BE] 1003.5 Elevation Change

Where changes in elevation of less than 12 inches (305 mm) exist in the means of egress, sloped surfaces shall be used. Where the slope is greater than one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope), ramps complying with Section 1012 shall be used. Where the difference in elevation is 6 inches (152 mm) or less, the ramp shall be equipped with either handrails or floor finish materials that contrast with adjacent floor finish materials.

Exceptions:

A single step with a maximum riser height of 7 inches (178 mm) is permitted for buildings with occupancies in Groups F, H, R-2, R-3, S and U at exterior doors not required to be accessible by Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
A stair with a single riser or with two risers and a tread is permitted at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code, where the risers and treads comply with Section 1011.5, the minimum depth of the tread is 13 inches (330 mm) and not less than one handrail complying with Section 1014 is provided within 30 inches (762 mm) of the centerline of the normal path of egress travel on the stair.
A step is permitted in aisles serving seating that has a difference in elevation less than 12 inches (305 mm) at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code, provided that the risers and treads comply with Section 1029.14 and the aisle is provided with a handrail complying with Section 1029.16.

Throughout a story in a Group I-2 and I-2.1 occupancy, any change in elevation in portions of the means of egress that serve nonambulatory persons shall be by means of a ramp or sloped walkway.

[BE] 1003.6 Means of Egress Continuity

The path of egress travel along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by a building element other than a means of egress component as specified in this chapter. Obstructions shall not be placed in the minimum width or required capacity of a means of egress component except projections permitted by this chapter. The minimum width or required capacity of a means of egress system shall not be diminished along the path of egress travel.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1003.7 Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walks

Elevators, escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component of a required means of egress from any other part of the building.

Exception: Elevators used as an accessible means of egress in accordance with Section 1009.4.

Section 1004 Occupant Load

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1004.1 Design Occupant Load

In determining means of egress requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of egress facilities are provided shall be determined in accordance with this section.

[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §3.27] Overcrowding.

The number of occupants of any building, structure, or portion thereof, shall not exceed the permitted or posted capacity.

[BE] 1004.2 Cumulative Occupant Loads

Where the path of egress travel includes intervening rooms, areas or spaces, cumulative occupant loads shall be determined in accordance with this section.

[BE] 1004.2.1 Intervening Spaces or Accessory Areas

Where occupants egress from one or more rooms, areas or spaces through others, the design occupant load shall be the combined occupant load of interconnected accessory or intervening spaces. Design of egress path capacity shall be based on the cumulative portion of occupant loads of all rooms, areas or spaces to that point along the path of egress travel.

[BE] 1004.2.2 Adjacent Levels for Mezzanines

That portion of the occupant load of a mezzanine with required egress through a room, area or space on an adjacent level shall be added to the occupant load of that room, area or space.

[BE] 1004.2.3 Adjacent Stories

Other than for the egress components designed for convergence in accordance with Section 1005.6, the occupant load from separate stories shall not be added.

[BE] 1004.3 Multiple-Function Occupant Load

Where an area under consideration contains multiple functions having different occupant load factors, the design occupant load for such area shall be based on the floor area of each function calculated independently.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1004.4 Multiple Occupancies

Where a building contains two or more occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy of that space. Where two or more occupancies utilize portions of the same means of egress system, those egress components shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies that are served.

[BE] 1004.5 Areas Without Fixed Seating

The number of occupants shall be computed at the rate of one occupant per unit of area as prescribed in Table 1004.5. For areas without fixed seating, the occupant load shall be not less than that number determined by dividing the floor area under consideration by the occupant load factor assigned to the function of the space as set forth in Table 1004.5. Where an intended function is not listed in Table 1004.5, the fire code official shall establish a function based on a listed function that most nearly resembles the intended function.

Exception: Where approved by the fire code official, the actual number of occupants for whom each occupied space, floor or building is designed, although less than those determined by calculation, shall be permitted to be used in the determination of the design occupant load.

[BE] TABLE 1004.5
MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA ALLOWANCES PER OCCUPANT
FUNCTION OF SPACE	OCCUPANT LOAD FACTOR^a
Accessory storage areas, mechanical equipment room	300 gross
Agricultural building	300 gross
Aircraft hangars	500 gross
Airport terminal
Baggage claim	20 gross
Baggage handling	300 gross
Concourse	100 gross
Waiting areas	15 gross
Assembly
Gaming floors (keno, slots, etc.)	11 gross
Exhibit gallery and museum	30 net
Assembly with fixed seats	See Section 1004.4
Assembly without fixed seats
Concentrated (chairs only — not fixed)	7 net
Standing space	5 net
Unconcentrated (tables and chairs)	15 net
Bowling centers, allow 5 persons for each lane including 15 feet of runway, and for additional areas	7 net
Business areas	150 gross
Concentrated business use areas	See Section 1004.8
Courtrooms — other than fixed seating areas	40 net
Day care	35 net
Dormitories	50 gross
Educational
Classroom area	20 net
Shops and other vocational room areas	50 net
Exercise rooms	50 gross
Group H-5 fabrication and manufacturing areas	200 gross
Industrial areas	100 gross
Institutional areas^c
Inpatient treatment areas	240 gross
Outpatient areas	100 gross
Sleeping areas	120 gross
Kitchens, commercial	200 gross
Laboratory
Educational (K—12)	50 net
Laboratories, noneducational	100 net
Laboratory suite^b	200 gross
Library
Reading rooms	50 net
Stack area	100 gross
Locker rooms	50 gross
Mall buildings — covered and open	See Section 402.8.2 of the California Building Code
Mercantile	60 gross
Storage, stock, shipping areas	300 gross
Parking garages	200 gross
Residential	200 gross
Skating rinks, swimming pools
Rink and pool	50 gross
Decks	15 gross
Stages and platforms	15 net
Warehouses	500 gross

For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m², 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

Floor area in square feet per occupant.
See California Building Code Section 453.2.
See California Building Code Section 408.3.13 for I-3 facilities.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1004.5.1 Increased Occupant Load

The occupant load permitted in any building, or portion thereof, is permitted to be increased from that number established for the occupancies in Table 1004.5, provided that all other requirements of the code are met based on such modified number and the occupant load does not exceed one occupant per 7 square feet (0.65 m²) of occupiable floor space. Where required by the fire code official, an approved aisle, seating or fixed equipment diagram substantiating any increase in occupant load shall be submitted. Where required by the fire code official, such diagram shall be posted.

[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §3.30] Posting of Room Capacity.

Any room having an occupant load of 50 or more persons where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for assembly, classroom, dining, drinking, or similar purposes, shall have the capacity of the room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the room. Posting shall be by means of a durable sign having a contrasting color from the background to which it is attached. Signs shall be of an approved type and shall be maintained in a legible manner by the owner or his authorized agent and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room use. No person shall deface or remove such signs except as authorized by the enforcing agency.

[BE] 1004.6 Fixed Seating

For areas having fixed seats and aisles, the occupant load shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed therein. The occupant load for areas in which fixed seating is not installed, such as waiting spaces, shall be determined in accordance with Section 1004.5 and added to the number of fixed seats.

The occupant load of wheelchair spaces and the associated companion seat shall be based on one occupant for each wheelchair space and one occupant for the associated companion seat provided in accordance with Chapter 11B of the California Building Code.

For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms, the occupant load shall be not less than the number of seats based on one person for each 18 inches (457 mm) of seating length.

The occupant load of seating booths shall be based on one person for each 24 inches (610 mm) of booth seat length measured at the backrest of the seating booth.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1004.7 Outdoor Areas

Yards, patios, occupied roofs courts and similar outdoor areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chapter. The occupant load of such outdoor areas shall be assigned by the fire code official in accordance with the anticipated use. Where outdoor areas are to be used by persons in addition to the occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas.

Exceptions:

Outdoor areas used exclusively for service of the building need only have one means of egress.
Both outdoor areas associated with Group R-3 and individual dwelling units of Group R-2.

[BE] 1004.8 Concentrated Business Use Areas

The occupant load factor for concentrated business use shall be applied to telephone call centers, trading floors, electronic data processing centers and similar business use areas with a higher density of occupants than would normally be expected in a typical business occupancy environment. Where approved by the code official, the occupant load for concentrated business use areas shall be the actual occupant load, but not less than one occupant per 50 square feet (4.65 m²) of gross occupiable floor space.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1004.9 Posting of Occupant Load

Every room or space which is used for assembly, classroom, dining, drinking, or similar purposes having an occupant load of 50 or more shall have the occupant load of the room or space posted in a conspicuous place, near the main exit or exit access doorway from the room or space, for the intended configurations. Posted signs shall be of an approved legible permanent design and shall be maintained by the owner or the owner's authorized agent.

Section 1005 Means of Egress Sizing

[BE] 1005.1 General

All portions of the means of egress system shall be sized in accordance with this section.

Exception: Aisles and aisle accessways in rooms or spaces used for assembly purposes complying with Section 1029.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1005.2 Minimum Width Based on Component

The minimum width, in inches (mm), of any means of egress components shall be not less than that specified for such component, elsewhere in this code.

[BE] 1005.3 Required Capacity Based on Occupant Load

The required capacity, in inches (mm), of the means of egress for any room, area, space or story shall be not less than that determined in accordance with Sections 1005.3.1 and 1005.3.2:

[BE] 1005.3.1 Stairways

The capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) per occupant. Where stairways serve more than one story, only the occupant load of each story considered individually shall be used in calculating the required capacity of the stairways serving that story.

Exceptions:

For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inches (5.1 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and an emergency voice/alarm communication system in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2.
Facilities with smoke-protected assembly seating shall be permitted to use the capacity factors in Table 1029.6.2 indicated for stepped aisles for exit access or exit stairways where the entire path for means of egress from the seating to the exit discharge is provided with a smoke control system complying with Section 909.
Facilities with open-air assembly seating shall be permitted to the capacity factors in Section 1029.6.3 indicated for stepped aisles for exit access or exit stairways where the entire path for means of egress from the seating to the exit discharge is open to the outdoors.
For Group H-1, H-2, H-3 and H-4 occupancies, the total width of means of egress in inches (mm) shall not be less than the total occupant load served by the means of egress multiplied by 0.7 inches (7.62 mm) per occupant.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1005.3.2 Other Egress Components

The capacity, in inches, of means of egress components other than stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such component by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inches (5.1 mm) per occupant.

Exceptions:

For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the capacity, in inches, of means of egress components other than stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such component by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.15 inches (3.8 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and an emergency voice/alarm communication system in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2.
Facilities with smoke-protected assembly seating shall be permitted to use the capacity factors in Table 1029.6.2 indicated for level or ramped aisles for means of egress components other than stairways where the entire path for means of egress from the seating to the exit discharge is provided with a smoke control system complying with Section 909.
Facilities with open-air assembly seating shall be permitted to the capacity factors in Section 1029.6.3 indicated for level or ramped aisles for means of egress components other than stairways where the entire path for means of egress from the seating to the exit discharge is open to the outdoors.
For Group H-1, H-2, H-3 and H-4 occupancies, the total width of means of egress in inches (mm) shall not be less than the total occupant load served by the means of egress multiplied by 0.4 inches (5.08 mm) per occupant.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1005.4 Continuity

The minimum width or required capacity of the means of egress required from any story of a building shall not be reduced along the path of egress travel until arrival at the public way.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1005.5 Distribution of Minimum Width and Required Capacity

Where more than one exit, or access to more than one exit, is required, the means of egress shall be configured such that the loss of any one exit, or access to one exit, shall not reduce the available capacity or width to less than 50 percent of the required capacity or width.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1005.6 Egress Convergence

Where the means of egress from stories above and below converge at an intermediate level, the capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence shall be not less than the largest minimum width or the sum of the required capacities for the stairways or ramps serving the two adjacent stories, whichever is larger.

[BE] 1005.7 Encroachment

Encroachments into the required means of egress width shall be in accordance with the provisions of this section.

[BE] 1005.7.1 Doors

Doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches (178 mm). Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half.

Exceptions:

In other than Group I-2 occupancies, surface-mounted latch release hardware shall be exempt from inclusion in the 7-inch maximum (178 mm) encroachment where both of the following conditions exists:
1. 1.1. The hardware is mounted to the side of the door facing away from the adjacent wall where the door is in the open position.
2. 1.2. The hardware is mounted not less than 34 inches (865 mm) nor more than 48 inches (1219 mm) above the finished floor.
The restrictions on door swing shall not apply to doors within individual dwelling units and sleeping units of Group R-2 occupancies and dwelling units of Group R-3 occupancies.

[BE] 1005.7.2 Other Projections

Handrail projections shall be in accordance with the provisions of Section 1014.8. Other nonstructural projections such as trim and similar decorative features shall be permitted to project into the required width not more than 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm) on each side.

Exception: Projections are permitted in corridors within Group R-2.1 in accordance with Section 407.4.3 of the California Building Code.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1005.7.3 Protruding Objects

Protruding objects shall comply with the applicable requirements of Section 1003.3.

Section 1006 Numbers of Exits and Exit Access Doorways

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1006.1 General

The number of exits or exit access doorways required within the means of egress system shall comply with the provisions of Section 1006.2 for spaces, including mezzanines, and Section 1006.3 for stories or occupied roofs.

[BE] 1006.2 Egress From Spaces

Rooms, areas or spaces, including mezzanines, within a story or basement shall be provided with the number of exits or access to exits in accordance with this section.

[BE] 1006.2.1 Egress Based on Occupant Load and Common Path of Egress Travel Distance

Two exits or exit access doorways from any space shall be provided where the design occupant load or the common path of egress travel distance exceeds the values listed in Table 1006.2.1. The cumulative occupant load from adjacent rooms, areas or spaces shall be determined in accordance with Section 1004.2.

Exceptions:

The number of exits from foyers, lobbies, vestibules or similar spaces need not be based on cumulative occupant loads for areas discharging through such spaces, but the capacity of the exits from such spaces shall be based on applicable cumulative occupant loads.
Rooms and care suites in Group I-2 and I-2.1 occupancies complying with Section 407.4 of the California Building Code.
In detention and correctional facilities and holding cells, such as are found in courthouse buildings, when the occupant load is more than 20 see Section 408.3.11 of the California Building Code.

[BE] TABLE 1006.2.1

SPACES WITH ONE EXIT OR EXIT ACCESS DOORWAY

OCCUPANCY	MAXIMUM OCCUPANT LOAD OF SPACE	MAXIMUM COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL DISTANCE (feet)
		Without Sprinkler System (feet)		With Sprinkler System (feet)
		Occupant Load
		OL ≤ 30	OL > 30
A^c, E, M	49	75	75	75^a
B	49	100	75	100^a
F	49	75	75	100^a
H-1, H-2, H-3	3	NP	NP	25^b
H-4, H-5	10	NP	NP	75^b
I-2^d, I-2.1, I-4	10	NP	NP	75^a
I-3	10	NP	NP	100^a
R-1	10	NP	NP	75^a
R-2	20	NP	NP	125^a
R-2.1	10	NP	NP	75^a
R-2.2	20	NP	NP	125^a
R-3^e, R-3.1^e	20	NP	NP	125^{a, g}
R-4^e	20	NP	NP	125^{a, g}
S^f	29	100	75	100^a
U	49	100	75	75^a
L	See Section 453.6.1 of the California Building Code	NP	NP	NP

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

NP = Not Permitted.

Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. See Section 903 for occupancies where automatic sprinkler systems are permitted in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2
Group H occupancies equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.5.
For a room or space used for assembly purposes having fixed seating, see Section 1029.8.
For the travel distance limitations and number of exit and exit access requirements for rooms and spaces in Group I-2 or I-2.1, see Section 407.4 of the California Building Code.
The common path of egress travel distance shall apply only in a Group R-3 occupancy located in a mixed occupancy building or within a Group R-3 or R-4 congregate living facility.
The length of common path of egress travel distance in a Group S-2 open parking garage shall be not more than 100 feet.
For the travel distance limitations in Group R-3 and R-4 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.3, see Section 1006.2.2.6.
For holding cells, see Section 408.3.11 of the California Building Code.

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[BE] 1006.2.1.1 Three or More Exits or Exit Access Doorways

Three exits or exit access doorways shall be provided from any space with an occupant load of 501 to 1,000. Four exits or exit access doorways shall be provided from any space with an occupant load greater than 1,000.

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[BE] 1006.2.2 Egress Based on Use

The numbers of exits or access to exits shall be provided in the uses described in Sections 1006.2.2.1 through 1006.2.2.7.

[BE] 1006.2.2.1 Boiler, Incinerator and Furnace Rooms

Two exit access doorways are required in boiler, incinerator and furnace rooms where the area is over 500 square feet (46 m²) and any fuel-fired equipment exceeds 400,000 British thermal units (Btu) (422 000 KJ) input capacity. Where two exit access doorways are required, one is permitted to be a fixed ladder or an alternating tread device. Exit access doorways shall be separated by a horizontal distance equal to one-half the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the room.

[BE] 1006.2.2.2 Refrigeration Machinery Rooms

Machinery rooms larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m²) shall have not less than two exits or exit access doorways. Where two exit access doorways are required, one such doorway is permitted to be served by a fixed ladder or an alternating tread device. Exit access doorways shall be separated by a horizontal distance equal to one-half the maximum horizontal dimension of the room.

All portions of machinery rooms shall be within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of an exit or exit access doorway. An increase in exit access travel distance is permitted in accordance with Section 1017.1.

Exit and exit access doorways shall swing in the direction of egress travel, regardless of the occupant load served. Exit and exit access doorways shall be tight fitting and self-closing.

[BE] 1006.2.2.3 Refrigerated Rooms or Spaces

Rooms or spaces having a floor area larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m²), containing a refrigerant evaporator and maintained at a temperature below 68°F (20°C), shall have access to not less than two exits or exit access doorways.

Exit access travel distance shall be determined as specified in Section 1017.1, but all portions of a refrigerated room or space shall be within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of an exit or exit access doorway where such rooms are not protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system. Egress is allowed through adjoining refrigerated rooms or spaces.

Exception: Where using refrigerants in quantities limited to the amounts based on the volume set forth in the California Mechanical Code.

[BE] 1006.2.2.4 Group I-4 Means of Egress

Group I-4 facilities, rooms or spaces where care is provided for more than six children that are 2 years of age or less, shall have access to not less than two exits or exit access doorways.

[BE] 1006.2.2.5 Vehicular Ramps

Vehicular ramps shall not be considered as an exit access ramp unless pedestrian facilities are provided.

[BE] 1006.2.2.6 Groups R-3 and R-4

Where Group R-3 occupancies are permitted by Section 903.2.8 to be protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.3, the exit access travel distance for Group R-3 shall be not more than 125 feet (38 100 mm). Where Group R-4 occupancies are permitted by Section 903.2.8 to be protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.3, the exit access travel distance for Group R-4 shall be not more than 75 feet (22 860 mm).

1006.2.2.7 Large Family Day-Care Home

Every story or basement of a large family day-care home shall be provided with two exits which are remotely located from each other. Every required exit shall be of a size to permit the installation of a door not less than 32 inches (813 mm) in clear width and not less than 6 feet 8 inches (2,032 mm) in height. A manually operated horizontal sliding door may be used as one of the two required exits.

Where basements are used for day-care purposes, one of the two required exits shall provide access directly to the exterior without entering the first story. The second exit from the basement may either pass through the story above or exit directly to the exterior.

Rooms used for day-care purposes shall not be located above the first story.

Exception: Buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler system throughout and which have at least one of the required exits providing access directly to the exterior. NFPA 13R may be used in large family day-care homes. The sprinkler omissions of NFPA 13R shall not apply unless approved by the enforcing agency.

Exit doors, including manually operated horizontal sliding doors, shall be openable from the inside without use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.

Tables 1006.3.3(1) and 1006.3.3(2) are not applicable to this occupancy classification.

[BE] 1006.3 Egress From Stories or Occupied Roofs

The means of egress system serving any story or occupied roof shall be provided with the number of separate and distinct exits or access to exits based on the aggregate occupant load served in accordance with this section. Where stairways serve more than one story, only the occupant load of each story considered individually shall be used in calculating the required number of exits or access to exits serving that story.

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[BE] 1006.3.1 Adjacent Story

The path of egress travel to an exit shall not pass through more than one adjacent story.

Exception: The path of egress travel to an exit shall be permitted to pass through more than one adjacent story in any of the following:

In Group R-1, R-2 or R-3 occupancies, exit access stairways and ramps connecting four stories or fewer serving and contained within an individual dwelling unit or sleeping unit or live/work unit.
Exit access stairways serving and contained within a Group R-3 congregate residence or a Group R-4 facility.
Exit access stairways and ramps in open parking garages that serve only the parking garage.
Exit access stairways and ramps serving open-air assembly seating complying with the exit access travel distance requirements of Section 1029.7.
Exit access stairways and ramps between the balcony, gallery or press box and the main assembly floor in occupancies such as theaters, places of religious worship, auditoriums and sports facilities.

[BE] 1006.3.2 Egress Based on Occupant Load

Each story and occupied roof shall have the minimum number of separate and distinct exits, or access to exits, as specified in Table 1006.3.2. A single exit or access to a single exit shall be permitted in accordance with Section 1006.3.3. The required number of exits, or exit access stairways or ramps providing access to exits, from any story or occupied roof shall be maintained until arrival at the exit discharge or public way.

[BE] TABLE 1006.3.2

MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS OR ACCESS TO EXITS PER STORY

OCCUPANT LOAD PER STORY	MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS OR ACCESS TO EXITS FROM STORY
1-500	2
501-1,000	3
More than 1,000	4

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[BE] 1006.3.3 Single Exits

A single exit or access to a single exit shall be permitted from any story or occupied roof, where one of the following conditions exists:

The occupant load, number of dwelling units and common path of egress travel distance do not exceed the values in Table 1006.3.3(1) or 1006.3.3(2).
Rooms, areas and spaces at the level of exit discharge, complying with Section 1006.2.1 with exits that discharge directly to the exterior at the level of exit discharge, are permitted to have one exit or access to a single exit.
Parking garages where vehicles are mechanically parked shall be permitted to have one exit or access to a single exit.
Group R-3 and R-4 occupancies shall be permitted to have one exit or access to a single exit.
Individual single-story or multistory dwelling units shall be permitted to have a single exit or access to a single exit from the dwelling unit provided that both of the following criteria are met:
1. 5.1. The dwelling unit complies with Section 1006.2.1 as a space with one means of egress.
2. 5.2. Either the exit from the dwelling unit discharges directly to the exterior at the level of exit discharge, or the exit access outside the dwelling unit's entrance door provides access to not less than two approved independent exits.

[BE] TABLE 1006.3.3(1)

STORIES WITH ONE EXIT OR ACCESS TO ONE EXIT FOR R-2 AND R-3 OCCUPANCIES

STORY	OCCUPANCY	MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS	MAXIMUM COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL DISTANCE
Basement, first, second or third story above grade plane	R-2^{a, b}	4 dwelling units	125 feet
Basement, first, second or third story above grade plane	R-3^a	NA	NA
Fourth story above grade plane and higher	R-3^a	NA	125 feet

For SI: 1 foot = 3048 mm.

NP = Not Permitted.

NA = Not Applicable.

Buildings classified as Group R-2 or R-3 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and provided with emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1030.
This table is used for R-2 occupancies consisting of dwelling units. For R-2 occupancies consisting of sleeping units, use Table 1006.3.3(2).

[BE] TABLE 1006.3.3(2)

STORIES WITH ONE EXIT OR ACCESS TO ONE EXIT FOR OTHER OCCUPANCIES^e

STORY	OCCUPANCY	MAXIMUM OCCUPANT LOAD PER STORY	MAXIMUM COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL DISTANCE (feet)
First story above or below grade plane	A, B^b, E F^b, M, U	49	75
	H-2, H-3	3	25
	H-4, H-5, I, R-1, R-2^{a, c}, R-2.2	10	75
	I-2, I-2.1	7 occupants	50 feet
	S^{b, d}	29	75
Second story above grade plane	B, F, M, S^d	29	75
Third story above grade plane and higher	NP	NA	NA

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

NP = Not Permitted.

NA = Not Applicable.

Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and provided with emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1030.
Group B, F and S occupancies in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 shall have a maximum exit access travel distance of 100 feet.
This table is used for R-2 occupancies consisting of sleeping units. For R-2 occupancies consisting of dwelling units, use Table 1006.3.3(1).
The length of exit access travel distance in a Group S-2 open parking garage shall be not more than 100 feet.
For Group L occupancies see Section 453.6.1 of the California Building Code.

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[BE] 1006.3.3.1 Mixed Occupancies

Where one exit, or exit access stairway or ramp providing access to exits at other stories, is permitted to serve individual stories, mixed occupancies shall be permitted to be served by single exits provided that each individual occupancy complies with the applicable requirements of Table 1006.3.3(1) or 1006.3.3(2) for that occupancy. Where applicable, cumulative occupant loads from adjacent occupancies shall be considered to be in accordance with the provisions of Section 1004.1. In each story of a mixed occupancy building, the maximum number of occupants served by a single exit shall be such that the sum of the ratios of the calculated number of occupants of the space divided by the allowable number of occupants indicated in Table 1006.3.3(2) for each occupancy does not exceed one. Where dwelling units are located on a story with other occupancies, the actual number of dwelling units divided by four plus the ratio from the other occupancy does not exceed one.

Section 1007 Exit and Exit Access Doorway Configuration

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[BE] 1007.1 General

Exits, exit access doorways, and exit access stairways and ramps serving spaces, including individual building stories, shall be separated in accordance with the provisions of this section.

[BE] 1007.1.1 Two Exits or Exit Access Doorways

Where two exits, exit access doorways, exit access stairways or ramps, or any combination thereof, are required from any portion of the exit access, they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served measured in a straight line between them. Interlocking or scissor stairways shall be counted as one exit stairway.

Exceptions:

Where interior exit stairways or ramps are interconnected by a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated corridor conforming to the requirements of Section 1020, the required exit separation shall be measured along the shortest direct line of travel within the corridor.
Where a building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the separation distance shall be not less than one-third of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the area served.

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[BE] 1007.1.1.1 Measurement Point

The separation distance required in Section 1007.1.1 shall be measured in accordance with the following:

The separation distance to exit or exit access doorways shall be measured to any point along the width of the doorway.
The separation distance to exit access stairways shall be measured to the closest riser.
The separation distance to exit access ramps shall be measured to the start of the ramp run.

[BE] 1007.1.2 Three or More Exits or Exit Access Doorways

Where access to three or more exits is required, not less than two exit or exit access doorways shall be arranged in accordance with the provisions of Section 1007.1.1. Additional required exit or exit access doorways shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available.

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[BE] 1007.1.3 Remoteness of Exit Access Stairways or Ramps

Where two exit access stairways or ramps provide the required means of egress to exits at another story, the required separation distance shall be maintained for all portions of such exit access stairways or ramps.

[BE] 1007.1.3.1 Three or More Exit Access Stairways or Ramps

Where more than two exit access stairways or ramps provide the required means of egress, not less than two shall be arranged in accordance with Section 1007.1.3.

Section 1008 Means of Egress Illumination

[BE] 1008.1 Means of Egress Illumination

Illumination shall be provided in the means of egress in accordance with Section 1008.2. Under emergency power, means of egress illumination shall comply with Section 1008.3.

[BE] 1008.2 Illumination Required

The means of egress serving a room or space shall be illuminated at all times that the room or space is occupied.

Exceptions:

Occupancies in Group U.
Aisle accessways in Group A.
Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2 and R-3.
Sleeping units of Group I, R-2.1 and R-4 occupancies.

[BE] 1008.2.1 Illumination Level Under Normal Power

The means of egress illumination level shall be not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface.

Exception: For auditoriums, theaters, concert or opera halls and similar assembly occupancies, the illumination at the walking surface is permitted to be reduced during performances by one of the following methods provided that the required illumination is automatically restored upon activation of a premises' fire alarm system:

Externally illuminated walking surfaces shall be permitted to be illuminated to not less than 0.2 footcandle (2.15 lux).
Steps, landings and the sides of ramps shall be permitted to be marked with self-luminous materials in accordance with Sections 1025.2.1, 1025.2.2 and 1025.2.4 by systems listed in accordance with UL 1994.

[BE] 1008.2.2 Group I-2

In Group I-2 occupancies where two or more exits are required, on the exterior landings required by Section 1010.6.1, means of egress illumination levels for the exit discharge shall be provided such that failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level on that landing to less than 1 footcandle (11 lux).

[BE] 1008.2.3 Exit Discharge

Illumination shall be provided along the path of travel for the exit discharge from each exit to the public way.

Exception: Illumination shall not be required where the path of the exit discharge meets both of the following requirements:

The path of exit discharge is illuminated from the exit to a safe dispersal area complying with Section 1028.5.
A dispersal area shall be illuminated to a level not less than 1 footcandle (11 lux) at the walking surface.

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[BE] 1008.3 Emergency Power for Illumination

The power supply for means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the premises' electrical supply.

[BE] 1008.3.1 General

In the event of power supply failure in rooms and spaces that require two or more means of egress an emergency electrical system shall automatically illuminate all of the following areas:

[BE] 1008.3.2 Buildings

In the event of power supply failure, in buildings that require two or more means of egress, an emergency electrical system shall automatically illuminate all of the following areas:

Interior exit access stairways and ramps
Interior and exterior exit stairways and ramps.
Exit passageways.
Vestibules and areas on the level of discharge used for exit discharge in accordance with Section 1028.1.
Exterior landings as required by Section 1010.1.6 for exit doorways that lead directly to the exit discharge.
Group I-2 and I-2.1 exit discharge stairways, ramps, aisles, walkways and escalators leading to a public way or to a safe dispersal area in accordance with Section 1028.5.

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[BE] 1008.3.3 Rooms and Spaces

In the event of power supply failure, an emergency electrical system shall automatically illuminate all of the following areas:

Electrical equipment rooms.
Fire command centers.
Fire pump rooms.
Generator rooms.
Public restrooms with an area greater than 300 square feet (27.87 m²).

[BE] 1008.3.4 Duration

The emergency power system shall provide power for a duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emergency power system shall be in accordance with Section 2702 of the California Building Code.

[BE] 1008.3.5 Illumination Level Under Emergency Power

Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is not less than an average of 1 footcandle (11 lux) and a minimum at any point of 0.1 footcandle(1 lux) measured along the path of egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to decline to 0.6 footcandle (6 lux) average and a minimum at any point of 0.06 footcandle (0.6 lux) at the end of the emergency lighting time duration. A maximum-to-minimum illumination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. In Group I-2 occupancies, failure of a single lamp in a luminaire shall not reduce the illumination level to less than 0.2 foot-candle (2.2 lux).

Section 1009 Accessible Means of Egress

[BE] 1009.1 Accessible Means of Egress Required

Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by accessible means of egress in at least the same number as required by Section 1006.2 or 1006.3. In addition to the requirements of this chapter, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings for persons with disabilities, shall also comply with the requirements of Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code, as applicable.

Exceptions:

One accessible means of egress is required from an accessible mezzanine level in accordance with Section 1009.3, 1009.4 or 1009.5, and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
In assembly areas with ramped aisles or stepped aisles, one accessible means of egress is permitted where the common path of travel is accessible and meets the requirements in Section 1029.8, and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.

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[BE] 1009.2 Continuity and Components

Each required accessible means of egress shall be continuous to a public way and shall consist of one or more of the following components:

Accessible routes complying with Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
Interior exit stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1023 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
Exit access stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1019.3 or 1019.4 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
Exterior exit stairways complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1027 and serving levels other than the level of exit discharge of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
Elevators complying with Section 1009.4 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
Platform lifts complying with Section 1009.5 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
Horizontal exits complying with Section 1026.
Ramps complying with Section 1012 of this code and Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
Areas of refuge complying with Section 1009.6.
Exterior areas for assisted rescue complying with Section 1009.7 serving exits at the level of exit discharge.

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[BE] 1009.2.1 Elevators Required

In buildings where a required accessible floor is four or more stories above or below a level of exit discharge, not less than one required accessible means of egress shall be an elevator complying with Section 1009.4.

Exceptions:

In buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator shall not be required on floors provided with a horizontal exit and located at or above the levels of exit discharge.
In buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator shall not be required on floors provided with a ramp conforming to the provisions of Section 1012.

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[BE] 1009.3 Stairways

In order to be considered part of an accessible means of egress, a stairway between stories shall comply with Sections 1009.3.1 through 1009.3.3.

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[BE] 1009.3.1 Exit Access Stairways

Exit access stairways that connect levels in the same story are not permitted as part of an accessible means of egress.

Exception: Exit access stairways providing means of egress from mezzanines are permitted as part of an accessible means of egress.

[BE] 1009.3.2 Stairway Width

Stairways shall have a clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum between handrails.

Exceptions:

The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails is not required in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.
The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails is not required for stairways accessed from a refuge area in conjunction with a horizontal exit.

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[BE] 1009.3.3 Area of Refuge

Stairways shall either incorporate an area of refuge within an enlarged floor-level landing or shall be accessed from an area of refuge complying with Section 1009.6.

Exceptions:

Areas of refuge are not required at exit access stairways where two-way communication is provided at the elevator landing in accordance with Section 1009.8.
Areas of refuge are not required at stairways in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.
Areas of refuge are not required at stairways serving open parking garages.
Areas of refuge are not required for smoke-protected or open-air assembly seating areas complying with Sections 1029.6.2 and 1029.6.3.
Areas of refuge are not required at stairways in Group R-2 occupancies.
Areas of refuge are not required for stairways accessed from a refuge area in conjunction with a horizontal exit.

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[BE] 1009.4 Elevators

In order to be considered part of an accessible means of egress, an elevator shall comply with California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Division 1, Chapter 4, Subchapter 6, Elevator Safety Orders.

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[BE] 1009.4.1 Standby Power

The elevator shall meet the emergency operation and signaling device requirements of Section 2.27 of ASME A17.1/CSA B44. Standby power shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 27 and Section 3003 of the California Building Code.

[BE] 1009.4.2 Area of Refuge

The elevator shall be accessed from an area of refuge complying with Section 1009.6.

Exceptions:

Areas of refuge are not required at the elevator in open parking garages.
Areas of refuge are not required in buildings and facilities equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.
Areas of refuge are not required at elevators not required to be located in a shaft in accordance with Section 712 of the California Building Code.
Areas of refuge are not required at elevators serving smoke protected or open-air assembly seating areas complying with Sections 1029.6.2 and 1029.6.3.
Areas of refuge are not required for elevators accessed from a refuge area in conjunction with a horizontal exit.

[BE] 1009.5 Platform Lifts

Platform lifts shall be permitted to serve as part of an accessible means of egress where allowed as part of a required accessible route in Chapter 11B of the California Building Code except for Item 10. Standby power for the platform lift shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 27 of the California Building Code.

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[BE] 1009.6 Areas of Refuge

Every required area of refuge shall be accessible from the space it serves by an accessible means of egress.

[BE] 1009.6.1 Travel Distance

The maximum travel distance from any accessible space to an area of refuge shall not exceed the exit access travel distance permitted for the occupancy in accordance with Section 1017.1.

[BE] 1009.6.2 Stairway or Elevator Access

Every required area of refuge shall have direct access to a stairway complying with Sections 1009.3 and 1023 or an elevator complying with Section 1009.4.

[BE] 1009.6.3 Size

Each area of refuge shall be sized to accommodate two wheelchair spaces that are not less than 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm). The total number of such 30-inch by 48-inch (762 mm by 1219 mm) spaces per story shall be not less than one for every 200 persons of calculated occupant load served by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces shall not reduce the means of egress minimum width or required capacity. Access to any of the required wheelchair spaces in an area of refuge shall not be obstructed by more than one adjoining wheel-chair space.

Exception: The enforcing agency may reduce the size of each required area of refuge to accommodate one wheelchair space that is not less than 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) on floors where the occupant load is less than 200.

[BE] 1009.6.4 Separation

Each area of refuge shall be separated from the remainder of the story by a smoke barrier complying with Section 709 of the California Building Code or a horizontal exit complying with Section 1026. Each area of refuge shall be designed to minimize the intrusion of smoke.

Exceptions:

Areas of refuge located within an enclosure for interior exit stairways complying with Section 1023.
Areas of refuge in outdoor facilities where exit access is essentially open to the outside.

[BE] 1009.6.5 Two-Way Communication

Areas of refuge shall be provided with a two-way communication system complying with Sections 1009.8.1 and 1009.8.2.

[BE] 1009.7 Exterior Areas for Assisted Rescue

Exterior areas for assisted rescue shall be accessed by an accessible route from the area served.

Where the exit discharge does not include an accessible route from an exit located on the level of exit discharge to a public way, an exterior area of assisted rescue shall be provided on the exterior landing in accordance with Sections 1009.7.1 through 1009.7.4.

[BE] 1009.7.1 Size

Each exterior area for assisted rescue shall be sized to accommodate wheelchair spaces in accordance with Section 1009.6.3.

[BE] 1009.7.2 Separation

Exterior walls separating the exterior area of assisted rescue from the interior of the building shall have a minimum fire-resistance rating of 1 hour, rated for exposure to fire from the inside. The fire-resistance-rated exterior wall construction shall extend horizontally not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) beyond the landing on either side of the landing or equivalent fire-resistance-rated construction is permitted to extend out perpendicular to the exterior wall not less than 4 feet (1220 mm) on the side of the landing. The fire-resistance-rated construction shall extend vertically from the ground to a point not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor level of the area for assisted rescue or to the roof line, whichever is lower. Openings within such fire-resistance-rated exterior walls shall be protected in accordance with Section 716 of the California Building Code.

Exception: The fire-resistance rating and opening protectives are not required in the exterior wall where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

[BE] 1009.7.3 Openness

The exterior area for assisted rescue shall be open to the outside air. The sides other than the separation walls shall be not less than 50 percent open, and the open area shall be distributed so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

[BE] 1009.7.4 Stairways

Stairways that are part of the means of egress for the exterior area for assisted rescue shall provide a minimum clear width of 48 inches (1220 mm) between handrails.

Exception: The minimum clear width of 48 inches (1220 mm) between handrails is not required at stairways serving buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

[BE] 1009.8 Two-Way Communication

A two-way communication system complying with Sections 1009.8.1 and 1009.8.2 shall be provided at the landing serving each elevator or bank of elevators on each accessible floor that is one or more stories above or below the level of exit discharge.

Exceptions:

Two-way communication systems are not required at the landing serving each elevator or bank of elevators where the two-way communication system is provided within areas of refuge in accordance with Section 1009.6.5.
Two-way communication systems are not required on floors provided with ramps conforming to the provisions of Section 1012.
Two-way communication systems are not required at the landings serving only service elevators that are not designated as part of the accessible means of egress or serve as part of the required accessible route into a facility.
Two-way communication systems are not required at the landings serving only freight elevators.
Two-way communication systems are not required at the landing serving a private residence elevator.
Two-way communication systems are not required in Group I-2 or I-3 facilities.

[BE] 1009.8.1 System Requirements

Two-way communication systems shall provide communication between each required location and a central control point location approved by the fire department. Where the central control point is not constantly attended, a two-way communication system shall have a timed automatic telephone dial-out capability to an approved monitoring location. The two-way communication system shall include both audible and visible signals.

[BE] 1009.8.2 Directions

Directions for the use of the two-way communication system, instructions for summoning assistance via the two-way communication system and written identification of the location shall be posted adjacent to the two-way communication system. Signage shall comply with Chapter 11A, Section 1143A of the California Building Code requirements for visual characters.

[BE] 1009.9 Signage

Signage indicating special accessibility provisions shall be provided as shown:

Each door providing access to an area of refuge from an adjacent floor area shall be identified by a sign stating: AREA OF REFUGE.
Each door providing access to an exterior area for assisted rescue shall be identified by a sign stating: EXTERIOR AREA FOR ASSISTED RESCUE.

Signage shall comply with the ICC A117.1 requirements for visual characters and include the International Symbol of Accessibility. Where exit sign illumination is required by Section 1013.3, the signs shall be illuminated. Additionally, visual characters, raised character and braille signage complying with ICC A117.1 shall be located at each door to an area of refuge and exterior area for assisted rescue in accordance with Section 1013.4.

[BE] 1009.10 Directional Signage

Directional signage complying with Chapter 11B, Section 11B-703.5, indicating the location of all other means of egress and which of those are accessible means of egress shall be provided at the following:

At exits serving a required accessible space but not providing an approved accessible means of egress.
At elevator landings.
Within areas of refuge.

[BE] 1009.11 Instructions

In areas of refuge and exterior areas for assisted rescue, instructions on the use of the area under emergency conditions shall be posted. Signage shall comply with the ICC A117.1 requirements for visual characters. The instructions shall include all of the following:

Persons able to use the exit stairway do so as soon as possible, unless they are assisting others.
Information on planned availability of assistance in the use of stairs or supervised operation of elevators and how to summon such assistance.
Directions for use of the two-way communication system where provided.

1009.12 Alarms/Emergency Warning Systems/Accessibility

If emergency warning systems are required, they shall activate a means of warning the hearing impaired. Emergency warning systems as part of the fire-alarm system shall be designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72 as amended in Chapter 80.

Section 1010 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1010.1 Doors

Means of egress doors shall meet the requirements of this section. Doors serving a means of egress system shall meet the requirements of this section and Section 1022.2. Doors provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than required by this code shall meet the requirements of this section.

Means of egress doors shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are easily recognizable as doors. Mirrors or similar reflecting materials shall not be used on means of egress doors. Means of egress doors shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, decorations or similar materials.

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[BE] 1010.1.1 Size of Doors

The required capacity of each door opening shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and shall provide a minimum clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm). The clear opening width of doorways with swinging doors shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop, with the door open 90 degrees (1.57 rad). Where this section requires a minimum clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm) and a door opening includes two door leaves without a mullion, one leaf shall provide a minimum clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm). In Group I-2 or I-2.1, doors serving as means of egress doors where used for the movement of beds and stretcher patients shall provide a minimum clear opening width of 41¹/₂ inches (1054 mm). The maximum width of a swinging door leaf shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) nominal. The minimum clear opening height of doors shall be not less than 80 inches (2032 mm).

Exceptions:

In Group R-2 and R-3 dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be an Accessible unit, Type A unit or Type B unit, the minimum and maximum width shall not apply to door openings that are not part of the required means of egress.
Group I-3 door openings to resident sleeping units that are not required to be an Accessible unit shall have a minimum clear opening width of 28 inches (711 mm).
Door openings to storage closets less than 10 square feet (0.93 m²) in area shall not be limited by the minimum clear opening width.
The width of door leaves in revolving doors that comply with Section 1010.1.4.1 shall not be limited.
The maximum width of door leaves in power-operated doors that comply with Section 1010.1.4.2 shall not be limited
Door openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit shall have a minimum clear opening height of 78 inches (1981 mm).
In dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible, Type A or Type B units, exterior door openings, other than the required exit door, shall have a minimum clear opening height of 76 inches (1930 mm).
In Groups R-2, R-3 and R-4, in dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible, Type A or Type B units, the minimum clear opening widths shall not apply to interior egress doors.
Door openings required to be accessible within Type B units intended for user passage shall have a minimum clear opening width of 31.75 inches (806 mm).
Doors to walk-in freezers and coolers less than 1,000 square feet (93 m²) in area shall have a maximum width of 60 inches (1524 mm) nominal.
The minimum clear opening width shall not apply to doors for nonaccessible shower or sauna compartments.
The minimum clear opening width shall not apply to the doors for nonaccessible toilet stalls.

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[BE] 1010.1.1.1 Projections Into Clear Width

There shall not be projections into the required clear opening width lower than 34 inches (864 mm) above the floor or ground. Projections into the clear opening width between 34 inches (864 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the floor or ground shall not exceed 4 inches (102 mm).

Exceptions:

Door closers and door stops shall be permitted to be 78 inches (1980 mm) minimum above the floor.
In a Group I-2 or I-2.1 occupancy, there shall be no projections into the clear width of doors used for the movement of beds and stretcher patients in the means of egress.

[BE] 1010.1.2 Door Swing

Egress doors shall be of the pivoted or side-hinged swinging type.

Exceptions:

Private garages, office areas, factory and storage areas with an occupant load of 10 or less.
Group I-3 occupancies used as a place of detention.
Critical or intensive care patient rooms within suites of health care facilities.
Doors within or serving a single dwelling unit in Groups R-2 and R-3.
In other than Group H occupancies, revolving doors complying with Section 1010.1.4.1.
In other than Group H occupancies, special purpose horizontal sliding, accordion or folding door assemblies complying with Section 1010.1.4.3.
Power-operated doors in accordance with Section 1010.1.4.2.
Doors serving a bathroom within an individual sleeping unit in Group R-1.
In other than Group H occupancies, manually operated horizontal sliding doors are permitted in a means of egress from spaces with an occupant load of 10 or less.
In Group I-2 and I-2.1 occupancies, exit doors serving an occupant load of 50 or more shall not be of the pivoted or balanced type.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1010.1.2.1 Direction of Swing

Pivot or side-hinged swinging doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel where serving a room or area containing an occupant load of 50 or more persons or a Group H occupancy. For Group L occupancies, see Section 453.6.2 of the California Building Code.

In a Group I-2 occupancy, all required exterior egress doors shall open in the direction of egress regardless of the occupant load served.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1010.1.3 Door Opening Force

The force for pushing or pulling open interior swinging egress doors, other than fire doors, shall not exceed 5 pounds (22 N). These forces do not apply to the force required to retract latch bolts or disengage other devices that hold the door in a closed position. For other swinging doors, as well as sliding and folding doors, the door latch shall release when subjected to a 15-pound (67 N) force. The door shall be set in motion when subjected to a 30-pound (133 N) force. The door shall swing to a full-open position when subjected to a 15-pound (67 N) force.

[BE] 1010.1.3.1 Location of Applied Forces

Forces shall be applied to the latch side of the door.

[BE] 1010.1.4 Special Doors

Special doors and security grilles shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1010.1.4.1 through 1010.1.4.5.

[BE] 1010.1.4.1 Revolving Doors

Revolving doors shall comply with the following:

Revolving doors shall comply with BHMA A156.27 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Each revolving door shall be capable of breakout in accordance with BHMA A156.27 and shall provide an aggregate width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm).
A revolving door shall not be located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the foot or top of stairways or escalators. A dispersal area shall be provided between the stairways or escalators and the revolving doors.
The revolutions per minute (rpm) for a revolving door shall not exceed the maximum rpm as specified in BHMA A156.27. Manual revolving doors shall comply with Table 1010.1.4.1(1). Automatic or power-operated revolving doors shall comply with Table 1010.1.4.1(2).
An emergency stop switch shall be provided near each entry point of power or automatic operated revolving doors within 48 inches (1220 mm) of the door and between 24 inches (610 mm) and 48 inches (1220 mm) above the floor. The activation area of the emergency stop switch button shall be not less than 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter and shall be red.
Each revolving door shall have a side-hinged swinging door that complies with Section 1010.1 in the same wall and within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the revolving door.
Revolving doors shall not be part of an accessible route required by Section 1009 of this code and Chapter 11 of the California Building Code.

[BE] TABLE 1010.1.4.1(1)

MAXIMUM DOOR SPEED MANUAL REVOLVING DOORS

REVOLVING DOOR MAXIMUM NOMINAL DIAMETER (FT-IN)	MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE REVOLVING DOOR SPEED (RPM)
6-0	12
7-0	11
8-0	10
9-0	9
10-0	8

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

[BE] TABLE 1010.1.4.1(2)

MAXIMUM DOOR SPEED AUTOMATIC OR POWER-OPERATED REVOLVING DOORS

REVOLVING DOOR MAXIMUM NOMINAL DIAMETER (FT-IN)	MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE REVOLVING DOOR SPEED (RPM)
8-0	7.2
9-0	6.4
10-0	5.7
11-0	5.2
12-0	4.8
12-6	4.6
14-0	4.1
16-0	3.6
17-0	3.4
18-0	3.2
20-0	2.9
24-0	2.4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

[BE] 1010.1.4.1.1 Egress Component

A revolving door used as a component of a means of egress shall comply with Section 1010.1.4.1 and the following three conditions:

Revolving doors shall not be given credit for more than 50 percent of the minimum width or required capacity.
Each revolving door shall be credited with a capacity based on not more than a 50-person occupant load.
Each revolving door shall provide for egress in accordance with BHMA A156.27 with a breakout force of not more than 130 pounds (578 N).

[BE] 1010.1.4.1.2 Other Than Egress Component

A revolving door used as other than a component of a means of egress shall comply with Section 1010.1.4.1. The breakout force of a revolving door not used as a component of a means of egress shall not be more than 180 pounds (801 N).

Exception: A breakout force in excess of 180 pounds (801 N) is permitted if the breakout force is reduced to not more than 130 pounds (578 N) when not less than one of the following conditions is satisfied:

There is a power failure or power is removed to the device holding the door wings in position.
There is an actuation of the automatic sprinkler system where such system is provided.
There is an actuation of a smoke detection system that is installed in accordance with Section 907 to provide coverage in areas within the building that are within 75 feet (22 860 mm) of the revolving doors.
There is an actuation of a manual control switch, in an approved location and clearly identified, that reduces the breakout force to not more than 130 pounds (578 N).

[BE] 1010.1.4.2 Power-Operated Doors

Where means of egress doors are operated or assisted by power, the design shall be such that in the event of power failure, the door is capable of being opened manually to permit means of egress travel or closed where necessary to safeguard means of egress. The forces required to open these doors manually shall not exceed those specified in Section 1010.1.3, except that the force to set the door in motion shall not exceed 50 pounds (220 N). The door shall be capable of opening from any position to the full width of the opening in which such door is installed when a force is applied to the door on the side from which egress is made. Power-operated swinging doors, power-operated sliding doors and power-operated folding doors shall comply with BHMA A156.10. Power-assisted swinging doors and low energy power-operated swinging doors shall comply with BHMA A156.19. Low-energy power-operated sliding doors and low-energy power-operated folding doors shall comply with BHMA A156.38.

Exceptions:

Occupancies in Group I-3.
Special-purpose horizontal sliding, accordion or folding doors complying with Section 1010.1.4.3.
For a biparting door in the emergency breakout mode, a door leaf located within a multiple-leaf opening shall be exempt from the minimum 32-inch (813 mm) single-leaf requirement of Section 1010.1.1, provided that a minimum 32-inch (813 mm) clear opening is provided when the two biparting leaves meeting in the center are broken out.

[BE] 1010.1.4.3 Special-Purpose Horizontal Sliding, Accordion or Folding Doors

In other than Group H occupancies, special-purpose horizontal sliding, accordion, or folding door assemblies permitted to be a component of a means of egress in accordance with Exception 6 to Section 1010.1.2 shall comply with all of the following criteria:

The doors shall be power operated and shall be capable of being operated manually in the event of power failure.
The doors shall be openable by a simple method from both sides without special knowledge or effort.
The force required to operate the door shall not exceed 30 pounds (133 N) to set the door in motion and 15 pounds (67 N) to close the door or open it to the minimum required width.
The door shall be openable with a force not to exceed 15 pounds (67 N) when a force of 250 pounds (1100 N) is applied perpendicular to the door adjacent to the operating device.
The door assembly shall comply with the applicable fire protection rating and, where rated, shall be self-closing or automatic closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section 716.2.6.6 of the California Building Code, shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80 and shall comply with Section 716 of the California Building Code.
The door assembly shall have an integrated standby power supply.
The door assembly power supply shall be electrically supervised.
The door shall open to the minimum required width within 10 seconds after activation of the operating device.

[BE] 1010.1.4.4 Locking Arrangements in Educational Occupancies

In Group E and Group B educational occupancies, egress doors from classrooms, offices and other occupied rooms shall be permitted to be provided with locking arrangements designed to keep intruders from entering the room, where all of the following conditions are met:

The door shall be capable of being unlocked from outside the room with a key or other approved means.
The door shall be openable from within the room in accordance with Section 1010.1.9.
Modifications shall not be made to listed panic hardware, fire door hardware or door closers.

[BE] 1010.1.4.4.1 Remote Operation of Locks

Remote operation of locks complying with Section 1010.1.4.4. shall be permitted.

[BE] 1010.1.4.5 Security Grilles

In Groups B, F, M and S, horizontal sliding or vertical security grilles are permitted at the main exit and shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort during periods that the space is occupied. The grilles shall remain secured in the full-open position during the period of occupancy by the general public. Where two or more means of egress are required, not more than one-half of the exits or exit access doorways shall be equipped with horizontal sliding or vertical security grilles.

1010.1.4.5.1 Special Provisions School Classrooms

School classrooms constructed after January 1, 1990, not equipped with automatic sprinkler systems, which have metal grilles or bars on all their windows and do not have at least two exit doors within 3 feet (914 mm) of each end of the classroom opening to the exterior of the building or to a common hallway used for evacuation purposes, shall have an inside release for the grilles or bars on at least one window farthest from the exit doors. The window or windows with the inside release shall be clearly marked as emergency exits.

[BE] 1010.1.5 Floor Elevation

There shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door. Such floor or landing shall be at the same elevation on each side of the door. Landings shall be level except for exterior landings, which are permitted to have a slope not to exceed 0.25 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2-percent slope).

Exceptions:

Doors serving individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 where the following apply:
1. 1.1. A door is permitted to open at the top step of an interior flight of stairs, provided that the door does not swing over the top step.
2. 1.2. Screen doors and storm doors are permitted to swing over stairs or landings.
Exterior doors as provided for in Section 1003.5, Exception 1, and Section 1022.2, which are not on an accessible route.
In Group R-3 occupancies not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units, the landing at an exterior doorway shall be not more than 7³/₄ inches (197 mm) below the top of the threshold, provided that the door, other than an exterior storm or screen door, does not swing over the landing.
Variations in elevation due to differences in finish materials, but not more than ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm).
Exterior decks, patios or balconies that are part of Type B dwelling units, have impervious surfaces and that are not more than 4 inches (102 mm) below the finished floor level of the adjacent interior space of the dwelling unit.
Doors serving equipment spaces not required to be accessible in accordance with Section 1103.2.9 of the California Building Code and serving an occupant load of five or less shall be permitted to have a landing on one side to be not more than 7 inches (178 mm) above or below the landing on the egress side of the door.

[BE] 1010.1.6 Landings at Doors

Landings shall have a width not less than the width of the stairway or the door, whichever is greater. Doors in the fully open position shall not reduce a required dimension by more than 7 inches (178 mm). Where a landing serves an occupant load of 50 or more, doors in any position shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half its required width. Landings shall have a length measured in the direction of travel of not less than 44 inches (1118 mm).

Exception: Landing length in the direction of travel in Groups R-3 and U and within individual units of Group R-2 need not exceed 36 inches (914 mm).

[BE] 1010.1.7 Thresholds

Thresholds at doorways shall not exceed ³/₄ inch (19.1 mm) in height above the finished floor or landing for sliding doors serving dwelling units or ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm) above the finished floor or landing for other doors. Raised thresholds and floor level changes greater than ¹/₄ inch (6.4 mm) at doorways shall be beveled with a slope not greater than one unit vertical in two units horizontal (50-percent slope).

Exceptions:

In occupancy Group R-2 or R-3, threshold heights for sliding and side-hinged exterior doors shall be permitted to be up to 7³/₄ inches (197 mm) in height if all of the following apply:
1. 1.1. The door is not part of the required means of egress.
2. 1.2. The door is not part of an accessible route as required by Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code.
3. 1.3. The door is not part of an adaptable or accessible dwelling unit.
In adaptable or accessible dwelling units, where Exception 5 to Section 1010.1.5 permits a 4-inch (102 mm) elevation change at the door, the threshold height on the exterior side of the door shall not exceed 4³/₄ inches (120 mm) in height above the exterior deck, patio or balcony for sliding doors or 4¹/₂ inches (114 mm) above the exterior deck, patio or balcony for other doors.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1010.1.8 Door Arrangement

Space between two doors in a series shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum plus the width of a door swinging into the space. Doors in a series shall swing either in the same direction or away from the space between the doors.

Exceptions:

The minimum distance between horizontal sliding power-operated doors in a series shall be 48 inches (1219 mm).
Storm and screen doors serving individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 need not be spaced 48 inches (1219 mm) from the other door.
Doors within individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 other than adaptable or accessible dwelling units.

[BE] 1010.1.9 Door Operations

Except as specifically permitted by this section, egress doors shall be readily openable from the egress side without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

[BE] 1010.1.9.1 Hardware

Door handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices on doors required to be accessible by Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code shall not require tight grasping, tight pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate.

These design requirements for door handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices, intended for use on required means of egress doors in other than Group R and M occupancies with an occupant load of 10 or less, shall comply with SFM Standard 12-10-2, Section 12-10-202, contained in the CCR, Title 24, Part 12, California Referenced Standards Code.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1010.1.9.2 Hardware Height

Door handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices shall be installed 34 inches (864 mm) minimum and 48 inches (1219 mm) maximum above the finished floor. Locks used only for security purposes and not used for normal operation are permitted at any height.

Exception: Access doors or gates in barrier walls and fences protecting pools, spas and hot tubs shall be permitted to have operable parts of the latch release on self-latching devices at 54 inches (1370 mm) maximum above the finished floor or ground, provided that the self-latching devices are not also self-locking devices operated by means of a key, electronic opener or integral combination lock.

Upcodes Diagrams

[BE] 1010.1.9.3 Monitored or Recorded Egress

Where electrical systems that monitor or record egress activity are incorporated, the locking system shall comply with Section 1010.1.9.7, 1010.1.9.8, 1010.1.9.9, 1010.1.9.10 or 1010.1.9.11, or shall be readily openable from the egress side without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

[BE] 1010.1.9.4 Locks and Latches

Locks and latches shall be permitted to prevent operation of doors where any of the following exist:

Places of detention or restraint.
In buildings in occupancy Group A having an occupant load of 300 or less, Groups B, F, M and S, and in places of religious worship, the main door or doors are permitted to be equipped with key-operated locking devices from the egress side provided:
1. 2.1. The locking device is readily distinguishable as locked.
2. 2.2. A readily visible durable sign is posted on the egress side on or adjacent to the door stating: THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHEN THIS SPACE IS OCCUPIED. The sign shall be in letters 1 inch (25 mm) high on a contrasting background.
3. 2.3. The use of the key-operated locking device is revokable by the fire code official for due cause.
Where egress doors are used in pairs, approved automatic flush bolts shall be permitted to be used, provided that the door leaf having the automatic flush bolts does not have a doorknob or surface-mounted hardware.
Doors from individual dwelling or sleeping units of Group R occupancies having an occupant load of 10 or less are permitted to be equipped with a night latch, dead bolt or security chain, provided such devices are openable from the inside without the use of a key or tool.
Fire doors after the minimum elevated temperature has disabled the unlatching mechanism in accordance with listed fire door test procedures.
Doors serving roofs not intended to be occupied shall be permitted to be locked, preventing entry to the building from the roof.

[BE] 1010.1.9.5 Bolt Locks

Manually operated flush bolts or surface bolts are not permitted.

Exceptions:

On doors not required for egress in individual dwelling units or sleeping units.
Where a pair of doors serves a storage or equipment room, manually operated edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf.
Where a pair of doors serves an occupant load of less than 50 persons in a Group B, F or S occupancy, manually operated edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf. The inactive leaf shall not contain doorknobs, panic bars or similar operating hardware.
Where a pair of doors serves a Group B, F or S occupancy, manually operated edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf provided that such inactive leaf is not needed to meet egress capacity requirements and the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. The inactive leaf shall not contain doorknobs, panic bars or similar operating hardware.
Where a pair of doors serves patient care rooms in Group I-2 occupancies, self-latching edge- or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the inactive leaf provided that the inactive leaf is not needed to meet egress capacity requirements and the inactive leaf shall not contain doorknobs, panic bars or similar operating hardware.

[BE] 1010.1.9.6 Unlatching

The unlatching of any door or leaf shall not require more than one operation.

Exceptions:

Places of detention or restraint.
Where manually operated bolt locks are permitted by Section 1010.1.9.5.
Doors with automatic flush bolts as permitted by Section 1010.1.9.4, Item 3.
Doors from individual dwelling units and sleeping units of Group R occupancies as permitted by Section 1010.1.9.4, Item 4.

[BE] 1010.1.9.6.1 Closet Doors

Closet doors that latch in the closed position shall be openable from inside the closet.

[BE] 1010.1.9.7 Controlled Egress Doors in Group I-2

Electric locking systems, including electromechanical locking systems and electromagnetic locking systems, shall be permitted to be locked in the means of egress in Group I-2 occupancies where the clinical needs of persons receiving psychiatric or mental health treatment require their restraint or containment. Controlled egress doors shall be permitted in such occupancies where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and an approved automatic smoke detection system installed in accordance with Section 907, provided that the doors are installed and operate in accordance with all of the following:

The door locks shall unlock on actuation of the automatic sprinkler system or automatic smoke detection system.
The door locks shall unlock on loss of power controlling the lock or lock mechanism.
The door locking system shall be installed to have the capability of being unlocked by a switch located at the fire command center, a nursing station or other approved location. The switch shall directly break power to the lock.
A building occupant shall not be required to pass through more than one door equipped with a controlled egress locking system before entering an exit.
All clinical staff shall have the keys, codes or other means necessary to operate the locking systems.
Emergency lighting shall be provided at the door.
The door locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

Exception: Items 1 through 4 shall not apply to doors to areas occupied by persons who, because of clinical needs, require restraint or containment as part of the function of a psychiatric or mental health treatment area.

[BE] 1010.1.9.8 Delayed Egress

Delayed egress locking systems, shall be permitted to be installed on doors serving the following occupancies in buildings that are equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and an approved automatic smoke detection system installed in accordance with Section 907:

Group B, F, I, M, R, S and U occupancies.
Group E classrooms with an occupant load of less than 50.

Exception: Delayed egress locking systems shall be permitted to be installed on exit or exit access doors, other than the main exit or exit access door, serving a Group A courtroom in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and an approved automatic smoke detection system installed in accordance with Section 907.

[BE] 1010.1.9.8.1 Delayed Egress Locking System

The delayed egress locking system shall be installed and operated in accordance with all of the following:

The delay electronics of the delayed egress locking system shall deactivate upon actuation of the automatic sprinkler system and automatic fire detection system, allowing immediate, free egress.
The delay electronics of the delayed egress locking system shall deactivate upon loss of electrical power allowing immediate free egress to any one of the following:
1. 2.1. The egress-control device itself.
2. 2.2. The smoke detection system.
3. 2.3. Means of egress illumination as required by Section 1008.
The delayed egress locking system shall have the capability of being deactivated at the fire command center and other approved locations.
An attempt to egress shall initiate an irreversible process that shall allow such egress in not more than 15 seconds when a physical effort to exit is applied to the egress side door hardware for not more than 3 seconds. Initiation of the irreversible process shall activate an audible signal in the vicinity of the door. Once the delay electronics have been deactivated, rearming the delay electronics shall be by manual means only. The time delay established for each egress-control device shall not be field adjustable. For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect—Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B.
Exception: In facilities housing Alzheimer's or dementia clients, a delay of not more than 30 seconds is permitted on a delayed egress door.
The egress path from any point shall not pass through more than one delayed egress locking system.
Exceptions:
1. In Group I-2 or I-3 occupancies, the egress path from any point in the building shall pass through not more than two delayed egress locking systems provided that the combined delay does not exceed 30 seconds.
2. In Group I-4 occupancies, the egress path from any point in the building shall pass through not more than two delayed egress locking systems provided that the combined delay does not exceed 30 seconds and the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
A sign shall be provided on the door and shall be located above and within 12 inches (305 mm) of the door exit hardware:
1. 6.1. For doors that swing in the direction of egress, the sign shall read: PUSH UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 [30] SECONDS.
2. 6.2. For doors that swing in the opposite direction of egress, the sign shall read: PULL UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 [30] SECONDS.
3. 6.3. Sign lettering shall be at least 1 inch (25 mm) in height and shall have a stroke of not less than ¹/₈ inch (3.2 mm).
4. 6.4. A tactile sign shall also be provided in Braille and raised characters, which complies with Chapter 11B.
  Exception: Where approved, in Group I occupancies, the installation of a sign is not required where care recipients who, because of clinical needs, require restraint or containment as part of the function of the treatment area.
Emergency lighting shall be provided on the egress side of the door.
The delayed egress locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.
Actuation of the panic bar or other door-latching hardware shall activate an audible signal at the door.
The unlatching shall not require more than one operation.
Regardless of the means of deactivation, relocking of the egress-control device shall be by manual means only at the door.

[BE] 1010.1.9.9 Sensor Release of Electrically Locked Egress Doors

Sensor release of electric locking systems shall be permitted on doors located in a the means of egress in any occupancy except Group H, E, L where installed and operated in accordance with all of the following criteria:

The sensor shall be installed on the egress side, arranged to detect an occupant approaching the doors and shall cause the electric locking system to unlock.
The electric locks shall be arranged to unlock by a signal from or loss of power to the sensor.
Loss of power to the lock or locking system shall automatically unlock the electric locks.
The doors shall be arranged to unlock from a manual unlocking device located 40 inches to 48 inches (1016 mm to 1219 mm) vertically above the floor and within 5 feet (1524 mm) of the secured doors. Ready access shall be provided to the manual unlocking device and the device shall be clearly identified by a sign that reads "PUSH TO EXIT." When operated, the manual unlocking device shall result in direct interruption of power to the electric lock—independent of other electronics—and the electric lock shall remain unlocked for not less than 30 seconds.
Activation of the building fire alarm system, where provided, shall automatically unlock the electric lock, and the electric lock shall remain unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset.
Activation of the building automatic sprinkler system or fire detection system, where provided, shall automatically unlock the electric lock. The electric lock shall remain unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset.
The door locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

[BE] 1010.1.9.10 Door Hardware Release of Electrically Locked Egress Doors

Door hardware release of electric locking systems shall be permitted on doors in the means of egress in any occupancy except Group H, where installed and operated in accordance with all of the following:

The door hardware that is affixed to the door leaf has an obvious method of operation that is readily operated under all lighting conditions.
The door hardware is capable of being operated with one hand and shall comply with Section 1010.1.9.6.
Operation of the door hardware directly interrupts the power to the electric lock and unlocks the door immediately.
Loss of power to the electric locking system automatically unlocks the door.
Where panic or fire exit hardware is required by Section 1010.1.10, operation of the panic or fire exit hardware also releases the electric lock.
The locking system units shall be listed in accordance with UL 294.

[BE] 1010.1.9.11 Reserved

[BE] 1010.1.9.12 Stairway Doors

Interior stairway means of egress doors shall be openable from both sides without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

Exceptions:

Stairway discharge doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side.
This section shall not apply to doors arranged in accordance with Section 403.5.3 of the California Building Code.
Stairway exit doors are permitted to be locked from the side opposite the egress side, provided that they are openable from the egress side and capable of being unlocked simultaneously without unlatching upon a signal from the fire command center, if present, or a signal by emergency personnel from a single location inside the main entrance to the building.
Stairway exit doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side in Group B, F, M and S occupancies where the only interior access to the tenant space is from a single exit stairway where permitted in Section 1006.3.3.
Stairway exit doors shall be openable from the egress side and shall only be locked from the opposite side in Group R-2 occupancies where the only interior access to the dwelling unit is from a single exit stairway where permitted in Section 1006.3.3.

1010.1.9.13 Access-Controlled Elevator Lobby Doors in High-Rise Office Buildings

For elevator lobbies in high-rise office buildings where the occupants of the floor are not required to travel through the elevator lobby to reach an exit, when approved by the fire chief, the doors separating the elevator lobby from the adjacent occupied tenant space that also serve as the entrance doors to the tenant space shall be permitted to be equipped with an approved entrance and egress access control provided all of the following requirements are met:

The building is provided throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
A smoke detector is installed on the ceiling on the tenant side of the elevator lobby doors along the center line of the door opening, not less than 1 foot and not more than 5 feet from the door opening, and is connected to the fire alarm system.
A remote master switch capable of unlocking the elevator lobby doors shall be provided in the fire command center for use by the fire department.
Locks for the elevator lobby shall be UL and California State Fire Marshal listed fail-safe type locking mechanisms. The locking device shall automatically release on activation of any fire alarm device on the floor of alarm (waterflow, smoke detector, manual pull stations, etc.). All locking devices shall unlock, but not unlatch, upon activation.
A two-way voice communication system, utilizing dedicated lines, shall be provided from each locked elevator lobby to the 24-hour staffed location on site, annunciated as to location. Operating instructions shall be posted above each two-way communication device.
Exception: When approved by the fire chief, a two-way voice communication system to an off-site facility may be permitted where means to remotely unlock the access controlled doors from the off-site facility are provided.
An approved momentary mushroom-shaped palm button connected to the doors and installed adjacent to each locked elevator lobby door shall be provided to release the door locks when operated by an individual in the elevator lobby. The locks shall be reset manually at the door. Mount palm button so that the center line is 48 inches above the finished floor.
Provide a sign stating:
"IN CASE OF EMERGENCY,
PUSH PALM BUTTON,
DOOR WILL UNLOCK AND
SECURITY ALARM WILL SOUND."
The sign lettering shall be ³/₄-inch high letters by ¹/₈-inch width stroke on a contrasting background.
Loss of power to that part of the access control system which locks the doors shall automatically unlock the doors.

[BE] 1010.1.10 Panic and Fire Exit Hardware

Swinging doors serving a Group H occupancy and swinging doors serving rooms or spaces with an occupant load of 50 or more in a Group A occupancy, assembly area not classified as an assembly occupancy, E, I-2 or I-2.1 occupancies shall not be provided with a latch or lock other than panic hardware or fire exit hardware. For Group L occupancies see Section 453.6.3 of the California Building Code.

Exceptions:

A main exit of a Group A occupancy shall be permitted to have locking devices in accordance with Section 1010.1.9.4, Item 2.
Doors provided with panic hardware or fire exit hardware and serving a Group A occupancy shall be permitted to be electrically locked in accordance with Section 1010.1.9.9 or 1010.1.9.10.

Electrical rooms with equipment rated 1,200-amperes or more and over 6 feet (1829 mm) wide, and that contain overcurrent devices, switching devices or control devices with exit or exit access doors, shall be equipped with panic hardware or fire exit hardware. The doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel.

UpCodes note: This section corresponds to CA Building Code Section 1010.1.10. However, the equipment's electrical current rating in the last paragraphs of the two sections differ. CA Fire Code Supplement—Part 9 (effective July 1, 2021) reads "Electrical rooms with equipment rated 1,200-amperes or more..." while CA Building Code Current Printing—Part 2, Volume 1—Including Updates (PDF) has it as "Electrical rooms with equipment rated 800-amperes or more...". We are verifying with the CA Building Standards Commission the correct value.

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[BE] 1010.1.10.1 Installation

Where panic or fire exit hardware is installed, it shall comply with the following:

Panic hardware shall be listed in accordance with UL 305.
Fire exit hardware shall be listed in accordance with UL 10C and UL 305.
The actuating portion of the releasing device shall extend not less than one-half of the door leaf width.
The maximum unlatching force shall not exceed 15 pounds (67 N).

[BE] 1010.1.10.2 Balanced Doors

If balanced doors are used and panic hardware is required, the panic hardware shall be the push-pad type and the pad shall not extend more than one-half the width of the door measured from the latch side.

1010.1.11 Group E Lockable Doors From the Inside

New buildings that are included in public schools (kindergarten through 12^th grade) state-funded projects and are receiving state funding pursuant to Leroy F. Green, School Facilities Act of 1998, California Education Code Sections 17070.10 through 17079, and that are submitted to the Division of the State Architect for plan review after July 1, 2011, in accordance with Education Code 17075.50 shall include locks that allow doors to classrooms and any room with an occupancy of five or more persons to be locked from the inside. The locks shall conform to the specification and requirements found in Section 1010.1.9.

Exceptions:

Doors that are locked from the outside at all times such as, but not limited to, janitor's closet, electrical room, storage room, boiler room, elevator equipment room and pupil restroom.
Reconstruction projects that utilize original plans in accordance with California Administrative Code, Section 4-314.
Existing relocatable buildings that are relocated within the same site, in accordance with California Administrative Code, Section 4-314.

[BE] 1010.2 Gates

Gates serving the means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of this section. Gates used as a component in a means of egress shall conform to the applicable requirements for doors.

Exception: Horizontal sliding or swinging gates exceeding the 4-foot (1219 mm) maximum leaf width limitation are permitted in fences and walls surrounding a stadium.

[BE] 1010.2.1 Stadiums

Panic hardware is not required on gates surrounding stadiums where such gates are under constant immediate supervision while the public is present, and where safe dispersal areas based on 3 square feet (0.28 m²) per occupant are located between the fence and enclosed space. Such required safe dispersal areas shall not be located less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the enclosed space. See Section 1028.5 for means of egress from safe dispersal areas.

[BE] 1010.3 Turnstiles and Similar Devices

Turnstiles or similar devices that restrict travel to one direction shall not be placed so as to obstruct any required means of egress, except where permitted in accordance with Sections 1010.3.1, 1010.3.2 and 1010.3.3.

[BE] 1010.3.1 Capacity

Each turnstile or similar device shall be credited with a capacity based on not more than a 50-person occupant load where all of the following provisions are met:

Each device shall turn free in the direction of egress travel when primary power is lost and on the manual release by an employee in the area.
Such devices are not given credit for more than 50 percent of the required egress capacity or width.
Each device is not more than 39 inches (991 mm) high.
Each device has not less than 16¹/₂ inches (419 mm) clear width at and below a height of 39 inches (991 mm) and not less than 22 inches (559 mm) clear width at heights above 39 inches (991 mm).

[BE] 1010.3.1.1 Clear Width

Where located as part of an accessible route, turnstiles shall have not less than 36 inches (914 mm) clear at and below a height of 34 inches (864 mm), not less than 32 inches (813 mm) clear width between 34 inches (864 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) and shall consist of a mechanism other than a revolving device.

[BE] 1010.3.2 Security Access Turnstiles

Security access turnstiles that inhibit travel in the direction of egress utilizing a physical barrier shall be permitted to be considered as a component of the means of egress, provided that all of the following criteria are met:

The building is protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
Each security access turnstile lane configuration has a minimum clear passage width of 22 inches (559 mm).
Any security access turnstile lane configuration providing a clear passage width of less than 32 inches (810 mm) shall be credited with a maximum egress capacity of 50 persons.
Any security access turnstile lane configuration providing a clear passage width of 32 inches (810 mm) or more shall be credited with a maximum egress capacity as calculated in accordance with Section 1005.
Each secured physical barrier shall automatically retract or swing to an unobstructed open position in the direction of egress, under each of the following conditions:
1. 5.1. Upon loss of power to the turnstile or any part of the access control system that secures the physical barrier.
2. 5.2. Upon actuation of a clearly identified manual release device with ready access that results in direct interruption of power to each secured physical barrier, after which such barriers remain in the open position for not less than 30 seconds. The manual release device shall be positioned at one of the following locations:
  1. 5.2.1. On the egress side of each security access turnstile lane.
  2. 5.2.2. At an approved location where it can be actuated by an employee assigned to the area at all times that the building is occupied.
3. 5.3. Upon actuation of the building fire alarm system, if provided, after which the physical barrier remains in the open position until the fire alarm system is manually reset.
  Exception: Actuation of a manual fire alarm box.
4. 5.4. Upon actuation of the building automatic sprinkler or fire detection system, after which the physical barrier remains in the open position until the fire alarm system is manually reset.

[BE] 1010.3.3 High Turnstile

Turnstiles more than 39 inches (991 mm) high shall meet the requirements for revolving doors or the requirements of Section 1010.3.2 for security access turnstiles.

[BE] 1010.3.4 Additional Door

Where serving an occupant load greater than 300, each turnstile that is not portable shall have a side-hinged swinging door that conforms to Section 1010.1 within 50 feet (15 240 mm).

Exception: A side-hinged swinging door is not required at security access turnstiles that comply with Section 1010.3.2.

Section 1011 Stairways

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[BE] 1011.1 General

Stairways serving occupied portions of a building shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1011.2 through 1011.13. Alternating tread devices shall comply with Section 1011.14. Ships ladders shall comply with Section 1011.15. Ladders shall comply with Section 1011.16.

Exception: Within rooms or spaces used for assembly purposes, stepped aisles shall comply with Section 1029.

[BE] 1011.2 Width and Capacity

The required capacity of stairways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1, but the minimum width shall be not less than 44 inches (1118 mm). See Section 1009.3 for accessible means of egress stairways.

Exceptions:

Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50 shall have a width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm).
Spiral stairways as provided for in Section 1011.10.
Where an incline platform lift or stairway chairlift is installed on stairways serving occupancies in Group R-3, or within dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, a clear passage width not less than 20 inches (508 mm) shall be provided. Where the seat and platform can be folded when not in use, the distance shall be measured from the folded position.
Means of egress stairs in a Group I-2 or I-2.1 occupancy used for the movement of beds and stretcher patients shall provide a clear width not less than 44 inches (1118 mm).

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[BE] 1011.3 Headroom

Stairways shall have a headroom clearance of not less than 80 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the edge of the nosings. Such headroom shall be continuous above the stairway to the point where the line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the bottom riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the full width of the stairway and landing.

Exceptions:

Spiral stairways complying with Section 1011.10 are permitted a 78-inch (1981 mm) headroom clearance.
In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where the nosings of treads at the side of a flight extend under the edge of a floor opening through which the stair passes, the floor opening shall be allowed to project horizontally into the required headroom not more than 4³/₄ inches (121 mm).

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[BE] 1011.4 Walkline

The walkline across winder treads shall be concentric to the direction of travel through the turn and located 12 inches (305 mm) from the side where the winders are narrower. The 12-inch (305 mm) dimension shall be measured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walking surface of the winder. Where winders are adjacent within the flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent winders shall be used.

[BE] 1011.5 Stair Treads and Risers

Stair treads and risers shall comply with Sections 1011.5.1 through 1011.5.5.3.

[BE] 1011.5.1 Dimension Reference Surfaces

For the purpose of this section, all dimensions are exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners.

[BE] 1011.5.2 Riser Height and Tread Depth

Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the nosings of adjacent treads. Rectangular tread depths shall be 11 inches (279 mm) minimum measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread's nosing. Winder treads shall have a minimum tread depth of 11 inches (279 mm) between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline and a minimum tread depth of 10 inches (254 mm) within the clear width of the stair.

Exceptions:

Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1011.10.
Stairways connecting stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses shall be permitted to use the riser/tread dimension in Section 1029.14.2.
In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; the maximum riser height shall be 7³/₄ inches (197 mm); the minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches (254 mm); the minimum winder tread depth at the walkline shall be 10 inches (254 mm); and the minimum winder tread depth shall be 6 inches (152 mm). A nosing projection not less than ³/₄ inch (19.1 mm) but not more than 1¹/₄ inches (32 mm) shall be provided on stairways with solid risers where the tread depth is less than 11 inches (279 mm).
See Chapter 11 and California Existing Building Code for the replacement of existing stairways. [DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 of the California Building Code regulated by the Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, Section 11B-202.
In Group I-3 facilities, stairways providing access to guard towers, observation stations and control rooms, not more than 250 square feet (23 m²) in area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm).
[SFM] Stairways providing access to lifeguard towers not open to the public, not more than 250 square feet (23 m²) in area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

[BE] 1011.5.3 Winder Treads

Winder treads are not permitted in means of egress stairways except within a dwelling unit.

Exceptions:

Curved stairways in accordance with Section 1011.9.
Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1011.10.

[BE] 1011.5.4 Dimensional Uniformity

Stair treads and risers shall be of uniform size and shape. The tolerance between the largest and smallest riser height or between the largest and smallest tread depth shall not exceed ³/₈ inch (9.5 mm) in any flight of stairs. The greatest winder tread depth at the walkline within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than ³/₈ inch (9.5 mm).

Exceptions:

Stairways connecting stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses shall be permitted to comply with the dimensional nonuniformity in Section 1029.14.2.
Consistently shaped winders, complying with Section 1011.5, differing from rectangular treads in the same flight of stairs.
Nonuniform riser dimension complying with Section 1011.5.4.1.

[BE] 1011.5.4.1 Nonuniform Height Risers

Where the bottom or top riser adjoins a sloping public way, walkway or driveway having an established grade and serving as a landing, the bottom or top riser is permitted to be reduced along the slope to less than 4 inches (102 mm) in height, with the variation in height of the bottom or top riser not to exceed one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent slope) of stair width. The nosings or leading edges of treads at such nonuniform height risers shall have a distinctive marking stripe, different from any other nosing marking provided on the stair flight. The distinctive marking stripe shall be visible in descent of the stair and shall have a slip-resistant surface. Marking stripes shall have a width of not less than 1 inch (25 mm) but not more than 2 inches (51 mm).

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[BE] 1011.5.5 Nosing and Riser Profile

Nosings shall have a curvature or bevel of not less than ¹/₁₆ inch (1.6 mm) but not more than ⁹/₁₆ inch (14.3 mm) from the foremost projection of the tread. Risers shall be solid and vertical or sloped under the tread above from the underside of the nosing above at an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical.

[BE] 1011.5.5.1 Nosing Projection Size

The leading edge (nosings) of treads shall project not more than 1¹/₄ inches (32 mm) beyond the tread below.

[BE] 1011.5.5.2 Nosing Projection Uniformity

Nosing projections of the leading edges shall be of uniform size, including the projections of the nosing's leading edge of the floor at the top of a flight.

[BE] 1011.5.5.3 Solid Risers

Risers shall be solid.

Exceptions:

Solid risers are not required for stairways that are not required to comply with Section 1009.3, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4 inches (102 mm).
Solid risers are not required for occupancies in Group I-3 or in Group F, H and S occupancies other than areas accessible to the public. The size of the opening in the riser is not restricted.
Solid risers are not required for spiral stairways constructed in accordance with Section 1011.10.

[BE] 1011.6 Stairway Landings

There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings, measured perpendicularly to the direction of travel, shall be not less than the width of stairways served. Every landing shall have a minimum depth, measured parallel to the direction of travel, equal to the width of the stairway or 48 inches (1219 mm), whichever is less. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half the required width. When fully open, the door shall not project more than 7 inches (178 mm) into a landing. Where wheelchair spaces are required on the stairway landing in accordance with Section 1009.6.3, the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width of the landing and doors shall not swing over the wheelchair spaces.

Exceptions:

Where stairways connect stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses, stairway landings are not required at the transition between stairways and stepped aisles constructed in accordance with Section 1029.
In Group R-3 occupancies, a floor or landing is not required at the top of an interior flight of stairs, including stairs in an enclosed garage, provided a door does not swing over the stairs.

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[BE] 1011.7 Stairway Construction

Stairways shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction.

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[BE] 1011.7.1 Stairway Walking Surface

The walking surface of treads and landings of a stairway shall not be sloped steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Stairway treads and landings shall have a solid surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be securely attached.

Exceptions:

Openings in stair walking surfaces shall be a size that does not permit the passage of ¹/₂-inch-diameter (12.7 mm) sphere. Elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the direction of travel.
In Group F, H and S occupancies, other than areas of parking structures accessible to the public, openings in treads and landings shall not be prohibited provided that a sphere with a diameter of 1¹/₈ inches (29 mm) cannot pass through the opening.

[BE] 1011.7.2 Outdoor Conditions

Outdoor stairways and outdoor approaches to stairways shall be designed so that water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

[BE] 1011.7.3 Enclosures Under Interior Stairways

The walls and soffits within enclosed usable spaces under enclosed and unenclosed stairways shall be protected by 1-hour fire-resistance- rated construction or the fire-resistance rating of the stairway enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the enclosed space shall not be directly from within the stairway enclosure.

Exception: Spaces under stairways serving and contained within a single residential dwelling unit in Group R-2 or R-3 shall be permitted to be protected on the enclosed side with ¹/₂-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

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[BE] 1011.7.4 Enclosures Under Exterior Stairways

There shall not be enclosed usable space under exterior exit stairways unless the space is completely enclosed in 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. The open space under exterior stairways shall not be used for any purpose.

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[BE] 1011.8 Vertical Rise

A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings.

Exception: Spiral stairways used as a means of egress from technical production areas.

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[BE] 1011.9 Curved Stairways

Curved stairways with winder treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section 1011.5 and the smallest radius shall be not less than twice the minimum width or required capacity of the stairway.

Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved stairways in Group R-3 and within individual dwelling units in Group R-2.

[BE] 1011.10 Spiral Stairways

Spiral stairways are permitted to be used as a component in the means of egress only within dwelling units or from a space not more than 250 square feet (23 m²) in area and serving not more than five occupants, or from technical production areas in accordance with Section 410.5 of the California Building Code.

A spiral stairway shall have a 6³/₄-inch (171 mm) minimum clear tread depth at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the narrow edge. The risers shall be sufficient to provide a headroom of 78 inches (1981 mm) minimum, but riser height shall not be more than 9¹/₂ inches (241 mm). The minimum stairway clear width at and below the handrail shall be 26 inches (660 mm).

[BE] 1011.11 Handrails

Flights of stairways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1014. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall comply with Section 2407 of the California Building Code.

[DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance, see Chapter 11B, of the California Building Code.

Exceptions:

Flights of stairways within dwelling units, and flights of spiral stairways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.
Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.
[SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies, a continuous run of treads or flight of stairs with less than four risers does not require handrails.
Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

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[BE] 1011.12 Stairway to Roof

In buildings four or more stories above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope).

Exception: Other than where required by Section 1011.12.1, in buildings without an occupied roof, access to the roof from the top story shall be permitted to be by an alternating tread device, a ships ladder or a permanent ladder.

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[BE] 1011.12.1 Stairway to Elevator Equipment

Roofs and penthouses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stairway.

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[BE] 1011.12.2 Roof Access

Where a stairway is provided to a roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a penthouse complying with Section 1510.2 of the California Building Code.

Exception: In buildings without an occupied roof, access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m²) in area and having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

[BE] 1011.13 Guards

Guards shall be provided along stairways and landings where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015. Where the roof hatch opening providing the required access is located within 10 feet (3049 mm) of the roof edge, such roof access or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accordance with Section 1015.

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[BE] 1011.14 Alternating Tread Devices

Alternating tread devices are limited to an element of a means of egress in buildings of Groups F, H and S from a mezzanine not more than 250 square feet (23 m²) in area and that serves not more than five occupants; in buildings of Group I-3 from a guard tower, observation station or control room not more than 250 square feet (23 m²) in area and for access to unoccupied roofs. Alternating tread devices used as a means of egress shall not have a rise greater than 20 feet (6096 mm) between floor levels or landings.

[BE] 1011.14.1 Handrails of Alternating Tread Devices

Handrails shall be provided on both sides of alternating tread devices and shall comply with Section 1014.

[BE] 1011.14.2 Treads of Alternating Tread Devices

Alternating tread devices shall have a minimum tread depth of 5 inches (127 mm), a minimum projected tread depth of 8¹/₂ inches (216 mm), a minimum tread width of 7 inches (178 mm) and a maximum riser height of 9¹/₂ inches (241 mm). The tread depth shall be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projections of adjacent treads. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the leading edges of adjacent treads. The riser height and tread depth provided shall result in an angle of ascent from the horizontal of between 50 and 70 degrees (0.87 and 1.22 rad). The initial tread of the device shall begin at the same elevation as the platform, landing or floor surface.

Exception: Alternating tread devices used as an element of a means of egress in buildings from a mezzanine area not more than 250 square feet (23 m²) in area that serves not more than five occupants shall have a minimum tread depth of 3 inches (76 mm) with a minimum projected tread depth of 10¹/₂ inches (267 mm). The rise to the next alternating tread surface shall not exceed 8 inches (203 mm).

[BE] 1011.15 Ships Ladders

Ships ladders are permitted to be used in lifeguard towers not open to the public and Group I-3 as a component of a means of egress to and from control rooms or elevated facility observation stations not more than 250 square feet (23 m²) with not more than three occupants and for access to unoccupied roofs. The minimum clear width at and below the handrails shall be 20 inches (508 mm).

[BE] 1011.15.1 Handrails of Ships Ladders

Handrails shall be provided on both sides of ships ladders.

[BE] 1011.15.2 Treads of Ships Ladders

Ships ladders shall have a minimum tread depth of 5 inches (127 mm). The tread shall be projected such that the total of the tread depth plus the nosing projection is not less than 8¹/₂ inches (216 mm). The maximum riser height shall be 9¹/₂ inches (241 mm).

[BE] 1011.16 Ladders

Permanent ladders shall not serve as a part of the means of egress from occupied spaces within a building. Permanent ladders shall be constructed in accordance with Section 304.3 of the California Mechanical Code. Permanent ladders shall be permitted to provide access to the following areas:

Spaces frequented only by personnel for maintenance, repair or monitoring of equipment.
Nonoccupiable spaces accessed only by catwalks, crawl spaces, freight elevators or very narrow passageways.
Raised areas used primarily for purposes of security, life safety or fire safety including, but not limited to, observation galleries, prison guard towers, fire towers or lifeguard stands.
Elevated levels in Group U not open to the general public.
Nonoccupied roofs that are not required to have stairway access in accordance with Section 1011.12.1.
Where permitted to access equipment and appliances in accordance with Section 306.5 of the California Mechanical Code.

Section 1012 Ramps

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[BE] 1012.1 Scope

The provisions of this section shall apply to ramps used as a component of a means of egress.

Exceptions:

Ramped aisles within assembly rooms or spaces shall comply with the provisions in Section 1029.
Curb ramps shall comply with ICC A117.1.
Vehicle ramps in parking garages for pedestrian exit access shall not be required to comply with Sections 1012.3 through 1012.10 where they are not an accessible route serving accessible parking spaces, other required accessible elements or part of an accessible means of egress.

[BE] 1012.2 Slope

Ramps used as part of a means of egress shall have a running slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent slope). The slope of other pedestrian ramps shall not be steeper than one unit vertical in eight units horizontal (12.5-percent slope).

[BE] 1012.3 Cross Slope

The slope measured perpendicular to the direction of travel of a ramp shall not be steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope).

[BE] 1012.4 Vertical Rise

The rise for any ramp run shall be 30 inches (762 mm) maximum.

[BE] 1012.5 Minimum Dimensions

The minimum dimensions of means of egress ramps shall comply with Sections 1012.5.1 through 1012.5.3.

[BE] 1012.5.1 Width and Capacity

The minimum width and required capacity of a means of egress ramp shall be not less than that required for corridors by Section 1020.2. The clear width of a ramp between handrails, if provided, or other permissible projections shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

[BE] 1012.5.2 Headroom

The minimum headroom in all parts of the means of egress ramp shall be not less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the finished floor of the ramp run and any intermediate landings. The minimum clearance shall be maintained for the full width of the ramp and landing.

[BE] 1012.5.3 Restrictions

Means of egress ramps shall not reduce in width in the direction of egress travel. Projections into the required ramp and landing width are prohibited. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the clear width to less than 42 inches (1067 mm).

[BE] 1012.6 Landings

Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp, points of turning, entrance, exits and at doors. Landings shall comply with Sections 1012.6.1 through 1012.6.5.

[BE] 1012.6.1 Slope

Landings shall have a slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Changes in level are not permitted.

[BE] 1012.6.2 Width

The landing width shall be not less than the width of the widest ramp run adjoining the landing.

[BE] 1012.6.3 Length

The landing length shall be 60 inches (1525 mm) minimum.

Exceptions:

In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units in accordance with Chapter 11A or 11B of the California Building Code, landings are permitted to be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.
Where the ramp is not a part of an accessible route, the length of the landing shall not be required to be more than 48 inches (1220 mm) in the direction of travel.

[BE] 1012.6.4 Change in Direction

Where changes in direction of travel occur at landings provided between ramp runs, the landing shall be 60 inches by 60 inches (1524 mm by 1524 mm) minimum.

Exception: In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling or sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units in accordance with Section 1107 of the California Building Code, landings are permitted to be 36 inches by 36 inches (914 mm by 914 mm) minimum.

[BE] 1012.6.5 Doorways

Where doorways are located adjacent to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required by ICC A117.1 are permitted to overlap the required landing area.

[BE] 1012.7 Ramp Construction

Ramps shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction.

[BE] 1012.7.1 Ramp Surface

The surface of ramps shall be of slip-resistant materials that are securely attached.

[BE] 1012.7.2 Outdoor Conditions

Outdoor ramps and outdoor approaches to ramps shall be designed so that water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

[BE] 1012.8 Handrails

Ramps with a rise greater than 6 inches (152 mm) shall have handrails on both sides. Handrails shall comply with Section 1014.

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[BE] 1012.9 Guards

Guards shall be provided where required by Section 1015 and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1015.

[BE] 1012.10 Edge Protection

Edge protection complying with Section 1012.10.1 or 1012.10.2 shall be provided on each side of ramp runs and at each side of ramp landings.

Exceptions:

Edge protection is not required on ramps that are not required to have handrails, provided that they have flared sides that comply with the ICC A117.1 curb ramp provisions.
Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp landings serving an adjoining ramp run or stairway.
Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp landings having a vertical dropoff of not more than ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm) within 10 inches (254 mm) horizontally of the required landing area.

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[BE] 1012.10.1 Curb, Rail, Wall or Barrier

A curb, rail, wall or barrier shall be provided to serve as edge protection. A curb shall be not less than 4 inches (102 mm) in height. Barriers shall be constructed so that the barrier prevents the passage of a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere, where any portion of the sphere is within 4 inches (102 mm) of the floor or ground surface.

[BE] 1012.10.2 Extended Floor or Ground Surface

The floor or ground surface of the ramp run or landing shall extend 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the inside face of a handrail complying with Section 1014.

Section 1013 Exit Signs

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[BE] 1013.1 Where Required

Exits and exit access doors shall be marked by an approved exit sign readily visible from any direction of egress travel. The path of egress travel to exits and within exits shall be marked by readily visible exit signs to clearly indicate the direction of egress travel in cases where the exit or the path of egress travel is not immediately visible to the occupants. Intervening means of egress doors within exits shall be marked by exit signs. Exit sign placement shall be such that any point in an exit access corridor or exit passageway is within 100 feet (30 480 mm) or the listed viewing distance of the sign, whichever is less, from the nearest visible exit sign.

Exceptions:

Exit signs are not required in rooms or areas that require only one exit or exit access.
Main exterior exit doors or gates that are obviously and clearly identifiable as exits need not have exit signs where approved by the fire code official.
Exit signs are not required in occupancies in Group U and individual sleeping units or dwelling units in Group R-1, R-2 or R-3 or R-3.1.
Exit signs are not required where inmates are housed, or held in dayrooms, sleeping rooms or dormitories in occupancies in Group I-3.
In occupancies in Groups A-4 and A-5, exit signs are not required on the seating side of vomitories or openings into seating areas where exit signs are provided in the concourse that are readily apparent from the vomitories. Egress lighting is provided to identify each vomitory or opening within the seating area in an emergency.

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[BE] 1013.2 Floor-Level Exit Signs in Group R-1

See Section 1013.7.

The bottom of the sign shall be not less than 10 inches (254 mm) nor more than 18 inches (455 mm) above the floor level. The sign shall be flush mounted to the door or wall. Where mounted on the wall, the edge of the sign shall be within 4 inches (102 mm) of the door frame on the latch side.

[BE] 1013.3 Illumination

Exit signs shall be internally or externally illuminated.

Exception: Tactile signs required by Section 1013.4 need not be provided with illumination.

[BE] 1013.4 Raised Character and Braille Exit Signs

Tactile exit signs shall be required at the following locations:

Each grade-level exterior exit door that is required to comply with Section 1013.1 shall be identified by a tactile exit sign with the word, "EXIT."
Each exit door that is required to comply with Section 1013.1, and that leads directly to a grade-level exterior exit by means of a stairway or ramp, shall be identified by a tactile exit sign with the following words, as appropriate:
1. 2.1. "EXIT STAIR DOWN"
2. 2.2. "EXIT RAMP DOWN"
3. 2.3. "EXIT STAIR UP"
4. 2.4. "EXIT RAMP UP"
Each exit door that is required to comply with Section 1013.1, and that leads directly to a grade-level exterior exit by means of an exit enclosure or an exit passageway shall be identified by a tactile exit sign with the words, "EXIT ROUTE."
Each exit access door from an interior room or area to a corridor or hallway that is required to comply with Section 1013.1 shall be identified by a tactile exit sign with the words "EXIT ROUTE."
Each exit door through a horizontal exit that is required to comply with Section 1013.1 shall be identified by a sign with the words, "TO EXIT."

Raised character and Braille exit signs shall comply with Chapter 11B of the California Building Code.

[BE] 1013.5 Internally Illuminated Exit Signs

Electrically powered, self-luminous and photoluminescent exit signs shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 924 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and Section 1203. Exit signs shall be illuminated at all times.

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[BE] 1013.6 Externally Illuminated Exit Signs

Externally illuminated exit signs shall comply with Sections 1013.6.1 through 1013.6.3.

[BE] 1013.6.1 Graphics

Every exit sign and directional exit sign shall have plainly legible letters not less than 6 inches (152 mm) high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than ³/₄ inch (19.1 mm) wide. The word "EXIT" shall have letters having a width not less than 2 inches (51 mm) wide, except the letter "I," and the minimum spacing between letters shall be not less than ³/₈ inch (9.5 mm). Signs larger than the minimum established in this section shall have letter widths, strokes and spacing in proportion to their height.

The word "EXIT" shall be in high contrast with the background and shall be clearly discernible when the means of exit sign illumination is or is not energized. If a chevron directional indicator is provided as part of the exit sign, the construction shall be such that the direction of the chevron directional indicator cannot be readily changed.

[BE] 1013.6.2 Exit Sign Illumination

The face of an exit sign illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity of not less than 5 foot-candles (54 lux).

[BE] 1013.6.3 Power Source

Exit signs shall be illuminated at all times. To ensure continued illumination for a duration of not less than 90 minutes in case of primary power loss, the sign illumination means shall be connected to an emergency power system provided from storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emergency power system shall be in accordance with Section 604. Group I-2 exit sign illumination shall not be provided by unit equipment batteries only.

Exception: Approved exit sign illumination types that provide continuous illumination independent of external power sources for a duration of not less than 90 minutes, in case of primary power loss, are not required to be connected to an emergency electrical system.

1013.7 Floor-Level Exit Signs

Where exit signs are required by Chapter 10, additional approved low-level exit signs which are internally or externally illuminated photoluminescent or self-luminous shall be provided in all interior corridors of Group A, E, I and R-2.1 occupancies and in all areas serving guest rooms of hotels in Group R, Division 1 occupancies.

Exceptions:

Group A occupancies that are protected throughout by an approved supervised fire sprinkler system.
Group E occupancies where direct exits have been provided from each classroom.
Group I and R-2.1 occupancies which are provided with smoke barriers constructed in accordance with Section 407.5 of the California Building Code.
Group I-3 occupancies.

The bottom of the sign shall not be less than 6 inches (152 mm) or more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level and shall indicate the path of exit travel. For exit and exit-access doors, the sign shall be on the door or adjacent to the door with the closest edge of the sign or marker within 4 inches (102 mm) of the door frame.

Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143, this California amendment applies to all newly constructed buildings or structures, subject to this section, for which a building permit is issued (or construction commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1, 1989.

1013.8 Path Marking

When exit signs are required by Chapter 10, in addition to approved floor-level exit signs, approved path marking shall be installed at floor level or no higher than 8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level in all interior-rated exit corridors of unsprinklered Group A, R-1 and R-2 occupancies.

Such marking shall be continuous, except as interrupted by door-ways, corridors or other such architectural features, in order to provide a visible delineation along the path of travel.

Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143, the California amendments of this section shall apply to all newly constructed buildings or structures, subject to this section, for which a building permit is issued (or construction commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1, 1989.

Section 1014 Handrails

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[BE] 1014.1 Where Required

Handrails serving flights of stairways, ramps, stepped aisles and ramped aisles shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.8 of the California Building Code. Handrails required for flights of stairways by Section 1011.11 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.9. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1012.8 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.8. Handrails for stepped aisles and ramped aisles required by Section 1029.16 shall comply with Sections 1014.2 through 1014.8.

[BE] 1014.2 Height

Handrail height, measured above stair tread nosings, or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ships ladders, measured above tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

Exceptions:

Where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are associated with a Group R-3 occupancy or associated with individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, transition at winder treads, transition from handrail to guard, or where used at the start of a flight, the handrail height at the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.
Handrails on top of a guard where permitted along stepped aisles and ramped aisles in accordance with Section 1029.16.

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[BE] 1014.3 Handrail Graspability

Required handrails shall comply with Section 1014.3.1 or shall provide equivalent graspability.

Exception: In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; handrails shall be Type I in accordance with Section 1014.3.1, Type II in accordance with Section 1014.3.2 or shall provide equivalent graspability.

[BE] 1014.3.1 Type I

Handrails with a circular cross section shall have an outside diameter of not less than 1¹/₄ inches (32 mm) and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm). Where the handrail is not circular, it shall have a perimeter dimension of not less than 4 inches (102 mm) and not greater than 6¹/₄ inches (160 mm) with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 2¹/₄ inches (57 mm) and minimum cross-sectional dimension of 1 inch (25 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

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[BE] 1014.3.2 Type II

Handrails with a perimeter greater than 6¹/₄ inches (160 mm) shall provide a graspable finger recess area on both sides of the profile. The finger recess shall begin within a distance of ³/₄ inch (19 mm) measured vertically from the tallest portion of the profile and achieve a depth of not less than ⁵/₁₆ inch (8 mm) within ⁷/₈ inch (22 mm) below the widest portion of the profile. This required depth shall continue for not less than ³/₈ inch (10 mm) to a level that is not less than 1³/₄ inches (45 mm) below the tallest portion of the profile. The width of the handrail above the recess shall be not less than 1¹/₄ inches (32 mm) to not greater than 2³/₄ inches (70 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

[BE] 1014.4 Continuity

Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous, without interruption by newel posts or other obstructions.

Exceptions:

Handrails within dwelling units are permitted to be interrupted by a newel post at a turn or landing.
Within a dwelling unit, the use of a volute, turnout, starting easing or starting newel is allowed over the lowest tread.
Handrail brackets or balusters attached to the bottom surface of the handrail that do not project horizontally beyond the sides of the handrail within 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm) of the bottom of the handrail shall not be considered obstructions. For each ¹/₂ inch (12.7 mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension above 4 inches (102 mm), the vertical clearance dimension of 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm) shall be permitted to be reduced by ¹/₈ inch (3.2 mm).
Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces with slopes not steeper than 1:20, the bottoms of the handrail gripping surfaces shall be permitted to be obstructed along their entire length where they are integral to crash rails or bumper guards.
Handrails serving stepped aisles or ramped aisles are permitted to be discontinuous in accordance with Section 1029.16.1.

[BE] 1014.5 Fittings

Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

[BE] 1014.6 Handrail Extensions

Handrails shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent flight of stairs or ramp run. Where handrails are not continuous between flights the handrails shall extend horizontally not less than 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top riser and continue to slope for the depth of one tread beyond the bottom riser. At ramps where handrails are not continuous between runs, the handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of ramp runs. The extensions of handrails shall be in the same direction of the flights of stairs at stairways and the ramp runs at ramps.

Exceptions:

Handrails within a dwelling unit that is not required to be accessible need extend only from the top riser to the bottom riser.
Handrails serving aisles in rooms or spaces used for assembly purposes are permitted to comply with the handrail extensions in accordance with Section 1029.16.
Handrails for alternating tread devices and ships ladders are permitted to terminate at a location vertically above the top and bottom risers. Handrails for alternating tread devices are not required to be continuous between flights or to extend beyond the top or bottom risers.

[BE] 1014.7 Clearance

Clear space between a handrail and a wall or other surface shall be not less than 1¹/₂ inches (38 mm). A handrail and a wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of any sharp or abrasive elements.

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[BE] 1014.8 Projections

On ramps and on ramped aisles that are part of an accessible route, the clear width between handrails shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum. Projections into the required width of aisles, stairways and ramps at each side shall not exceed 4¹/₂ inches (114 mm) at or below the handrail height. Projections into the required width shall not be limited above the minimum headroom height required in Section 1011.3. Projections due to intermediate handrails shall not constitute a reduction in the egress width. Where a pair of intermediate handrails are provided within the stairway width without a walking surface between the pair of intermediate handrails and the distance between the pair of intermediate handrails is greater than 6 inches (152 mm), the available egress width shall be reduced by the distance between the closest edges of each such intermediate pair of handrails that is greater than 6 inches (152 mm).

In Group I-2 occupancies, ramps required for exit access shall not be less than 8 feet in width and handrails are permitted to protrude 3 ¹/₂ inches from the wall on both sides. For ramps used as exits and stairways used for the movement of bed and litter patients, the clear width between handrails shall be 44 inches (1118 mm) minimum.

[BE] 1014.9 Intermediate Handrails

Stairways shall have intermediate handrails located in such a manner that all portions of the stairway minimum width or required capacity are within 30 inches (762 mm) of a handrail. On monumental stairs, handrails shall be located along the most direct path of egress travel.

Section 1015 Guards

[BE] 1015.1 General

Guards shall comply with the provisions of Section 1015.2 through 1015.7. Operable windows with sills located more than 72 inches (1829 mm) above finished grade or other surface below shall comply with Section 1015.8.

[BE] 1015.2 Where Required

Guards shall be located along open-sided walking surfaces, including mezzanines, equipment platforms, aisles, stairs, ramps and landings that are located more than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to the floor or grade below at any point within 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally to the edge of the open side. Guards shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.8 of the California Building Code.

Exception: Guards are not required for the following locations:

On the loading side of loading docks or piers.
On the audience side of stages and raised platforms, including stairs leading up to the stage and raised platforms.
On raised stage and platform floor areas, such as runways, ramps and side stages used for entertainment or presentations.
At vertical openings in the performance area of stages and platforms.
At elevated walking surfaces appurtenant to stages and platforms for access to and utilization of special lighting or equipment.
Along vehicle service pits not accessible to the public.
In assembly seating areas at cross aisles in accordance with Section 1029.17.2.

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[BE] 1015.2.1 Glazing

Where glass is used to provide a guard or as a portion of the guard system, the guard shall comply with Section 2407 of the California Building Code. Where the glazing provided does not meet the strength and attachment requirements of Section 1607.8 of the California Building Code, complying guards shall be located along glazed sides of open-sided walking surfaces.

[BE] 1015.3 Height

Required guards shall be not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) high, measured vertically as follows:

From the adjacent walking surfaces.
On stairways and stepped aisles, from the line connecting the leading edges of the tread nosings.
On ramps and ramped aisles, from the ramp surface at the guard.

Exceptions:

For occupancies in Group R-3 not more than three stories above grade in height and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2 not more than three stories above grade in height with separate means of egress, required guards shall be not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height measured vertically above the adjacent walking surfaces.
For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, where the top of the guard serves as a handrail on the open sides of stairs, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the leading edges of the treads.
The guard height in assembly seating areas shall comply with Section 1029.17 as applicable.
Along alternating tread devices and ships ladders, guards where the top rail serves as a handrail shall have height not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm), measured vertically from the leading edge of the device tread nosing.
In Group F occupancies where exit access stairways serve fewer than three stories and such stairways are not open to the public, and where the top of the guard also serves as a handrail, the top of the guard shall be not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the leading edges of the treads.

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[BE] 1015.4 Opening Limitations

Required guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter from the walking surface to the required guard height.

Exceptions:

From a height of 36 inches (914 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm), guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4³/₈ inches (111 mm) in diameter.
The triangular openings at the open sides of a stair, formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail shall not allow passage of a sphere 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter.
At elevated walking surfaces for access to and use of electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or equipment, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
In areas that are not open to the public within occupancies in Group I-3, F, H or S, and for alternating tread devices and ships ladders, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.
In assembly seating areas, guards required at the end of aisles in accordance with Section 1029.17.4 shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter up to a height of 26 inches (660 mm). From a height of 26 inches (660 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent walking surfaces, guards shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 8 inches (203 mm) in diameter.
Within individual dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, guards on the open sides of stairs shall not have openings that allow passage of a sphere 4³/₈ (111 mm) inches in diameter.
[SFM] In lifeguard towers not open to the public, guards shall not have openings which allow passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

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[BE] 1015.5 Screen Porches

Porches and decks that are enclosed with insect screening shall be provided with guards where the walking surface is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below.

[BE] 1015.6 Mechanical Equipment, Systems and Devices

Guards shall be provided where various components that require service are located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall extend not less than 30 inches (762 mm) beyond each end of such components. The guard shall be constructed so as to prevent the passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

Exception: Guards are not required where personal fall arrest anchorage connector devices that comply with ANSI/ASSE Z 359.1 are installed.

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[BE] 1015.7 Roof Access

Guards shall be provided where the roof hatch opening is located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall be constructed so as to prevent the passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

Exception: Guards are not required where personal fall arrest anchorage connector devices that comply with ANSI/ASSE Z 359.1 are installed.

[BE] 1015.8 Window Openings

Windows in Group R-2 and R-3 buildings including dwelling units, where the top of the sill of an operable window opening is located less than 36 inches above the finished floor and more than 72 inches (1829 mm) above the finished grade or other surface below on the exterior of the building, shall comply with one of the following:

Operable windows where the top of the sill of the opening is located more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the finished grade or other surface below and that are provided with window fall prevention devices that comply with ASTM F2006.
Operable windows where the openings will not allow a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere to pass through the opening when the window is in its largest opened position.
Operable windows where the openings are provided with window fall prevention devices that comply with ASTM F2090.
Operable windows that are provided with window opening control devices that comply with Section 1015.8.1.

[BE] 1015.8.1 Window Opening Control Devices

Window opening control devices shall comply with ASTM F2090. The window opening control device, after operation to release the control device allowing the window to fully open, shall not reduce the minimum net clear opening area of the window unit to less than the area required by Section 1030.2.

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Section 1016 Exit Access

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[BE] 1016.1 General

The exit access shall comply with the applicable provisions of Sections 1003 through 1015. Exit access arrangement shall comply with Sections 1016 through 1021.

[BE] 1016.2 Egress Through Intervening Spaces

Egress through intervening spaces shall comply with this section.

Exit access through an enclosed elevator lobby is permitted in other than a Group I-2 and I-2.1. Access to not less than one of the required exits shall be provided without travel through the enclosed elevator lobbies required by Section 3006 of the California Building Code. Where the path of exit access travel passes through an enclosed elevator lobby the level of protection required for the enclosed elevator lobby is not required to be extended to the exit unless direct access to an exit is required by other sections of this code.
Egress from a room or space shall not pass through adjoining or intervening rooms or areas, except where such adjoining rooms or areas and the area served are accessory to one or the other, are not a Group H occupancy and provide a discernible path of egress travel to an exit.
Exception: Means of egress are not prohibited through adjoining or intervening rooms or spaces in a Group H, S or F occupancy where the adjoining or intervening rooms or spaces are the same or a lesser hazard occupancy group.
An exit access shall not pass through a room that can be locked to prevent egress.
Means of egress from dwelling units or sleeping areas shall not lead through other sleeping areas, toilet rooms or bathrooms.
Egress shall not pass through kitchens, storage rooms, closets or spaces used for similar purposes.
Exceptions:
1. Means of egress are not prohibited through a kitchen area serving adjoining rooms constituting part of the same dwelling unit or sleeping unit.
2. Means of egress are not prohibited through stockrooms in Group M occupancies where all of the following are met:
  1. 2.1. The stock is of the same hazard classification as that found in the main retail area.
  2. 2.2. Not more than 50 percent of the exit access is through the stockroom.
  3. 2.3. The stockroom is not subject to locking from the egress side.
  4. 2.4. There is a demarcated, minimum 44-inch-wide (1118 mm) aisle defined by full- or partial-height fixed walls or similar construction that will maintain the required width and lead directly from the retail area to the exit without obstructions.
Exits shall not pass through any room subject to locking except in Group I-3 occupancies classified as detention facilities.

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[BE] 1016.2.1 Multiple Tenants

Where more than one tenant occupies any one floor of a building or structure, each tenant space, dwelling unit and sleeping unit shall be provided with access to the required exits without passing through adjacent tenant spaces, dwelling units and sleeping units.

Exception: The means of egress from a smaller tenant space shall not be prohibited from passing through a larger adjoining tenant space where such rooms or spaces of the smaller tenant occupy less than 10 percent of the area of the larger tenant space through which they pass; are the same or similar occupancy group; a discernable path of egress travel to an exit is provided; and the means of egress into the adjoining space is not subject to locking from the egress side. A required means of egress serving the larger tenant space shall not pass through the smaller tenant space or spaces.

1016.2.2 Basement Exits in Group I-2 Occupancies

For additional requirements for occupancies in Group I-2 or I-2.1, see Section 407 of the California Building Code.

Section 1017 Exit Access Travel Distance

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[BE] 1017.1 General

Travel distance within the exit access portion of the means of egress system shall be in accordance with this section.

[BE] 1017.2 Limitations

Exit access travel distance shall not exceed the values given in Table 1017.2.

[BE] TABLE 1017.2
EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE^a
OCCUPANCY	WITHOUT SPRINKLER SYSTEM (feet)	WITH SPRINKLER SYSTEM (feet)
A, E, F-1, M, R, S-1	200	250^{b, e}
R-2.1	Not Permitted	250^c
B	200	300^c
F-2, S-2, U	300	400^c
H-1	Not Permitted	75^d
H-2	Not Permitted	100^d
H-3	Not Permitted	150^d
H-4	Not Permitted	175^d
H-5	Not Permitted	200^c
I-2, I-2.1, I-3^f, I-4	Not Permitted	200^c
L	Not Permitted	200^c

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

See the following sections for modifications to exit access travel distance requirements:

Section 402.8 of the California Building Code : For the distance limitation in malls.

Section 404.9 of the California Building Code : For the distance limitation through an atrium space.

Section 407.4 of the California Building Code : For the distance limitation in Group I-2.

Section 408.3.10 of the California Building Code: For increased limitation in Group I-3.

Sections 408.6.1 and 408.8.1 of the California Building Code : For the distance limitations in Group I-3.

Section 411.2 of the California Building Code : For the distance limitation in special amusement areas.

Section 412.6 of the California Building Code : For the distance limitations in aircraft manufacturing facilities.

Section 1006.2.2.2: For the distance limitation in refrigeration machinery rooms.

Section 1006.2.2.3: For the distance limitation in refrigerated rooms and spaces.

Section 1006.3.3: For buildings with one exit.

Section 1017.2.2: For increased distance limitation in Groups F-1 and S-1.

Section 1029.7: For increased limitation in assembly seating.

Section 3103.4 of the California Building Code : For temporary structures.

Section 3104.9 of the California Building Code : For pedestrian walkways.
Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. See Section 903 for occupancies where automatic sprinkler systems are permitted in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2.
Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
Group H occupancies equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.5.1.
Group R-3 and R-4 buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.3. See Section 903.2.8 for occupancies where automatic sprinkler systems are permitted in accordance with Section 903.3.1.3.
Not permitted in nonsprinklered Group I-3 occupancies.

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[BE] 1017.2.1 Exterior Egress Balcony Increase

Exit access travel distances specified in Table 1017.2 shall be increased up to an additional 100 feet (30 480 mm) provided that the last portion of the exit access leading to the exit occurs on an exterior egress balcony constructed in accordance with Section 1021. The length of such balcony shall be not less than the amount of the increase taken.

[BE] 1017.2.2 Groups F-1 and S-1 Increase

The maximum exit access travel distance shall be 400 feet (122 m) in Group F-1 or S-1 occupancies where all of the following conditions are met:

The portion of the building classified as Group F-1 or S-1 is limited to one story in height.
The minimum height from the finished floor to the bottom of the ceiling or roof slab or deck is 24 feet (7315 mm).
The building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

[BE] 1017.3 Measurement

Exit access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point of each room, area or space along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the entrance to an exit.

Exception: In open parking garages, exit access travel distance is permitted to be measured to the closest riser of an exit access stairway or the closest slope of an exit access ramp.

[BE] 1017.3.1 Exit Access Stairways and Ramps

Travel distance on exit access stairways or ramps shall be included in the exit access travel distance measurement. The measurement along stairways shall be made on a plane parallel and tangent to the stair tread nosings in the center of the stair and landings. The measurement along ramps shall be made on the walking surface in the center of the ramp and landings.

Section 1018 Aisles

[DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section, means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, buildings or facilities where accessibility is required for applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance, shall also comply with Chapter 11A or Chapter 11B, Section 403, as applicable.

[BE] 1018.1 General

Aisles and aisle accessways serving as a portion of the exit access in the means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of this section. Aisles or aisle accessways shall be provided from all occupied portions of the exit access that contain seats, tables, furnishings, displays and similar fixtures or equipment. The minimum width or required capacity of aisles shall be unobstructed.

Exception: Encroachments complying with Section 1005.7.

[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §3.06(a)] Bonding of Chairs and Spacing of Tables.

Bonding of chairs. In every Group A and Group E occupancy, all loose seats, folding chairs or similar seating facilities that are not fixed to the floor shall be bonded together in groups of not less than three.

Exceptions:

When not more than 200 such seats, chairs or facilities are provided, bonding thereof may be deleted.
The bonding of chairs shall not be required when tables are provided, as when the occupancy is used for dining or similar purposes.
Upon approval of the enforcing agency, the bonding of chairs shall not be required when the placement and location of such chairs does not obstruct any required exit or any line of egress toward required exits and does not constitute a fire hazard as defined in California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Section 3.14.

[California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, §3.06(b)] Bonding of Chairs and Spacing of Tables.

(b) Spacing of Tables. In occupancies having rectangular conference or banquet-type tables, such tables shall be placed not less than 54 inches apart and not less than 36 inches from walls.

[BE] 1018.2 Aisles in Assembly Spaces

Aisles and aisle accessways serving a room or space used for assembly purposes shall comply with Section 1029.

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[BE] 1018.3 Aisles in Groups B and M

In Group B and M occupancies, the minimum clear